This book is the first collective study of this major figure in the intellectual and political life of 12th-century Europe to appear for thirty years. Based on the latest research, thirteen contributions by leading experts in the field provide an overview of John of Salisbury’s place in the political debates that marked the reign of Henry II in England as well as of his place in the history of the Church. They also offer a detailed introduction to his philosophical works (...) ‘(Metalogicon’, ‘Entheticus’), his political thought (‘Policraticus’) and his writing of history (‘Historia pontificalis’). 0Contributors include Julie Barrau, David Bloch, Karen Bollermann, Cédric Giraud, Christophe Grellard, Laure Hermand-Schebat, Frédérique Lachaud, Constant Mews, Clare Monagle, Cary Nederman, Ronald Pepin, Yves Sassier, and Sigbjørn Sønnesyn.0. (shrink)

DMet 10: Prime matter is the origin of all quantities. Hence it is the origin of every dimension of continuous quantity whatever. ...

The aim of this paper is to examine the medieval posterity of the Aristotelian and Pyrrhonian treatments of the infinite regress argument. We show that there are some possible Pyrrhonian elements in Autrecourt's epistemology when he argues that the truth of our principles is merely hypothetical. By contrast, Buridan's criticisms of Autrecourt rely heavily on Aristotelian material. Both exemplify a use of scepticism.

Le procès du meunier hétérodoxe Menocchio dont les positions panthéistes, anti-ecclésiologiques et matérialistes amenèrent à sa condamnation à mort par l’Inquisition, donne à voir les mutations des formes de la croyance religieuse au tournant du Moyen Âge et de la Modernité. L’accès à « l’univers d’un meunier au XVIe siècle » présenté dans Le Fromage et les vers renseigne sur les conditions de production de l’hétérodoxie, conditions qui sont historiques, sociales, culturelles et intellectuelles. Les conditions de production de la croyance (...) peuvent ainsi apparaître : leur dimension profondément historique échappe à une analyse strictement philosophique d’une épistémologie de la croyance et rend nécessaire une anthropologie des croyances. (shrink)

Bulletin de Philosophie Médiévale, Volume 62, Issue, Page 380-387, January 2020.

Bulletin de Philosophie Médiévale, Volume 62, Issue, Page 380-387, January 2020.

Cet article examine le destin médiéval des Académiques de Cicéron à partir du cas particulier d’un des rares philosophes médiévaux à se revendiquer academicus, Jean de Salisbury (1120-1180). Après avoir présenté les étapes de la réception médiévale des Académiques, ainsi que le corpus cicéronien auquel avait accès Jean de Salisbury, on conclut qu’il n’avait sans doute pas une connaissance directe de la principale œuvre sceptique de Cicéron. Néanmoins, en s’appuyant sur les autres textes de Cicéron à sa disposition, il parvient (...) à reconstruire une forme originale de scepticisme, à la fois dépendante de la source cicéronienne et inscrite dans un horizon chrétien indépassable au Moyen Âge. (shrink)

Dans le cadre de la réflexion menée par Jean Gerson (1363-1429) sur l’activité pastorale, le sermon occupe une place fondamentale aux côtés de la confession, place dont témoigne la pratique de prédicateur par laquelle il s’est illustré. Le sermon est investi par Gerson d’un rôle séminal dans l’articulation entre l’orthodoxie et l’orthopraxie, puisque la parole du pasteur est à l’articulation de la généralité de la loi qu’il doit transmettre et de la singularité de l’action qu’il doit réguler. Ce problème du (...) rapport entre le général et le particulier, chez Gerson, est résolu en grande partie, grâce à un détour par la casuistique, entendue comme méthode pour poser un cas et résoudre la question précise qu’il soulève. Par là, le sermon apparaît à bien des égards comme un appel à l’examen de conscience et une préparation à la confession, qui vient compléter à un niveau véritablement individuel, le travail de médiation entre la loi et le cas à l’œuvre dans la prédication. C’est cette mise en œuvre de cette proto-casuistique, illustrée par l’analyse du cycle de sermons français intitulés Poenitemini, qui permet de considérer la pratique du sermon comme une forme d’ ethica utens. (shrink)

