In this article, I argue that gender is a primary cultural frame for coordinating behavior and organizing social relations. I describe the implications for understanding how gender shapes social behavior and organizational structures. By my analysis, gender typically acts as a background identity that biases, in gendered directions, the performance of behaviors undertaken in the name of organizational roles and identities. I develop an account of how the background effects of the gender frame on behavior vary by the context that (...) different organizational and institutional structures set but can also infuse gendered meanings into organizational practices. Next, I apply this account to two empirical illustrations to demonstrate that we cannot understand the shape that the structure of gender inequality and gender difference takes in particular institutional or societal contexts without taking into account the background effects of the gender frame on behavior in these contexts. (shrink)

We develop an evidence-based theoretical account of how widely shared cultural beliefs about gender, race, and class intersect in interpersonal and other social relational contexts in the United States to create characteristic cultural “binds” and freedoms for actors in those contexts. We treat gender, race, and class as systems of inequality that are culturally constructed as distinct but implicitly overlap through their defining beliefs, which reflect the perspectives of dominant groups in society. We cite evidence for the contextually contingent interactional (...) “binds” and freedoms this creates for people such as Asian men, Black women, and poor whites who are not prototypical of images embedded in cultural gender, race, and class beliefs. All forms of unprototypicality create “binds,” but freedoms result from being unprototypical of disadvantaging rather than advantaging statuses. (shrink)

According to the perspective developed in this article, widely shared, hegemonic cultural beliefs about gender and their impact in what the authors call “social relational” contexts are among the core components that maintain and change the gender system. When gender is salient in these ubiquitous contexts, cultural beliefs about gender function as part of the rules of the game, biasing the behaviors, performances, and evaluations of otherwise similar men and women in systematic ways that the authors specify. While the biasing (...) impact of gender beliefs may be small in any one instance, the consequences cumulate over individuals’ lives and result in substantially different outcomes for men and women. After describing this perspective, the authors show how it sheds newlight on some defining features of the gender system and illustrate its implications for research into specific questions about gender inequality. (shrink)

Professional workplaces that embody an “ideal worker” image that is implicitly white and male set-up persistent biases against the competence and suitability for authority of those who are not white men, forcing them to work harder to prove their competence and fit in. The added labor of coping with these burdens is largely invisible to dominant actors in the workplace who do not experience them. To facilitate change by making such burdens visible for all, we present data from a survey (...) of 1,349 architects, including white, Asian, Black, Latinx, and mixed race/other underrepresented men and women, about their specific behavioral experiences of prove-it-again bias, tightrope bias, problems of fit, exclusion, emotion work, and interruptions. Across all measures, white men architects report significantly lower levels of these burdens than do women of any race and almost all non-white men. Consistent with status expectations and stereotype prototypicality theories, we find intersectional patterns in the relative burdens experienced by women and men of different racial groups. Gender differences in bias experiences are greatest among white, less among Asian, and least among Black architects. Women of color report the highest levels of bias overall. (shrink)

A unique multilevel perspective-structural social psychology-is explicated to help build theoretical bridges between micro and macro levels of analysis in sociology. The perspective portrays actors (human or corporate) as having minimal properties of purposiveness and responsiveness, encounters as interaction episodes between multiple actors, microstructures as local patterns of interaction emerging from and subsequently influencing encounters, and macrostructures as networks of social positions. These levels of analysis are connected via mutually contingent processes. Applying these assumptions, we illustrate the ability of the (...) framework to strengthen the macrosociological import of micro theories of power, status, and justice. We argue that structural social psychology is an important metatheoretical strategy for developing testable connections between individual and collective units of sociological analysis. (shrink)

Top scholars examine the work of Donald T. Campbell, one of the first to emphasize the social structure of science.

