Humanitarian health care practitioners working outside familiar settings, and without familiar supports, encounter ethical challenges both familiar and distinct. The ethical guidance they rely upon ought to reflect this. Using data from empirical studies, we explore the strengths and weaknesses of two ethical models that could serve as resources for understanding ethical challenges in humanitarian health care: clinical ethics and public health ethics. The qualitative interviews demonstrate the degree to which traditional teaching and values of clinical health ethics seem insufficient (...) for addressing all the realities of health care practice during humanitarian missions. They equally suggest that greater good orientations of public health ethics can thwart the best intentions of health care professionals wanting to attend to the interests of individual patients. Even though neither is complete on its own for helping guide health professionals on field missions, taken together these models have much to offer. At the same time, the narratives of the humanitarian health care workers illustrate how some of the crucial differences between public health ethics and clinical ethics generate tensions in humanitarian health practice. We offer an analysis of some of the complexities this creates for humanitarian health care ethics, and consider ways of adjudicating between the two models. (shrink)

Richement documenté et annoté, doté d’une impressionnante bibliographie et d’un catalogue de référence, l’ouvrage offre au lecteur une approche et des réflexions renouvelées sur le thème du rapport des femmes à la création musicale. Analysant la période du XIIIe et du début du XIXe siècles en France, Letzer et Adelson affirment en effet que les compositrices et librettistes d’opéra et de théâtre musical n’étaient pas des inconnues pour leurs contemporains, ni même de totales exceptions comme...

The current popularity of the mapping trope, particularly in discussions of postmodernism, might give rise to the impression that the AAA has expanded its sphere of marketability: all those readers lost in the wilderness of Western civilization need a good map to find their way to meaning and, with any luck, to history. Berman dons the cap of cartographer-chauffeur and steers us with great skill on a breathtaking tour through the landscape of the German novel from 1848 to 1947. We (...) are undoubtedly in better hands with Berman than with Allstate. While his impressive study begins, modestly enough, with the assertion that “literature has its geography,”. (shrink)

Horizontal transfer (HT) is the transmission of genetic material between non‐mating species, a phenomenon thought to occur rarely in multicellular eukaryotes. However, many transposable elements (TEs) are not only capable of HT, but have frequently jumped between widely divergent species. Here we review and integrate reported cases of HT in retrotransposons of the BovB family, and DNA transposons, over a broad range of animals spanning all continents. Our conclusions challenge the paradigm that HT in vertebrates is restricted to infective long (...) terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons or retroviruses. This raises the possibility that other non‐LTR retrotransposons, such as L1 or CR1 elements, believed to be only vertically transmitted, can horizontally transfer between species. Growing evidence indicates that the process of HT is much more general across different TEs and species than previously believed, and that it likely shapes eukaryotic genomes and catalyses genome evolution. (shrink)

Upon doing something generous for someone with whom you are close, some kind of reciprocity may be appropriate. But it often seems wrong to actually request reciprocity. This chapter explores the wrongness in making these requests, and why they can nevertheless appear appropriate. After considering several explanations for the wrongness at issue (involving, e.g. distinguishing oughts from obligation, the suberogatory, imperfect duties, and gift-giving norms), a novel proposal is advanced. The requests are disrespectful; they express that their agent insufficiently trusts (...) the hearer to recognize their own reasons to reciprocate, and the close relationship between them morally requires this kind of trust. This proposal is articulated and situated in the recent discussion of the normativity of requests. The chapter concludes by explaining how these requests may appear appropriate. Agents in these relationships often have standing to make requests, though the standing is lacking in these particular cases. (shrink)

On concept of Jīva in Hindu philosophy and Vedic literature.

Works of Tran Duc Thao, a Vietnamese philosopher.

Scientific view of Buddhist ethical teachings.