Cet article cherche à préciser les modes d' appropriation médiévale du paradoxe du Ménon selon lequel il est impossible de rien apprendre, c'est-à-dire de connaître quelque chose de nouveau. Dans un premier temps, on met en évidence les vecteurs de transmission textuelle. Dans la mesure où le dialogue lui-même a été mal connu au Moyen Âge, c'est principalement par l'intermédiaire du résumé qu'en donne Aristote que le paradoxe et ses possibles solutions ont été appréhendés. Pour les commentateurs des Seconds analytiques (...) au XIIIe siècle ce paradoxe vient appuyer une conception innéiste de la science auquel est opposé un empirisme aristotélicien. Cette opposition est radicalisée par les nominalistes du XIVe siècle. La réfutation de l'argument de Ménon devient alors l'occasion de développer une conception strictement naturaliste de l'acquisition du savoir. This article undertakes to define the modes of medieval appropriation of the Menons paradox according to which it is impossible to learn anything, that is to say, to know something new. First, we outline the vectors of textual transmission. The dialogue itself was not well known during the Middle Ages, so that the paradox and its possible solutions were apprehended mainly through the summary provided by Aristotle. For the 13 century commentators of the Posterior Analytics, this paradox favors an innatist conception of science. This conception is opposed by Aristotelian empiricism. The 14th century nominalists made this opposition still more radical. The refutation of Meno's argument provides an opportunity to develop a strictly naturalistic conception of the acquisition of knowledge. (shrink)

Cet article propose la première édition critique complète des Questions de Jean Buridan sur la Physiognomonie pseudo-aristotélicienne. L’introduction situe le texte dans la tradition physiognomonique médiévale, tout en indiquant les relations de la physiognomonie à la sémiologie, à l’astrologie et à la philosophie morale. L’édition se fonde sur trois manuscrits principaux, et un quatrième pour l’une des deux versions de la première question. Suit l’édition d’une version d’authenticité douteuse, qui recoupe en partie la version éditée, et de trois questions sur (...) la physiognomonie extraites d’un texte qui semble composite, formé de questions de Buridan ou d’esprit buridanien. (shrink)

Cet article examine le destin médiéval des Académiques de Cicéron à partir du cas particulier d’un des rares philosophes médiévaux à se revendiquer academicus, Jean de Salisbury (1120-1180). Après avoir présenté les étapes de la réception médiévale des Académiques, ainsi que le corpus cicéronien auquel avait accès Jean de Salisbury, on conclut qu’il n’avait sans doute pas une connaissance directe de la principale œuvre sceptique de Cicéron. Néanmoins, en s’appuyant sur les autres textes de Cicéron à sa disposition, il parvient (...) à reconstruire une forme originale de scepticisme, à la fois dépendante de la source cicéronienne et inscrite dans un horizon chrétien indépassable au Moyen Âge. (shrink)

In Minimal Rationality, Christopher Cherniak boldly challenges the myth of Man the the Rational Animal and the central role that the "perfectly rational...

The coherence objection to the doctrine of the Incarnation maintains that it is impossible for one individual to have both the attributes of God and the attributes of a human being. This article examines Thomas Aquinas’s answer to this objection. I challenge the dominant, mereological interpretation of Aquinas’s position and, in light of this challenge, develop and defend a new alternative interpretation of Aquinas’s response to this important objection to Christian doctrine.

Assertion is the central vehicle for the sharing of knowledge. Whether knowledge is shared successfully often depends on the quality of assertions: good assertions lead to successful knowledge sharing, while bad ones don't. In Sharing Knowledge, Christoph Kelp and Mona Simion investigate the relation between knowledge sharing and assertion, and develop an account of what it is to assert well. More specifically, they argue that the function of assertion is to share knowledge with others. It is this function that supports (...) a central norm of assertion according to which a good assertion is one that has the disposition to generate knowledge in others. The book uses this functionalist approach to motivate further norms of assertion on both the speaker and the hearer side and investigates ramifications of this view for other questions about assertion. (shrink)