Examining the costs and motivations of warfare is key to conundrums concerning the relevance of this troubling phenomenon to the evolution of social attachment and cooperation, particularly during adolescence and young adulthood—the developmental time period during which many participants are first recruited for warfare. The study focuses on Samburu, a pastoralist society of approximately 200,000 people occupying northern Kenya’s semi-arid and arid lands, asking what role the emotionally sensitized, peer-driven adolescent life stage may have played in the cultural and genetic (...) coevolution of coalitional lethal aggression. Research in small-scale societies provides unparalleled opportunities for sharply defined variables, particularly in age generation societies in which all young men are initiated into “warriorhood.” Proposing an epigenetic and component behavior approach, we examine whether raiding activities such as number of raids, killing, and sparing enemy lives associate with DNA methylation in two candidate genes: MAOA, linked to mood and arousal, and NR3C1, linked to stress and immune response. We report statistically significant associations between the epigenetic variables and the combat variables of overall raiding activity and reportedly showing mercy to enemies. In contrast, epigenetic variables did not associate with post-traumatic stress disorder symptom scores, and the only combat variable associated with PTSD was losing one’s own livestock in a raid. These findings raise important questions concerning the mechanisms driving warfare’s paradoxical mix of violent and altruistic behaviors. (shrink)

This volume brings together eminent theologians, philosophers and political theorists to discuss such questions as how religious understandings have shaped the moral landscape of contemporary culture; the possible contributions of theology and theologically informed moral argument to contemporary public life; the problem of religious and moral discourse in a pluralistic society; and the proper relationship between religion and culture.

This paper argues that professionals who make boundary-related decisions should be guided by relationship-based practice. In our roles as service users and professionals, drawing from our lived experiences of professional relationships, we argue we need to move away from distance-based practice. This includes understanding the boundary stories and narratives that exist for all of us – including the people we support, other professionals, as well as the organisations and systems within which we work. When we are dealing with professional boundary (...) issues, we should centre relationship-building skills that are central to many other aspects of our work. Skills that foster relationships at all levels – between professionals, service users, and services – need to be revalued. Our final recommendation is to create, develop, and foster safer spaces within and outside of organisations, as well as inter-professionally, for the discussion and exploration of boundary-related issues and practice. We are interested in hearing from those with experiences of being marginalised by boundaries so that they can inform a reshaping of our collective ideas around boundary related practices. To foster relationship-based practices in organisations, we have outlined several recommendations here; however, we recognize that these do not go far enough, and that collective action is needed to inform systemic change. (shrink)

Episodic representations can be entertained either as “remembered” or “imagined”—as outcomes of experience or as simulations of such experience. Here, we argue that this feature is the product of a dedicated cognitive function: the metacognitive capacity to determine the mnemicity of mental event simulations. We argue that mnemicity attribution should be distinguished from other metacognitive operations (such as reality monitoring) and propose that this attribution is a “cognitive gadget”—a distinctively human ability made possible by cultural learning. Cultural learning is a (...) type of social learning in which traits are inherited through social interaction. In the case of mnemicity, one culturally learns to discriminate metacognitive “feelings of remembering” from other perceptual, emotional, action-related, and metacognitive feelings; to interpret feelings of remembering as indicators of memory rather than imagination; and to broadcast the interpreted feelings in culture- and context-specific ways, such as “I was there” or “I witnessed it myself.” We review evidence from the literature on memory development and scaffolding, metacognitive learning and teaching, as well as cross-cultural psychology in support of this view before pointing out various open questions about the nature and development of mnemicity highlighted by our account. (shrink)

Revisión de Actividad Que digan dónde están" Una historia de los derechos humanos en Argentina por L. Alonso.

La communication se rapporte à la richesse des interprétations temporelles par l’intermédiaire de Vintila Horia, l’une des personnalités du XX‐e siècle, qui l’applique à l’histoire du monde par ses personnages, leurs époques et les conceptions de vie correspondantes, phénomène exprimé à l’aide de l’art littéraire d’une complexité particulière, invitant à la méditation et aux réactions nécessaires. Le but de sa création est d’éclaircir la personnalité humaine dans sa variété expressive, modulée par le contexte philosophique dans lequel chacun réagit conformément à (...) sa raison et aux procès à caractère social, politique et culturel caractéristiques à la société décrite. (shrink)

Ce compte rendu a déjà paru sur le site de l'association Le Latin dans les Littératures Européennes. A. Sueur, Vie de Joachim Burmeister, Paris, Rhuthmos, 2019, 103 p. C'est une heureuse et réjouissante initiative que ce petit livre consacré à la vie de Joachim Burmeister, cet humaniste né à Lunebourg en 1564, mort à Rostock en 1629, dont « le royaume fut de musique et de rhétorique », et dont les ouvrages, composés en latin, ont marqué la naissance en Allemagne (...) de la rhétorique musicale. Nous le - Recensions. (shrink)

