This 1997 book was the first English translation of all of Kant's writings on moral and political philosophy collected in a single volume. No other collection competes with the comprehensiveness of this one. As well as Kant's most famous moral and political writings, the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, the Critique of Practical Reason, the Metaphysics of Morals, and Toward Perpetual Peace, the volume includes shorter essays and reviews, some of which have never been translated before. The volume has (...) been furnished with a substantial editorial apparatus including translator's introductions and explanatory notes to each text by Mary Gregor, and a general introduction to Kant's moral and political philosophy by Allen Wood. There is also an English-German and German-English glossary of key terms. (shrink)

This 1997 book was the first English translation of all of Kant's writings on moral and political philosophy collected in a single volume. No other collection competes with the comprehensiveness of this one. As well as Kant's most famous moral and political writings, the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, the Critique of Practical Reason, the Metaphysics of Morals, and Toward Perpetual Peace, the volume includes shorter essays and reviews, some of which have never been translated before. The volume has (...) been furnished with a substantial editorial apparatus including translator's introductions and explanatory notes to each text by Mary Gregor, and a general introduction to Kant's moral and political philosophy by Allen Wood. There is also an English-German and German-English glossary of key terms. (shrink)

Published in 1785, Immanuel Kant's Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals ranks alongside Plato's Republic and Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics as one of the most profound and influential works in moral philosophy ever written. In Kant's own words, its aim is to identify and corroborate the supreme principle of morality, the categorical imperative. He argues that human beings are ends in themselves, never to be used by anyone merely as a means, and that universal and unconditional obligations must be understood as (...) an expression of the human capacity for autonomy and self-governance. As such, they are laws of freedom. This volume contains Mary Gregor's acclaimed translation of the text into English, revised by Jens Timmermann, and an accessible, updated introduction by Christine Korsgaard. (shrink)

How does microbiota research impact our understanding of biological individuality? We summarize the interdisciplinary summer school on "Microbiota, Symbiosis and Individuality: Conceptual and Philosophical Issues" (July 2019), which was supported by a European Research Council starting grant project "Immunity, DEvelopment, and the Microbiota" (IDEM). The summer school centered around interdisciplinary group work on four facets of microbiota research: holobionts, individuality, causation, and human health. The conceptual discussion of cutting-edge empirical research provided new insights into microbiota and highlights the value of (...) incorporating into meetings experts from other disciplines, such as philosophy and history of science. (shrink)

IN THE GROUNDWORK OF THE METAPHYSICS OF MORALS Kant noted that, while the present work would be concerned only with the supreme principle of morality, he intended some day to write a "metaphysics of morals" in which he would set forth the whole system of man's duties derived from this principle. Twelve years later, in 1797, he published The Metaphysics of Morals in two parts: Metaphysical First Principles of the Doctrine of Right and Metaphysical First Principles of the Doctrine of (...) Virtue. As the Groundwork made clear, the concept of duty contains that of constraint upon an agent who, because of impulses belonging to his sensible nature, does not necessarily do whatever is objectively necessary in accordance with moral laws. The first part of The Metaphysics of Morals is the system of moral principles on which are based laws prescribing duties that one can be coerced to fulfill. The second part is the system of duties for which only self-constraint through the thought of duty is possible. Each part is said to be a system of duties because it is derived from a first principle and remains on the level of principles that can be known a priori to be binding on men generally. Together they form the whole system of man's duties because the first principle of each is derived from the supreme principle of morality, the categorical imperative and the division in terms of coercion and self-constraint is exhaustive. (shrink)

Published in 1785, the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals is one of the most powerful texts in the history of ethical thought. In this book, Immanuel Kant formulates and justifies a supreme principle of morality that issues universal and unconditional moral commands. These commands receive their normative force from the fact that rational agents autonomously impose the moral law upon themselves. As such, they are laws of freedom. This volume contains the first facing-page German-English edition of Kant's Groundwork. It (...) presents an authentic edition of the German text and a carefully revised version of Mary Gregor's acclaimed English translation, as well as editorial notes and a full bilingual index. It will be the edition of choice for any student or scholar who is not content with reading this central contribution to modern moral philosophy through the veil of English translation. (shrink)

