If a quest for universal ethical standards in journalism is to be productive, we should first be able to articulate an overarching set of universal ethical standards that can apply across cultures, across ethical schools of thought, across professions. In this article I offer 4 likely universal standards that have relevance to journalism, suggesting universal journalism standards can also be identified. Although these and other standards will not be panaceas for the ethical dilemmas journalists often face, they provide needed anchors (...) for decision making. (shrink)

Avec la première publication de sa philosophie de l' État De Cive, Hobbes réalise, d'une manière paradigmatique, la justification du contractualisme moderne en prenant la théorie de l' état de nature comme point de référence, à la fois déontologique et méthodique de la théorie de l' État et du droit. L'objet de cet article est de reconstruire le commencement de la philosophie politique et déterminer sa place à l'intérieur des Elementa philosophica. Hobbes' rechtsphilosophische Erstveröffentlichung De Cive löst in paradigmatischer Weise (...) das Begründungsprogramm des neuzeitlichen Kontraktualismus ein, indem es die Theorie des Naturzustandes zum normativen und methodischen Referenzpunkt der Theorie von Recht und Staat macht. Die vorliegende Studie versucht, den Begründungsgang dieses Anfangs der politischen Philosophie nachzuzeichnen und seinen Ort innerhalb der Elementa philosophica zu bestimmen. (shrink)

Der Band wagt eine Deutung von Arendts Gesamtwerk: Im Zentrum stehen dabei die Kategorien Raum und Zeit für eine Neuinterpretation des Politischen. Erst so gewinnt Arendts Rehabilitierung des politischen Denkens ihre produktive Dynamik und geschichtseröffnende Perspektive. Herausgelöst aus den Vereinnahmungen durch Neoaristotelismus und Republikanismus erscheint Arendt als kritische und postmoderne Denkerin.

(2008). In Praise of Top-Down Decision Making in Managerial Hierarchies. World Futures: Vol. 64, Postformal Thought and Hierarchical Complexity, pp. 513-523.

Karlfriedrich Herb shows that the new theory of representation in Leviathan implies a rejection of direct democracy, which was still referred to, and active as a political model, in The Elements of Law and De cive. Since the social contract gives full authority to the sovereign, there is no longer any reason to consider democracy as the original form of all governments. Democracy thus plays no part in the definition of the citizen’s liberty, and consequently the liberty of the (...) subject is not at all a matter of participation in political life. To the contrary, this civil liberty is directly proportional to the independence left to the citizen by the legislator. The famous maxim defining liberty as the silence of the law is therefore to be considered anew in the perspective of the theory of representative sovereignty. The authority of the sovereign has nothing to do, in Hobbes’s thought, with the authoritas of the ancient Romans, since actual peace is its only source of legitimacy. It is not possible, therefore, to include Leviathan in a history of Republicanism. (shrink)

Este artigo discute tópicos fundamentais relativos à tensão interna entre os aspectos absolutista e liberal do pensamento de Hobbes.

Contrary to popular assumption, Kant's theory of state experienced a major transformation during the period between "On the Common Saying" of 1793 and the "Metaphysical First Principles of the Doctrine of Right" of 1797. This transformation is primarily expressed in the systematic new formulation of the relationship between "noumenal state" and "phenomenal state". Kant's new system permits him, on the one hand, to develop the idea of state a priori from his theory of private right and thus to systematically incorporate (...) central elements of the modern tradition, including Rousseau's "Contrat Social". On the other hand, it allows him to formulate the theory of state forms as a theory of the "phenomenal state", which in turn provides a tool for legal evaluation of the then current political events in revolutionary France. This article considers the differences between the Doctrine of Right and Kant's earlier works as well as the role Schlegel's review of Perpetual Peace played in stimulating Kant's new conception of the state. Kants Staatsphilosophie ist - entgegen der gängigen Auffassung - in der Zeit zwischen der Schrift zum 'Gemeinspruch' von 1793 und den 'Metaphysischen Anfangsgründen der Rechtslehre' von 1797 einer grundsätzlichen Wandlung unterworfen, welche in einer systematischen Neufassung des Verhältnisses von 'Staat in der Idee' und 'Staat in der Erscheinung' ihren entscheidenden Ausdruck findet. Diese neue Systematik ermöglicht es Kant einerseits, die Staatsidee a priori aus dem Privatrecht zu entwickeln und damit zentrale Bestandstücke der modernen Tradition - darunter das Rousseausche 'Ideal des Bürgerbundes' - systematisch einzubinden. Andererseits erlaubt sie es, die Staatsformenlehre als eine Lehre des 'Staates in der Erscheinung' zu fassen, womit sie ein Instrumentarium für die rechtliche Einordnung der aktuellen politischen Vorgänge im revolutionären Frankreich bereitstellt. - Auf die Differenzen der Rechtlehre gegenüber den früheren Schriften , sowie auf die Rolle der Schlegelschen Rezension des 'Ewigen Frieden' als Anlaß für Neukonzeption wird hingewiesen. (shrink)