« Dans cet article, nous tenterons d’interpréter la notion controversée de musique populaire brésilienne en tant que concept porteur d’un contenu à la fois utopique et idéologique, en nous appuyant sur le concept d’idéologie dans la pensée de Marx et d’Adorno, ainsi que sur une intuition du philosophe brésilien Vladimir Safatle. Notre hypothèse est la suivante : la musique populaire brésilienne, portée par un mouvement dialectique, a changé de paradigme tout au long du xx e siècle, avec la samba, la (...) bossa-nova et la musique populaire brésilienne ( mpb ) comme paradigmes successifs. Il s’agit alors d’identifier les changements du contenu utopique et idéologique de la musique brésilienne en fonction des mouvements de l’histoire du pays. Enfin, nous conclurons par une hypothèse sur notre époque actuelle, sur la crise de la musique populaire brésilienne et de son concept.». (shrink)

In questo contributo ci soffermeremo sul ruolo che Guglielmo attribuisce alla ragione, in rapporto a un tema fondamentale nella spiritualità cistercense: quello dell’esperienza, e in particolare dell’esperienza di Dio. Vedremo come la ragione venga assunta in maniera positiva in tutte le sue funzioni e potenzialità, e come allo stesso tempo ne siano enunciati anche i limiti. Si muoverà da una definizione della ragione e da un’individuazione delle sue funzioni, e saranno presi in considerazione i temi del rapporto fra ragione e (...) linguaggio, e dunque il ruolo, la portata e il limite delle parole nell’elaborazione e nella capacità significante di un linguaggio teologico; il rapporto tra. ragione e coscienza; la funzione della ragione nella vita spirituale, con riferimento alla vita spirituale cristiana nella considerazione dei vari aspetti della personalità del credente; la ragione, cioè, nel suo rapporto con la volontà, con le virtù, con l’amore. In this article I look at the role that William of St Thierry attributes to reason, in relation to a fundamental theme of Cistercian spirituality: that of experience and, in particular, experience of God. Reason in all its functions and potentialities is seen in a positive light, but at the same time its limits are likewise drawn. After a definition of reason and a singling out of its functions, I will consider the relation between reason and language, hence also the role, the import, and the limit of words in elaborating and giving meaning to a theological language; the relation between reason and conscience; the function of reason in spiritual life, with reference to the various aspects of the believer’s personality; reason in its relation to will, to the virtues, to love. (shrink)

Ce texte a déjà paru dans M.-J. Menozzi, F. Flipo & D. Pécaud Énergie et Société : sciences, gouvernances et usages, Aix-en-Provence, Edisud, 2009, p. 25-34. Pour lire ce texte, si vous êtes éclairé par une lumière artificielle ou que vous utilisez un ordinateur, vous avez recours à l'électricité. Le bâtiment dans lequel vous vous trouvez et l'éclairage ou l'ordinateur dont vous faites peut-être usage sont probablement reliés par des conducteurs électriques à une infrastructure municipale ou - Sciences de l'information (...) et de la communication – Nouvel article. (shrink)

La prima parte dell'articolo è stata pubblicata nella stessa rivista 2 443-501, cfr. MEL XIV 3554. La classificazione e l'ordinamento delle argomentazioni e delle soluzioni presenti nei commenti esaminati si fondano sulla distinzione di due concetti di infinito: l'infinito nel continuo e l'infinito nel numero. Segue un'analisi del problema relativo al confronto degli infiniti, un tema presente in molti dei commenti presi in esame. In Appendice viene fornito un elenco delle questioni relative a Fisica III, 4-8, ordinate, per temi dottrinali (...) o esegetici, in tre gruppi: 1) caratteristiche generali dell'infinito; 2) l'infinito nella quantità continua; 3) l'infinito nella quantità discreta. L'A. rileva che nelle trattazioni studiate è assente un'analisi specifica della nozione d'infinito. I commentatori non solo usano il termine «infinito» senza specificarne il significato, ma sembrano essere anche del tutto inconsapevoli di alcune difficoltà che, nella dottrina aristotelica, derivano dall'uso ambiguo del termine. Tali trattazioni arricchiscono tuttavia il dibattito sull'infinito sia attraverso la discussione di problemi non affrontati da Aristotele sia per la varietà di argomenti ed esempi formulati per spiegare le principali tesi di Fisica III, 4-8. (shrink)