ALTHOUGH the content of Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten's Aesthetica seems to be familiar in German philosophical circles, it is relatively unknown outside Germany. Most of us are aware that it was Baumgarten who coined the name "aesthetics" for the new philosophical discipline his Aesthetica was intended to establish; but as for the content of that work, our acquaintance is likely to be indirect, through two remarks of Kant. Explaining his own use of "Transcendental Aesthetic" in the Critique of Pure Reason, Kant (...) criticizes Baumgarten's "abortive attempt... to bring the critical treatment of the beautiful under rational principles and so to raise its rules to the rank of a science". In the Critique of Judgment, it is generally assumed to be Baumgarten Kant has in mind when, arguing that judgments of beauty are not cognitive or "logical" judgments, he criticizes the view that beauty is perfection known confusedly or indistinctly. Combining Kant's remark with Leibniz's view that beauty is--or, more precisely, flows from--perfection, we might conclude that Baumgarten simply lowered beauty from the level of distinct to that of confused concepts and tried to deduce its rules from the concept of perfection. If this was indeed Baumgarten's project, we might well ask to be excused from pursuing the subject further. (shrink)

The Metaphysics of Morals is Kant's major work in applied moral philosophy in which he deals with the basic principles of rights and of virtues. It comprises two parts: the 'Doctrine of Right', which deals with the rights which people have or can acquire, and the 'Doctrine of Virtue', which deals with the virtues they ought to acquire. Mary Gregor's translation, revised for publication in the Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy series, is the only complete translation (...) of the whole text, and includes extensive annotation on Kant's difficult and sometimes unfamiliar vocabulary. A new introduction by Roger Sullivan sets the work in its historical and philosophical context. This volume will be of wide interest to students of ethics and of legal and political philosophy. (shrink)

If Kant's account of rights had continued the "early modern Natural Law tradition", basing rights on some notion of human flourishing, there would be no difficulty about including socio-economic rights for the needy in his theory. However, his division of moral philosophy into Rechtslehre and Tugendlehre limits Rechtspflichten to duties that a moral agent can be coerced to fulfill. If a state is to give the needy statutory rights, the justification for using coercion on its citizens cannot be that they (...) have a duty of virtue to assist the needy. In order to determine whether such a justification can be found, the one innate socio-economic right Kant admits, a child's right to be cared for and educated, is examined and found to be a right against its parents, not against the state. Kant does, however, hold that a state should establish institutions to provide for abandoned children and for the poor in general. His justification for a state's use of coercion with regard to such statutory rights is considered and a criterion is suggested for the possible consent of its non-virtuous citizens to proposed measures for assistance to the needy. It is suggested that if advocates of aid to the needy cannot justify their proposals by such a criterion they will have to provide a very different account of rights than Kant gives in his Rechtslehre , which is concerned with the moral permissibility of using coercion. Wenn Kants Lehre von den subjektiven Rechten nichts anderes wäre als eine Fortsetzung der "ihr vorangehenden modernen Naturrechtstradition" und die subjektiven Rechte infolgedessen auf das eine oder andere Konzept von menschlichem Wohlergehen gestützt hätte, dann wäre es nicht sonderlich schwierig, sozio-ökonomische Rechte für die Bedürftigen in diese Lehre einzubauen. Nun schränkt Kants Einteilung der Moralphilosophie in Rechtslehre und Tugendlehre den Begriff der Rechtspflicht allerdings auf diejenigen Pflichten ein, zu deren Erfüllung ein Mensch gezwungen werden kann. Deshalb kann, wenn ein Staat den Bedürftigen durch ein positives Gesetz irgendwelche Rechte auf Hilfe gewährt, die Rechtfertigung der Anwendung von staatlichem Zwang nicht darin gesucht werden, daß die dadurch in Anspruch genommenen Personen die Tugendpflicht haben, die Bedürftigen zu unterstützen. Um festzustellen, ob sich staatlicher Zwang in bezug auf solche Hilfspflichten überhaupt rechtfertigen läßt, erörtert der Beitrag das Recht des Kindes auf Fürsorge und Ausbildung als das eine und einzige angeborene sozio-ökonomische Recht, das Kant akzeptiert. Freilich ist das Recht des Kindes ein Recht gegen seine Eltern und nicht gegen den Staat. Gleichwohl nimmt Kant an, daß der Staat Einrichtungen schaffen sollte, die für verlassene Kinder und für die Armen im allgemeinen zu sorgen haben. Der Beitrag untersucht die Rechtfertigung, die Kant für die Anwendung von staatlichem Zwang zur Durchsetzung solcher positiv-gesetzlicher Rechte gibt, und arbeitet die Gründe dafür heraus, warum der nicht tugendhafte Staatsbürger in die vorgesehenen Hilfsmaßnahmen für die Bedürftigen einwilligen könnte. Wenn sich die Verfechter von Hilfsmaßnahmen für die Bedürftigen außerstande sehen, ihre Vorschläge auf Gründe dieser Art zu stützen, dann werden sie mit einem Konzept von subjektivem Recht aufwarten müssen, das sich von dem Konzept Kants von Recht und Rechtslehre , bei dem es allein um die moralische Erlaubtheit von Zwangsmaßnahmen geht, ganz erheblich unterscheidet. (shrink)