The ethics of autonomous cars and automated driving have been a subject of discussion in research for a number of years :28–58, 2016). As levels of automation progress, with partially automated driving already becoming standard in new cars from a number of manufacturers, the question of ethical and legal standards becomes virulent. For exam-ple, while automated and autonomous cars, being equipped with appropriate detection sensors, processors, and intelligent mapping material, have a chance of being much safer than human-driven cars in (...) many regards, situations will arise in which accidents cannot be completely avoided. Such situations will have to be dealt with when programming the software of these vehicles. In several instances, internationally, regulations have been passed, based on legal considerations of road safety, mostly. However, to date, there have been few, if any, cases of a broader ethics code for autonomous or automated driving preceding actual regulation and being based on a broadly composed ethics committee of independent experts. In July 2016, the German Federal Minister of Transport and Digital Infrastructure, Alexander Dobrindt, appointed a national ethics committee for automated and connected driving, which began its work in September 2016. In June 2017, this committee presented a code of ethics which was published in German and in English. It consists of 20 ethical guidelines. Having been a member of this committee, I will present the main ethical topics of these guidelines and the discussions that lay behind them. (shrink)

In this essay, I argue that a proper understanding of the historicity of love requires an appreciation of the irreplaceability of the beloved. I do this through a consideration of ideas that were first put forward by Robert Kraut in “Love De Re” (1986). I also evaluate Amelie Rorty's criticisms of Kraut's thesis in “The Historicity of Psychological Attitudes: Love is Not Love Which Alters Not When It Alteration Finds” (1986). I argue that Rorty fundamentally misunderstands Kraut's Kripkean analogy, and (...) I go on to criticize her claim that concern over the proper object of love should be best understood as a concern over constancy. This leads me to an elaboration of the distinct senses in which love can be seen as historical. I end with a further defense of the irreplaceability of the beloved and a discussion of the relevance of recent debates over the importance of personal identity for an adequate account of the historical dimension of love. (shrink)

This handbook article gives a critical overview of recent discussions of epistemic authority. It favors an account that brings into balance the dictates of rational deference with the ideals of intellectual self-governance. A plausible starting point is the conjecture that neither should rational deference to authorities collapse into total epistemic submission, nor the ideal of mature intellectual self-governance be conflated with (illusions of) epistemic autarky.

This paper is built around a single, simple idea. It is widely agreed that there is a distinctive kind of awareness each of us has of his own bodily actions. This action-awareness is different from any perceptual awareness a subject may have of his own actions; it can exist in the absence of such perceptual awareness. The single, simple idea around which this paper is built is that the distinctive awareness that subjects have of their own mental actions is a (...) form of action-awareness. Subjects’ awareness of their own mental actions is a species of the same genus that also includes the distinctive awareness of bodily actions. More specifically, I claim. (shrink)

Christopher Hookway presents a series of essays on the work of Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1913), the 'founder of pragmatism' and one of the most important and original American philosophers.

How does good combine with bad? Most creatures are neither so blessed as to only enjoy good nor so cursed as to only suffer bad. Rather, the good and bad they receive throughout their lives combine to produce their overall quality of life. But it’s not just whole lives that have combined good and bad. Many stretches within contain both positive and negative occurrences whose value is joined to form the overall quality of that span of time. In a single (...) morning someone might wake up, brush their teeth, stub their toe groggily lumbering down the stairs, and have a sip of coffee that’s tasty but so hot they burn their tongue. These events are good and bad for them to various degrees, and their value comes together to form an overall value for them of that morning. A single moment, even, can have combined value from distinct pockets of good and bad that occur simultaneously. The tastiness of the coffee is good, but the pain of the heat is bad. They combine to form an overall value of the sipping moment – negative if the pain outweighed the flavor. Thus, wellbeing and illbeing combine. But how? How can someone rightly chastise themselves for sipping the overly hot coffee when it was, in fact, good because it was tasty? To pose the question starkly, a life can be bad, even so bad to not be worth living, and yet it can have many instances of good, where these goods are, in themselves, pure of any negativity. But how can good make something bad? (shrink)