La dimensione teorica della musica occidentale, nella sua evoluzione storica, ha inevitabilmente fatto uso di concetti essenziali alla definizione di come il suono è musicalmente organizzato o organizzabile. Fra questi, risultano imprescindibili le nozioni di materia, forma e ordine, che implicano rispettivamente, nei pur diversi ambiti linguistici e contesti storico-filosofici di riferimento, ciò di cui è fatta la musica, ciò a cui la materia sonora tende, e come tale tensione è realizzata. Scopo di questo contributo è una valutazione d’insieme sulla (...) valenza filosofica e l’uso di tali concetti nel pensiero musicale occidentale altomedievale e in quello del Novecento, che nonostante la distanza cronologica presentano convergenze significative. Nel Medioevo, un lungo processo di elaborazione teorico-pratica permise la matematizzazione dello spazio musicale, attraverso l’adattamento di moduli melodici, trasmessi oralmente, alle strutture scalari desunte dalla teoria greco-boeziana. La forma e l’ordo musicali furono quindi riferiti ai criteri fisico-matematici atti a distinguere nella materia sonora, in sé disorganica e indefinita, ciò che è musicale da ciò che non lo è. Tale concezione sparisce con l’affermarsi del sistema tonale, ove il suono fisico è concepito come “pre-formato” e “pre-ordinato” nella gamma scalare e nei vincoli attrattivi “naturali” degli armonici. In conseguenza, i concetti di forma e ordine abbandonano il contesto acustico, andando a definire i criteri teorici della composizione artistica, in linea con l’idea filosofica del loro esprimere la coerenza logico-sintattica dell’“insieme organico” . Nell’ambito del pensiero musicale del Novecento, la crisi del sistema tonale e la messa a punto di nuove modalità e tecniche di produzione del suono hanno riorientato la valenza significante e l’uso di questi tre concetti, implicando il loro tornare a imporsi sugli elementi primari della fisica del suono, non solo l’altezza, ma soprattutto il timbro, il volume e la durata. Già Schönberg, nel 1911, affermava come “l’ordine che chiamiamo forma artistica” è “un necessario espediente” elaborato “a causa della nostra incapacità a comprendere l’indistinto e il non-ordinato”, che è la condizione propria della materia sonora. In its historical development, the Western theory of music has inevitably made use of specific concepts to define how the sound is musically organized or organizable. Among these notions, those of matter, form and order signify – in spite of the different linguistic areas and the various historical and philosophical backgrounds – that from which music is made, that to which it tends and how such tendency is realized. This paper aims to evaluate the philosophical implications and the use of these three concepts in the musical theories of the high Middle Ages and of the twentieth century, since, in spite of their chronological distance, they present significant similarities. A long process of theoretical and practical adjustments of the melodic structures of liturgical chants to the scale-systems of the Greek and Boethian theory contributed to developing what would become a familiar notion throughout the Middle Ages: that musical intervals can be expressed in mathematical terms. According to this view, the words forma and ordo signify the mathematical measures that are applied to the “matter” of sound, which is considered as inorganic and indefinite in itself. This conception gradually disappears when the tonal system begins to emerge, since this new modality of composition implies that the physical sound is “pre-formed” and “pre-ordered” within the musical scale, according to the “natural” links of the harmonics. Consequently, the concepts of “form” and “order” do not refer any more to the context of sound generation, but are now used to define the theoretical criteria of the artistic composition, so to accomplish the new philosophic idea of their expressing the logical-syntactic coherence of the “organic-whole” . In the early twentieth century, when the tonal system starts to be replaced by new methods of composition and when new modalities and techniques of sound production emerge, those three concepts are used, again, to express the basic elements of the physics of sound: not only its height, but also its timbre, volume, and duration. In 1911, Schönberg argued that the order that we call “artistic form” is a necessary device, elaborated “because of our incapacity to comprehend the indistinct and unordered thing”, that is the own condition of the matter of sound. (shrink)