The Metaphysics of Morals is Kant's major work in applied moral philosophy in which he deals with the basic principles of rights and of virtues. It comprises two parts: the 'Doctrine of Right', which deals with the rights which people have or can acquire, and the 'Doctrine of Virtue', which deals with the virtues they ought to acquire. Mary Gregor's translation, revised for publication in the Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy series, is the only complete translation (...) of the whole text, and includes extensive annotation on Kant's difficult and sometimes unfamiliar vocabulary. A new introduction by Roger Sullivan sets the work in its historical and philosophical context. This volume will be of wide interest to students of ethics and of legal and political philosophy. (shrink)

The Critique of Practical Reason is the second of Kant's three Critiques, one of his three major treatises on moral theory, and a seminal text in the history of moral philosophy. Originally published three years after his Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, the Critique provides further elaboration of the basic themes of Kant's moral theory, gives the most complete statement of his highly original theory of freedom of the will, and develops his practical metaphysics. This revised edition of Kant's (...) Critique of Practical Reason - which contains Mary Gregor's acclaimed translation - is now the authoritative translation of this work. A substantial and lucid introduction by Andrews Reath places the mains themes of the Critique in the context of Kant's moral theory and his critical system. For this edition, the introduction has been revised and the guide to the secondary reading completely updated. (shrink)

The Critique of Practical Reason is the second of Kant's three Critiques, one of his three major treatises on moral theory, and a seminal text in the history of moral philosophy. Originally published three years after his Groundwork to the Metaphysics of Morals, the Critique provides further elaboration of the basic themes of Kant's moral theory, gives the most complete statement of his highly original theory of freedom of the will, and develops his practical metaphysics. This new edition of Kant's (...) Critique of Practical Reason – prepared by an acclaimed translator and scholar of Kant's practical philosophy – presents the first new translation of this work to appear for some years. A substantial and lucid introduction by Andrews Reath places the main themes of the Critique in the context of Kant's moral theory and his critical system. (shrink)

The Critique of Practical Reason is the second of Kant's three Critiques, one of his three major treatises on moral theory, and a seminal text in the history of moral philosophy. Originally published three years after his Groundwork to the Metaphysics of Morals, the Critique provides further elaboration of the basic themes of Kant's moral theory, gives the most complete statement of his highly original theory of freedom of the will, and develops his practical metaphysics. This new edition of Kant's (...) Critique of Practical Reason – prepared by an acclaimed translator and scholar of Kant's practical philosophy – presents the first new translation of this work to appear for some years. A substantial and lucid introduction by Andrews Reath places the main themes of the Critique in the context of Kant's moral theory and his critical system. (shrink)