Tanto Jean Jacques Rousseau como Hannah Arendt desenvolvem seus ideais de república no conceito de luz e sombra. O artigo focaliza o dado obscuro da república: a esfera privada do cidadão. De acordo com a lógica interna das duas teorias, a arqueologia da vida privada começa com um conceito do político. Ambos os autores são céticos com relação à concepção moderna da vida privada como uma prioridade. Eles tendem a concordar mais com a teoria política clássica. Hannah Arendt restaura a (...) separação aristotélica entre Polis e Oikos, as esferas privada e pública. Rousseau, porém, quer uma unidade politica ao estilo platônico. A república exige a completa transparência tanto da vida pública quanto da privada. (shrink)

O artigo examina a relação entre saber e poder em Hobbes e em Kant a partir de três questões. A primeira diz respeito à conciliação entre a idéia de contrato e a história. A segunda concerne ao conceito de paz perpétua. A terceira remete ao tema do futuro da república.

As people with AIDS lie dying, they do not only need physicians, medical technicians, nurses, and social workers. They often also need the services of professionals who provide legal care.

When it was published in 1980, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, third edition - universally known as DSM-III - embodied a new method for identifying psychiatric illness. The manual's authors and their supporters claimed that DSM-III's development was guided by scientific principles and evidence and that its innovative approach to diagnosis greatly ameliorated the problem of the unreliability of psychiatric diagnoses. In this paper we challenge the conventional wisdom about the research data used to support this claim. (...) Specifically, we argue that the rhetoric of science, more than the scientific data, was used convincingly by the developers of DSM-III to promote their new manual. We offer a re-analysis of the data gathered in the original DSM-III field trials in light of the interpretations that had been offered earlier for the reliability studies of others. We demonstrate how the standards for interpreting reliability were dramatically shifted over time in a direction that made it easier to claim success with DSM-III when, in fact, the data were equivocal. (shrink)

Bescheiden im Umfang, revolutionär in der Wirkung, kontrovers in der Deutung: Rousseaus Schrift Vom Gesellschaftsvertrag oder die Prinzipien des Staatsrechts gehört bis heute zu den unangefochtenen Klassikern der Politischen Philosophie der Moderne. Der Gesellschaftsvertrag, der Umschlagort von Naturzustand und Staat, ist paradox; er soll die völlige Freiheit der Menschen gewährleisten und dennoch aus ihnen ein gemeinsames Ich schaffen, der Mensch soll vorbehaltlos zum Bürger dieses einen Staates werden.. Das moderne Freiheitsideal wird in eine antike Polisgemeinschaft transplantiert. Die Interpretation der Schrift (...) wird dadurch erschwert, dass sie einerseits ein an eine gelehrte Tradition anknüpfender rechtsphilosophischer Traktat ist, andererseits ein politisches Pamphlet mit rhetorischen Überhöhungen. Die Aufsatzsammlung sucht den Ambivalenzen des Buches gerecht zu werden, sie liefert einen kooperativen Kommentar zu den Hauptthemen des Gesellschaftsvertrages. (shrink)