La circulation du savoir philosophique à travers les traductions du grec au syriaque, du grec à l'arabe, du syriaque à l'arabe, de l'arabe au latin forme, depuis un siècle et plus de recherches savantes, un domaine scientifique à part entière. Ce volume réunit des spécialistes des disciplines du domaine voulant rendre hommage à un collègue dont l'activité a ouvert une voie, Henri Hugonnard-Roche. Spécialiste de la transmission du grec au syriaque de la logique aristotélicienne, Henri Hugonnard-Roche a montré par ses (...) recherches la continuité entre la philosophie de l'Antiquité tardive et la pensée des chrétiens de langue syriaque d'un côté, des savants musulmans écrivant en arabe, de l'autre. Réunis souvent par ce que Werner Jaeger avait autrefois désigné comme 'la portée œcuménique de l'Antiquité classique', des musulmans et des chrétiens faisant partie d'un cercle philosophique se penchaient, dans la ville de Bagdad au Xe siècle, sur le texte d'Aristote. Leur 'Aristote' était souvent celui de l'Antiquité tardive : l'Aristote de l'école néoplatonicienne d'Alexandrie que les intellectuels de la Syrie chrétienne avaient déjà rencontré quelque quatre siècles auparavant et qu'ils avaient traduit, en même temps que Galien, et parfois commenté. Des noms presque inconnus comme celui de Sergius de Resh'ayna (mort en 536) commencent dans nos manuels à en côtoyer d'autres bien plus connus, comme celui de Boèce, grâce aux recherches de Henri Hugonnard-Roche. (shrink)

La ricezione araba della filosofia greca si caratterizza per il tentativo di rendere compatibile l'eredità ellenica con la rivelazione coranica. Assimilata alla teologia di al-Kindi e trasposta nel ruolo di scienza universale, la metafisica così concepita rappresenta il presupposto da cui muoverà Avicenna.

L'A. analizza i problemi principali che caratterizzarono la polemica tra Wylton e Jandun sulla dottrina di Averroè relativa allo statuto ontologico del tempo. Rispetto alla posizione di Jandun, l'A. sottolinea l'importanza della distinzione fra tempo formale, inteso come atto mentale, e tempo materiale, identificato con il movimento, e individua nella teoria della realtà extra-mentale del tempo un motivo di originalità rispetto alla posizione soggettivizzante di Averroè. La posizione di Wylton, che l'A. definisce «realista», scaturisce invece dalla negazione degli elementi aristotelico-averroisti, (...) ed ha il suo punto di maggior originalità nel tentativo di riconciliazione di questa visione con quella aristotelica. Nell'appendice viene edita la quaestio XXX del IV libro delle Quaestiones super Physicam di Tommaso Wylton, basandosi sui mss. Cesena, Malatestiana, Pl. VIII sin. 2; Madrid, BN, 2015; Vat. lat. 4709. (shrink)

Sono presi in esame otto commenti per questioni sulla Physica . L'analisi si concentra sui due temi principali del III libro della Physica: il movimento e l'infinito. La sezione introduttiva esamina le affinità tra le diverse opere, suddividendole in gruppi e proponendo una cronologia relativa. Viene offerta in seguito un'analisi comparativa della trattazione del movimento presente in questi commenti, da cui risulta l'esistenza di una corrente inglese che si mostra incline a respingere la teoria averroista del movimento.

Si tratta della fase successiva di una ricerca condotta dall'A. sulle quaestiones sul libro III della Fisica contenuto in un gruppo di otto commenti di probabile origine inglese risalenti al periodo 1250-1270 e già pubblicata nella stessa rivista. Nel presente saggio l'A. prende in considerazione le questiones sul libro IV e si occupa principalmente del contesto dottrinale dei commenti e dei rapporti sussistenti tra essi. Nella seconda parte dello studio, che apparirà nel numero 9 del 1998 della stessa rivista, saranno (...) descritti i modi della trattazione degli argomenti affrontati da Aristotele nel libro IV quali il tempo, il vuoto e il luogo. In appendice viene pubblicata la lista delle quaestiones sul IV della Fisica che sono contenute nei commenti considerati e vengono raccolte in tre gruppi in base al tema affrontati tra quelli sopracitati. (shrink)

Cet article se propose d’expliquer l’évolution du Sigillum aeternitatis de Heymeric de Campo grâce à une présentation chronologique de ses ouvrages. Pour ce faire, seront d’abord étudiés les diagrammes décrits dans le De sigillo aeternitatis et le De potestate ecclesiastica. Ensuite, seront analysés le diagramme conservé dans le Codex 264 de l’abbaye de Tongerlo et la description fournie dans l’ Opus circa speculare enigma uniuersi, sigillum eternitatis authentice appellatum, dont l’édition est actuellement en cours.