This paper examines contemporary developments in legal philosophy and in ethics with a view to a possibile reunification of moral philosophy on Kantian principles. With regard to legal philosophy, it notes the difficulty of an empiricist account of natural rights and relates it to the problem of obligation to apply with juridical laws. It then considers Kant's solution to problems regarding the concepts of obligation and of a right encountered by his predecessors in the natural rights tradition, whom he would (...) classify as empiricists. Turning form "The Droctrine of Right" to "The Doctrine of Virtue," it evaluates the assertion that Kant, as distinguished from "virtue ethics," has an "ethics of rules" modelled on law rather than an "ethics of character." Der Beitrag befaßt sich mit gegenwärtigen Entwicklungen im Bereich von Rechtsphilosophie und Ethik mit dem Ziel einer möglichen Wiedervereinigung der Moralphilosophie nach kantischen Prinzipien. In bezug auf die Rechtsphilosophie betont er die Schwierigkeit eines empiristischen Verständnisses von Naturrechten und bezieht diese Schwierigkeit auf das Problem der Verbindlichkeit juridischer Gesetze. Dann wird Kants Lösung der Probleme untersucht, die sich mit den Begriffen "Verbindlichkeit" und "ein Recht" für diejenigen seiner Vorgänger in der Naturrechtstradition ergeben, die Kant als Empiristen bezeichnen würde. Von der "Rechtslehre" zur "Tugendlehre" übergehend wird schließlich die Behauptung geprüft, derzufolge Kant, im Unterschied zur "Tugendethik-Lehre" , eher eine "Ethik der Regeln" vertritt, die sich auf Gesetze stützt, als eine "Ethik des Charakters". (shrink)

It is in the interest of the totalitarian state that subjects not think for themselves, much less confer about their thinking. Writing under the hostile watch of the Prussian censorship, Immanuel Kant dared to argue the need for open argument, in the university if nowhere else. In this heroic criticism of repression, first published in 1798, he anticipated the crises that endanger the free expression of ideas in the name of national policy. Composed of three sections written at different times, (...) The Conflict of the Faculties dwells on the eternal combat between the "lower" faculty of philosophy, which is answerable only to individual reason, and the faculties of theology, law, and medicine, which get "higher" precedence in the world of affairs and whose teachings and practices are of interest to the government. Kant makes clear, for example, the close alliance between the theological faculty and the government that sanctions its teachings and can resort to force and censorship. All the more vital and precious, then, the faculty of philosophy, which encourages independent thought before action. The first section, "The Conflict of the Philosophy Faculty with the Theology Faculty," is essentially a vindication of the right of the philosophical faculty to freedom of expression. In the other sections the philosopher takes a long and penetrating look at medicine and law, the one preserving the physical "temple" and the other regulating its actions. (shrink)

This slender volume consists of four lectures which the author gave on various occasions during the past decade. The first two, from which the volume gets its title, are called "Interpretations"; they are linked by their concern, in whole or in part, with Kant's Critique of Judgment. The two remaining lectures, called "Applications," discuss the relevance to political philosophy of the concept of autonomy.

In the Prolegomena, Kant characterized the position of the Critique of Pure Reason as "formal idealism." Kant's Theory of Form questions whether the enterprise Kant undertook in the Critique can be successfully carried through, and finds that Kant's self-imposed methodological restrictions generate tensions that he could have resolved only by abandoning his assumption that determinate forms of knowledge are knowable a priori and that an exclusive concern with them is compatible with empirical realism. It is, Pippin argues, Kant's method itself, (...) not any mistakes in following it, that confronts him on every level with the alternatives of yielding to constructive idealism or granting to the empirical aspects of knowledge an epistemological role he finds unacceptable. By his "transcendental turn" Kant proposed to avoid the substantive assumptions that both empirical psychology and rationalist metaphysics laid at the basis of knowledge. That this is the most fertile idea on the Critique is indicated by its immediate and continuing influence on the course of philosophical thinking. That it involves Kant in obscurities is indicated by the problems his commentators inevitably find in the same areas of his thought. Pippin proposes to show, by an internal critique, that these obscurities are not fortuitous but inherent in Kant's radical formalism. (shrink)

The project Wolfgang Schwarz has undertaken is indicated in the subtitle of his book: "Concise text in a new faithful terminologically improved translation exhibiting the structure of Kant's argument in thesis and proof." Since his work seems designed as an alternative to the abridged edition of Kemp Smith's translation, it invites comparison with respect to terminology and abridgement.

