This book examines the negative power that child maltreatment has on individuals and society ethically and politically, while analyzing the positive power that parental love and healthy families have. To address how best to confront the problem of child maltreatment, it examines several policy options, ultimately defending a policy of licensing parents, while carefully examining the tension between child and adult rights and duties.

While many theories exist to explain the complexity of environmental behaviour, the role of individuals' relationship with nature has not yet been fully clarified. This paper attempts to operationalise human-nature relationships. It expands upon a scale assessed by an iterative process of mixed methods in the US and Europe. This scale is then used to assess individuals' relationship with nature, and whether such relationships correlate with environmental behaviour. The value scale of Schwartz's Theory of Basic Values is used to validate (...) the results. The results verify that people hold multiple human-nature relationships, confirm strong correlations between human-nature relationships and values, and reveal that individuals' behaviour is connected to the relationship they have with nature. (shrink)

_Challenges standard views of the origins of the _Daodejing_, revealing the work’s roots in a tradition of physical cultivation._.

The Laozi (Daodejing) and the Zhuangzi have long been familiar to Western readers and have served as basic sources of knowledge about early Chinese Daoism. Modern translations and studies of these works have encouraged a perception of Daoism as a mystical philosophy heavy with political implications that advises kings to become one with the Dao. Breaking with this standard approach, The Pristine Dao argues that the Laozi and the Zhuangzi participated in a much wider tradition of metaphysical discourse that included (...) a larger corpus of early Chinese writings. This book demonstrates that early Daoist discourse possessed a distinct, textually constituted coherence and a religious sensibility that starkly differed from the intellectual background of all other traditions of early China, including Confucianism. The author argues that this discourse is best analyzed through its emergence from the mythological imagination of early China, and that it was unified by a set of notions about the Dao that was shared by all of its participants. The author introduces certain categories from the Western religious and philosophical traditions in order to bring out the distinctive qualities constituting this discourse and to encourage its comparison with other religious and philosophical traditions. (shrink)

Trying, in his Soliloquia, to prove the immortality of the soul from the imperishability of truth, Augustine apparently commits a fallacia aequivocationis. Truth is imperishable insofar as it subsists independently. Immortality follows from this only insofar as truth is constituted by mental acts and is thus inseparable from the soul; for dualistically inspired scepticism, truth is given as being immanent to consciousness through methodologically correct procedures establishing coherence. This fallacy is avoidable only by presupposing a Platonic two-world-dualism: The soul, as (...) well as truth, belongs to the subsisting intelligible and therefore essentially has knowledge. Ignorance can be understood, according to recollection theory, as partial forgetting allowing for distinguishing between true and false, and remarkably also between true ideas and deceiving sensory imaginations. Such a faculty encompassing the intelligible as well as the sensible, however, undermines dualism. (shrink)

Die rationalen Vermögen sind bewusst im Hinblick auf den Begriff des zu bewirkenden Zustands oder Gegenstands erworben. Dank dieses Logos oder Wissens um die Definition des zu bewirkenden Ziels können sie nicht bloß wie die angeborenen naturalen Vermögen angewandt werden oder nicht, sondern sind für inhaltlich gegensätzliche Resultate offen. Bei den rationalen Vermögen im engeren Sinne, den Kunstfertigkeiten, erwerben wir durch Einübung wertneutrale operative Fähigkeiten, so dass erst eine hinzukommende Entscheidung eine eindeutige Verwirklichung erlaubt. Bei den Tugenden üben wir uns (...) in ein Vermögen ein, dem eine sittliche Ausrichtung der Entscheidungen integriert ist, das dennoch prinzipiell offen bleibt. Um in einer Situation die Handlung herauszufinden, die äußerlich die Merkmale einer Tugend hat, muss die Naturanlage zum rationalen Vermögen entfaltet sein. Dieses ist in der Tugend zur Disposition weiterentwickelt, sich für diese Handlungsweise stets und um ihrer selbst willen zu entscheiden.Unlike innate natural potencies, acquired rational potencies by virtue of the logos of the goal to be realised not only can be exercised or not, but even are open to results of opposite contents. In the case of rational potencies in the narrower sense , we acquire, by habituation, operational abilities which are morally neutral so that a decision is required for an unequivocal result to be achieved. In the case of virtues, the acquired potency has a moral orientation for our decisions integrated in itself and nevertheless remains, in principle, open. In order to find out in a certain situation which action has the external characteristics of a virtue, the natural faculty must be developed to be a rational potency. In the virtue, the latter is further developed to be the disposition to choose this type of action always and for its own sake. - This new systematic reconstruction is meant to explore in how far Aristotelian virtues may be regarded as rational potencies. (shrink)