La notion d’expologie est relativement récente : ce néologisme est apparu au cours des années 1990, dans la littérature muséologique, pour évoquer l’étude des expositions d’un point de vue théorique. Cet article tente de rassembler les différents éléments pouvant être mis en œuvre dans le contexte d’une telle étude, depuis les premières illustrations de catalogues de cabinets de curiosités, les textes plus théoriques apparaissant à partir du 18ème siècle, jusqu’à la littérature contemporaine visant à analyser ce dispositif particulier que constitue (...) l’exposition, et notamment le secteur des études de visiteurs. (shrink)

Il volume contiene i testi più significativi relativamente alla nascita e allo sviluppo della dottrina dell'analogia dell'essere. I passi sono riportati a fronte con traduzioni originali annotate e sono raccolti in due sezioni: quella di filosofia antica e tardoantica e quella di filosofia medievale araba e latina. La prima sezione comprende i principali testi aristotelici che della dottrina dell'analogia dell'essere hanno costituito l'origine, e i passi fra i più rilevanti della tradizione commentaristica antica e tardoantica, da Alessandro di Afrodisia (II-III (...) sec. d.C) a Simplicio di Cilicia (VI sec. d.C.), nei quali è possibile individuare le prime fasi dello sviluppo di tale dottrina. La sezione di filosofia medievale araba e latina comprende passi scelti dei filosofi che rappresentano le tappe essenziali dello sviluppo della dottrina dell'analogia dell'essere nel medioevo arabo e latino, da al-Fārābī (m. 950 c.) a Tommaso d'Aquino (XIII sec.) a Tommaso de Vio, il “Gaetano” (XV-XVI sec.)--Back cover. (shrink)

Lo studio prende in esame sei questioni di Thomas Wylton sulla visione beatifica e una questione dal Quodlibet di Siberto di Beka, carmelitano, contemporaneo di Wylton. Il saggio confronta in modo analitico le posizioni dei due autori sul ruolo e la necessità del lumen gloriae nella visione beatifica nelle singole questioni di cui si dà a seguito l'edizione. I codici sono V’ = Vat. Borgh. 36; T' = Tortosa 88; S' = Vat. Borgh. 39. L'edizione, posta in appendice allo studio, (...) riguarda le seguenti porzioni testuali: Thomas Wylton, q. 2 [V', ff. 55va-56va]; q. 3 [V', ff. 56va-58ra]; q. 4 [V', ff. 58ra-va] T16 [T', ff. 46ra-48rb]; T19 [T', ff. 50ra-61vb]; T20 [T', ff. 61vb-62vb]; Siberto di Beka, Quodlibet, q. 16 [S', ff. 270va-272vb]. (shrink)

La prima parte dello studio presenta una panoramica sulla vita e l'opera di Wylton, l'indagine poi verte sulla struttura e il contesto dottrinale della quaestio in esame , ed infine sulla dottrina della distinzione formale qui esposta. L'ampia appendice presenta un'edizione della quaestio, tradita nel ms Vat. Borgh. 36.

Against the background of “arms race” style competitive explanations for complex human cognition, such as the Social Intelligence Hypothesis Growing points in ethology, Cambridge University Press, pp 303–317, 1976; Jolly in Science, 10.1126/science.153.3735.501, 1966), and theories that tie complex cognition with environmental variability more broadly The evolution of intelligence, Lawrence Earlbaum and Associates, 2001), the idea that culturally inherited mechanisms for social cognition would be more capable of responding to the labile social environment is a compelling one. Whilst it is (...) tempting to think that the evolvability of culturally inherited cognitive mechanisms such as Cecilia Heyes’ cognitive gadgets would be akin to culturally inherited tools like axes or canoes, I draw on established theory in evolutionary developmental biology to show that this is a mistake. Their causal translucency, along with the degree to which they would be integrated within the organism, make cognitive gadgets far more like genetically inherited traits with respect to their evolvability. Consequently, their evolution is unlikely to be particularly fast or nimble. In making clear the constraints on the evolution of culturally inherited cognition and how they must influence our theorising the discussion also highlights the value of thinking about evolvability in this domain. (shrink)