Atwell's book is, primarily, a commentary on chapters 1 and 2 of Kant's Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals from the perspective indicated by the book's title. The problem posed is whether Kant's moral philosophy is formalistic or teleological. Atwell's argument is that it is formalistic in the sense that ends are irrelevant in determining whether actions are right or wrong. However, it is teleological in the sense that the will of a human being can "be what it truly is" (...) only by his striving to realize its autonomy, i.e., to develop the disposition inherent in the nature of a rational agent and so "certify" his status as the final end of nature. The teleological and formalistic aspects are, Atwell maintains, intimately related in that Kant would not have put forward a formal criterion for the rightness of actions had he not held that man's final end is to transcend nature by striving for moral perfection. (shrink)

Although Religion within the Limits of Reason Alone is considered one of Kant's major works, it has attracted relatively little attention from Kant scholars. Interest in his ethics has led them to study Book I, "On the Radical Evil in Human Nature," for its significance in his account of virtue. For Michalson's purpose, however, the more significant parts of the work are those dealing with an agent's moral regeneration and salvation. As Kant's answer to the question, What may I hope (...) for? Religion is an attempt to bring to a conclusion the drama of mankind's fall into moral evil and its salvation. The account, Michalson maintains, is unsuccessful because of its rationalistic approach. Although Kant tries to narrate the drama in the Enlightenment vocabulary of moral autonomy, he must at crucial points resort to the vocabulary of Christianity. What gives Kant's position its profundity and complexity is his refusal to attribute evil to ignorance; but, given his account of moral evil, he is subsequently unable "to appeal cleanly and economically to the free will as the source of its own salvation.". (shrink)

Sullivan's book is, as its title indicates, an attempt to present Kant's moral philosophy as a whole. In each of his writings in practical philosophy Kant concentrated on a specific problem stated clearly in his introductory remarks. A great deal of confusion has resulted from the still common practice of treating one of them, the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, as if it were the whole. Of the two complementary methods of remedying the situation, detailed textual analysis of Kant's (...) individual works in moral philosophy and a straightforward overview of the subject, Sullivan has chosen the latter. (shrink)

As the title of his book indicates, van der Linden is concerned with the relevance to socialism of certain themes that might be extrapolated from Kant's writings. More specifically, he argues that the kind of socialist ethics developed by Hermann Cohen and other neo-Kantians provides an essential corrective to tendencies present in Marxism. His book outlines how the social dimension in Kant's ethics might be developed, considers Cohen's "transformation" of "Kantian social ethics" into "Kantian socialist ethics," distinguishes Kantian and Hegelian (...) elements in Marxism, attributing its basic flaws to reliance on Hegel's philosophy of history, and adds, by way of an appendix, a history of "Kantian socialism" in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Germany. (shrink)

The title of Hannah Arendt's lecture notes for a course given in 1970 at the New School of Social Research could raise unfounded expectations. Recent work in political philosophy by Rawls and Dworkin, among others, has made it clear that a careful study of Kant's political philosophy, including his formidable Rechtslehre, is long overdue. Arendt, however, is not concerned with the political philosophy Kant wrote, which she finds "rather boring," but with the one "he did not write" and of which (...) he may not have been aware. Following Hans Saner, whose book she greatly admires, she assumes that Kant's interest in constitutional law dates from a time when his mental faculties were deteriorating. What she proposes to expound is the political philosophy he might have written had he become interested in the subject earlier. (shrink)

Of Kant's major works, none has received less attention than The Metaphysics of Morals, particularly its first part, Metaphysische Anfangsgründe der Rechtslehre. From Schopenhauer to Hannah Arendt it has been dismissed as an inferior work, the product of his declining years. In the last decade, however, this neglect has begun to be remedied. The Rechtslehre has become a subject of intense scholarly activity in Germany, and interest in it is spreading to North America. Ludwig's remarkable edition should help to stimulate (...) and extend that interest. (shrink)

This is the third in a projected series of companion volumes to major philosophers. According to a prefatory note, the series is intended both for students and nonspecialists as well as for advanced students and specialists, serving the former as a reference work and the latter as a conspectus of recent developments in the interpretation of the philosopher. Since the essays comprising the volumes are specially commissioned for them, they can reinforce one another and present an internally coherent interpretation of (...) the philosopher's thought as a whole. Such a collection should have the merit of a comprehensive introduction to the philosopher's work, while providing a detailed treatment of particular topics by authors with special expertise. (shrink)