Kripkes These soll widersprochen werden, die modalen Begriffe,notwendig' bzw.,kontingent' (Metaphysik) seien auch extensional von den epistemischen,a priori' bzw.,a posteriori' (Erkenntnistheorie) verschieden. Nur auf Aussagengehalte als ihr Subjekt bezogen, werden beide Begriffspaare vergleichbar. Geht es aber nicht um die notwendigen (wesentlichen) oder kontingenten Eigenschaften einer Sache (die essentialistische modalitas de re, z.B. die Identität einesIndividuums mit sich), sondem um die notwendige oder kontingente Geltung eines Aussagegehaltes (modalitas de dicto), dann ist bedeutsam, wie eine Aussage über einen solchen Sachverhalt begründbar und erkennbar (...) ist. So ist auch die Referenz nie ohne Kenntnis eines Allgemeinbegriffs möglich. (shrink)

Kripkes These soll widersprochen werden, die modalen Begriffe,notwendig' bzw.,kontingent' (Metaphysik) seien auch extensional von den epistemischen,a priori' bzw.,a posteriori' (Erkenntnistheorie) verschieden. Nur auf Aussagengehalte als ihr Subjekt bezogen, werden beide Begriffspaare vergleichbar. Geht es aber nicht um die notwendigen (wesentlichen) oder kontingenten Eigenschaften einer Sache (die essentialistische modalitas de re, z.B. die Identität einesIndividuums mit sich), sondem um die notwendige oder kontingente Geltung eines Aussagegehaltes (modalitas de dicto), dann ist bedeutsam, wie eine Aussage über einen solchen Sachverhalt begründbar und erkennbar (...) ist. So ist auch die Referenz nie ohne Kenntnis eines Allgemeinbegriffs möglich. (shrink)

According to the Principle of Sufficient Reason every event is determined down to the smallest detail. This principle entails a global determinism which is connected with the claim of uniformity: All things are basically one and differ only by degrees. Accordingly, Leibniz tries to explain the traditional distinction of necessity and contingency by the difference between a definite demonstration and an open, never ending analysis, that is a quantitative difference between the finite and infinite. It is controversial whether contingency can (...) be saved by this conception in the face of the thesis: Every predicate which can be truly attributed to a subject is included in the complete notion of this individual substance. The difficulties of the Lucky Proof can only be avoided by supposing: The infinity of analysis cannot be based on the fact that the complete notion is a simple conjunction of innumerable predicates which are not conceptually connected to each other. Then every predicate could be deduced from it in a finite number of steps; therefore, it would have been demonstrated and would consequently be necessary. The infinity of analysis cannot be either based on the fact that it is infinitely complex to prove that the subject is not contradictory. Conceptions like this or a superessentialism are not adequate, because they fail to distinguish between necessary and contingent statements about an individual within a single possible world. The complete notion and, therefore, the analysis of a contingent truth comprises an infinitely complex content, because the predicates of an individual are connected by infinitely complex relations. This corresponds to the idea that the perceptions of an individual mirror the infinitely complex connections by which the world is determined. (shrink)

Dasselbe Tun qua physische Wirksamkeit kann unter einer Beschreibung absichtlich, unter einer anderen dagegen unbeabsichtigt sein. Wer dies von einer Handlung behauptet, macht sie zu etwas bloß Naturalem, weil das Mentale, die Absicht, so eine rein gedankliche Bestimmung und kein reales Moment der Handlung ist. Eine antinaturalistische, aber nicht dualistische Position ist möglich, wenn man hylemorphistisch die Absicht als Form auffaßt, die eine Körperbewegung zu einer bestimmten Handlung als einer zugleich physischen und mentalen Wirklichkeit macht. Dies erlaubt nicht-willkürlich abzugrenzen: Eine (...) meist kontingente naturkausale Wirkung meines unmittelbaren Tuns ist, sofern sie beabsichtigt war, ein integrierender Bestandteil der Handlung, ja definiert als Ergebnis und Ziel sogar ihre Art, während unbeabsichtigte Momente als Handlungsfolgen außerhalb ihrer liegen. (shrink)

Da mittelalterliche Denker Gottes Wissen der Welt vorwiegend als ein praktisches, auf Fürsorge gründendes Wissen begriffen, können die freien künftigen menschlichen Taten nicht als prinzipiell unwißbar ausgeschlossen werden. Gottes praktisches Wissen des kontingenten Zukünftigen gründet für Duns Scotus auf seinem faktisch unwandelbaren Willensentschluß und ist daher nur insofern kontingent, als es kontrafaktisch anders hätte sein können. Ockham verwirft solche irrealen Alternativen gleichzeitig zum Faktischen, da die Eigenart willentlicher Verursachung auch ohne solche hohen "ontologischen Kosten" erklärbar sei: Anders als eine Naturursache (...) könne die freie Ursache ohne gewandelte Bedingungen im nächsten Augenblick anderes wirken. Innerhalb allein der wirklichen Welt ergeben echte Gegenwartsaussagen angesichts der Irreversibilität des Geschehenen hinfort notwendige Vergangenheitsaussagen. Aussagen über göttliches Vorauswissen seien hingegen nur oberflächengrammatisch Gegenwartsaussagen, sachlich jedoch kontingent, da ihre Geltung von einem kontingenten Zukünftigen abhänge, wenngleich unwandelbar, weil jede Zukunftsaussage, falls wahr, unveränderlich wahr sei . Bei Unwandelbarkeit aber läßt sich Kontingenz kaum anders als mit der Skotischen Konzeption gleichzeitiger irrealer Möglichkeiten erklären: Gott hätte das faktisch stets Gewußte niemals zu wissen brauchen. (shrink)