Bescheiden im Umfang, revolutionär in der Wirkung, kontrovers in der Deutung: Rousseaus Schrift Vom Gesellschaftsvertrag oder die Prinzipien des Staatsrechts gehört bis heute zu den unangefochtenen Klassikern der Politischen Philosophie der Moderne. Der Gesellschaftsvertrag, der Umschlagort von Naturzustand und Staat, ist paradox; er soll die völlige Freiheit der Menschen gewährleisten und dennoch aus ihnen ein gemeinsames Ich schaffen, der Mensch soll vorbehaltlos zum Bürger dieses einen Staates werden.. Das moderne Freiheitsideal wird in eine antike Polisgemeinschaft transplantiert. Die Interpretation der Schrift (...) wird dadurch erschwert, dass sie einerseits ein an eine gelehrte Tradition anknüpfender rechtsphilosophischer Traktat ist, andererseits ein politisches Pamphlet mit rhetorischen Überhöhungen. Die Aufsatzsammlung sucht den Ambivalenzen des Buches gerecht zu werden, sie liefert einen kooperativen Kommentar zu den Hauptthemen des Gesellschaftsvertrages. (shrink)

BackgroundThe present study examined the efficacy of the Michigan Model of Infant Mental Health-Home Visiting infant mental health treatment to promote the socioemotional wellbeing of infants and young children. Science illuminates the role of parental “co-regulation” of infant emotion as a pathway to young children’s capacity for self-regulation. The synchrony of parent–infant interaction begins to shape the infant’s own nascent regulatory capacities. Parents with a history of childhood adversity, such as maltreatment or witnessing family violence, and who struggle with symptoms (...) of post-traumatic stress may have greater challenges in co-regulating their infant, thus increasing the risk of their children exhibiting social and emotional problems such as anxiety, aggression, and depression. Early intervention that targets the infant–parent relationship may help buffer the effect of parental risk on child outcomes.MethodsParticipants were 58 mother–infant/toddler dyads enrolled in a longitudinal randomized control trial testing the efficacy of the relationship-based IMH-HV treatment model. Families were eligible based on child age and endorsement of at least two of four socio-demographic factors commonly endorsed in community mental health settings: elevated depression symptoms, three or more Adverse Childhood Experiences parenting stress, and/or child behavior or development concerns. This study included dyads whose children were born at the time of study enrollment and completed 12-month post-baseline follow-up visits. Parents reported on their own history of ACEs and current posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, as well as their toddler’s socioemotional development.ResultsMaternal ACEs predicted more toddler emotional problems through their effect on maternal PTSD symptoms. Parents who received IMH-HV treatment reported more positive toddler socioemotional wellbeing at follow-up relative to the control condition. The most positive socioemotional outcomes were for toddlers of mothers with low to moderate PTSD symptoms who received IMH-HV treatment.ConclusionResults indicate the efficacy of IMH-HV services in promoting more optimal child socioemotional wellbeing even when mothers reported mild to moderate PTSD symptoms. Results also highlight the need to assess parental trauma when infants and young children present with socioemotional difficulties. (shrink)

According to the PubMed resource from the U.S. National Library of Medicine, over 750,000 scientific articles have been published in the ~5000 biomedical journals worldwide in the year 2007 alone. The vast majority of these publications include results from hypothesis-driven experimentation in overlapping biomedical research domains. Unfortunately, the sheer volume of information being generated by the biomedical research enterprise has made it virtually impossible for investigators to stay aware of the latest findings in their domain of interest, let alone to (...) be able to assimilate and mine data from related investigations for purposes of meta-analysis. While computers have the potential for assisting investigators in the extraction, management and analysis of these data, information contained in the traditional journal publication is still largely unstructured, free-text descriptions of study design, experimental application and results interpretation, making it difficult for computers to gain access to the content of what is being conveyed without significant manual intervention. In order to circumvent these roadblocks and make the most of the output from the biomedical research enterprise, a variety of related standards in knowledge representation are being developed, proposed and adopted in the biomedical community. In this chapter, we will explore the current status of efforts to develop minimum information standards for the representation of a biomedical experiment, ontologies composed of shared vocabularies assembled into subsumption hierarchical structures, and extensible relational data models that link the information components together in a machine-readable and human-useable framework for data mining purposes. (shrink)