Abstract:Daoist thought often takes nothingness as a foundational source of generation that can also be harnessed to good government. This study re-interprets the Daodejing's original discourse on nothingness in terms of an original condition, which it connects to the variety of philosophically significant wu-compounds found throughout the text. It examines two early articulations of this discourse by drawing a contrast between the thought of Laozi and the thought of Heshang Gong.

Order in Early Chinese Excavated Texts represents a selection of essays composed by Wang Zhongjiang of Beijing University, edited and translated by Misha Tadd. Its appearance comes on the heels of a separate book-length selection of various other of Wang's essays translated by Livia Kohn, entitled Daoism Excavated: Cosmos and Humanity in Early Manuscripts. The proximity of the publications of these two English-language works is important to note. It demonstrates the growing international renown of Wang, a foremost expert on the (...) reading and interpretation of early Chinese excavated texts. Both works handily display his erudite mastery in placing the content of excavated... (shrink)

This study examines the intertextuality of the Daodejing 道德經 and the Sunzi 孫子 by exploring one possible horizon that can shed light on the intellectual environment of their early circulations. A preliminary section examines the early doctrinal movements of what would later be recognized as Daoism and Militarism by triangulating them with the early doctrinal movements of what would later be recognized as Confucianism. This is followed by a consideration of the possible ways in which the early “authors” of the (...) Daodejing and the Sunzi honed their respective systems of thought by way of at least occasional encounter, dialogue, and debate with each other during the early period when their texts were still relatively fluid. The final sections provide a textual analysis of some of their shared content on the topics “surprise attack” and “straightforward attack,” and the “chaos” of cosmogony and battle. (shrink)

In this article, I explore the encounter of the Mādhva philosopher Vyāsatīrtha with the works of the Navya-Naiyāyika Gaṅgeśa Upādhyāya. The article is based on original translations of passages from Vyāsatīrtha’s Nyāyāmr̥ta and Tarkatāṇḍava. Philosophically, the article focuses on the issue of empty-terms/nonexistent entities, particularly in the context of the theory of inference. I begin by outlining the origin of the Mādhva and Nyāya positions about these issues in their respective analyses of perceptual illusion. I then contrast the role of (...) Gaṅgeśa’s thought in the Nyāyāmr̥ta and Tarkatāṇḍava and show how Vyāsatīrtha responds to Gaṅgeśa’s ideas in different ways in those texts. I conclude with a discussion of how Vyāsatīrtha defends the Mādhva theory of “substrate-free” qualities against Gaṅgeśa in order to show that we can think and make valid inferences about nonexistent things. (shrink)

Neuroconstructivism: How the Brain Constructs Cognition proposes a unifying framework for the study of cognitive development that brings together (1) constructivism (which views development as the progressive elaboration of increasingly complex structures), (2) cognitive neuroscience (which aims to understand the neural mechanisms underlying behavior), and (3) computational modeling (which proposes formal and explicit specifications of information processing). The guiding principle of our approach is context dependence, within and (in contrast to Marr [1982]) between levels of organization. We propose that three (...) mechanisms guide the emergence of representations: competition, cooperation, and chronotopy; which themselves allow for two central processes: proactivity and progressive specialization. We suggest that the main outcome of development is partial representations, distributed across distinct functional circuits. This framework is derived by examining development at the level of single neurons, brain systems, and whole organisms. We use the terms encellment, embrainment, and embodiment to describe the higher-level contextual influences that act at each of these levels of organization. To illustrate these mechanisms in operation we provide case studies in early visual perception, infant habituation, phonological development, and object representations in infancy. Three further case studies are concerned with interactions between levels of explanation: social development, atypical development and within that, developmental dyslexia. We conclude that cognitive development arises from a dynamic, contextual change in embodied neural structures leading to partial representations across multiple brain regions and timescales, in response to proactively specified physical and social environment. (shrink)

What are the processes, from conception to adulthood, that enable a single cell to grow into a sentient adult? Neuroconstructivism is a pioneering 2 volume work that sets out a whole new framework for considering the complex topic of development, integrating data from cognitive studies, computational work, and neuroimaging.