"To be a philosopher and to be a feminist are one and the same thing. A feminist is a woman who does not allow anyone to think in her place."-from Hipparchia's Choice A work of rare insight and irreverence, Hipparchia's Choice boldly recasts the history of philosophy from the pre-Socratics to the post-Derrideans as one of masculine texts and male problems. The position of women, therefore, is less the result of a hypothetical "femininity" and more the fault of exclusion by (...) men. Nevertheless, women have been and continue to be drawn to "the exercise of thought." So how does a female philosopher become a conceptually adventurous woman? Focusing on the work of Sartre and Beauvoir, Michèle Le Doeuff shows how women philosophers can reclaim a place for feminist concerns. Is The Second Sex a work of philosophy, and, if so, what can it teach us about the relation of philosophy to experience? Now with a new epilogue, Hipparchia's Choice points the way toward a discipline that is accountable to history, feminism, and society. (shrink)

"The Philosophical Imaginary teaches us how to read philosophy afresh. Focusing on central, but often undiscussed, images, Le Doeuff's patient, perspicacious, and always brilliant readings show us how to uncover the political unconscious at work in great philosophy. Le Doeuff's contribution to philosophy and feminism is unequalled. This book is a classic.".

First published in 2003. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

First published in 2003. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

As a young philosopher, a third-generation atheist and already a feminist, Michèle Le Doeuff read the Bible on her own, without anybody’s guidance and on the basis of an assumed intellectual equality between the texts and herself. Later on, her friendship with Pamela Sue Anderson also developed thanks to their firm belief that a member of a given faith and an atheist can tolerate and indeed respect each other to the full through a common involvement in feminist philosophy. All (...) this defines a standpoint from which a host of questions can be raised and many topics transformed. (shrink)

This article argues that although Simone de Beauvoir goes as far as any philosopher in her analysis of oppressive myths, she too creates ‘others’ for herself, such as children who believe in dreams or fairy tales. Beauvoir's The Second Sex appears to make a clear distinction between myths and facts with respect to women's situation. The first volume of her autobiography, Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter, also critiques some of the myths which dominate women's lives; at the same time, the (...) adoption of Simone's mythologies by her younger sister Hélène is presented less as a myth structure than as an eclectic collection of good and bad objects that strives for coherence only in fantasy. Like the Greeks, the young Simone sets herself against ‘the Barbarians’ — to the embarrassment of the author. Myths and mythologies are the enemies of philosophy for Hegel amongst others. Yet while Beauvoir is clear about the importance of emancipation from religion, she does not find it easy to situate herself as a philosopher. Philosophy too has acted as an instrument of male domination. Perhaps Barthes's ‘mythologies’ provided a more comfortable framework for the analysis of bourgeois life in her autobiography — which includes a crucial element of self-critique. Equally, looking back on her later life, it is striking to what extent she continued to act out bourgeois mythologies of the role of the accepting woman in the face of male infidelity, just as her mother did. Perhaps her ascetic refusal to offer a positive image of a female heroine relates to this problematic relationship to the imaginary, saturated from childhood with mythologies that she wished to reject, and critiqued by the rational philosophical tradition which cannot acknowledge its own use of fiction. (shrink)

French Feminism Reader is a collection of essays representing the authors and issues from French theory most influential in the American context. The book is designed for use in courses, and it includes illuminating introductions to the work of each author. These introductions include biographical information, influences and intellectual context, major themes in the author's work as a whole, and specific introductions to the selections in this volume. This collection includes selections by Simone de Beauvoir, Christine Delphy, Colette Guilluamin, Monique (...) Wittig, Michele Le Doeuff, Julia Kristeva, Luce Irigaray, and Helene Cixious. (shrink)

Michèle Le Doeuff's "Primal Scene": Prohibition and Confidence in the Education of a Woman My essay begins with Michèle Le Doeuff's singular account of the "primal scene" in her own education as a woman, illustrating a universally significant point about the way in which education can differ for men and women: gender difference both shapes and is shaped by the imaginary of a culture as manifest in how texts matter for Le Doeuff. Her primal scene is the first (...) moment she remembers when, while aspiring to think for herself, a prohibition is placed in her reading of literature. Her philosophyteacher—at a boys' school—told the young Michèle that Kant's Critique of Pure Reason was "too difficult" for her to read. In recalling this scene, the older Michèle—now, a woman philosopher—directs her readers to this text by Kant, in order to demonstrate how knowledge has been constrained by the narrative and imagery in the text of a philosopher; similarly, in the texts of others. She finds the central imagery of Kant's text for setting the limits to human knowledge in his account of "the island of understanding," or "land of truth," surrounded by "a stormy sea" of uncertainty; the latter image also retains a seductive appeal, threatening to destroy the confidence of any knower who ventures out beyond the well-marked out island. Moreover, women have often been associated with the dangers at sea beyond the safety of the island, where falsehood and worse reign. I propose that "text matters" here not only for gender issues, but for the postcolonial theory which Le Doeuff's reading of island imagery enhances in western literature and culture. The suggestion is that women in the history of ideas have been more susceptible than men to prohibitions : women's negative education is against going beyond certain boundaries which have been fixed by a generally colonialist culture on the grounds of gender-hierarchies. I stress the significance of confidence in the production of knowledge. A lack or an inhibition of confidence in one's own ability to think critically risks the damaging exclusions of, for example, colonialism and sexism. My aim is to unearth the political biases evident in textual imagery, while also pointing to new epistemic locations, with island-and-sea imagery that transgresses patriarchal prohibition, liberating subjects for confident reading and writing of texts today. (shrink)

The unthought means that which it is possible to think, but which has not yet been thought, and also what we are prevented from thinking. Philosophical systems can prevent us from thinking otherwise and restrictions on women’s access to knowledge can prevent women from thinking apart from what is prescribed as suitable. The unthought is both what hasn’t been thought and what could be thought if there wasn’t a barrier of some sort. Michèle Le Dœuff directs us towards (...) the unthought as a measure of the extent to which writers on women’s education have allowed the possibility of women’s access to the unthought, not just to received knowledge to date. This unthought is also connected to creativity and originality, and philosophy that is not systematic. In this paper, I elucidate the nature of Michèle Le Dœuff’s project and the structure of her argument in The Sex of Knowing (2003) through the idea of the unthought. (shrink)

In this paper I show how Michèle Le Dœuff’s conception of philosophy as work is central to her articulation of a fresh conception of women’s role in philosophy and philosophy’s relation to other work. In Hipparchia’s Choice (1991, 168) she writes that ‘There is at least a third way of conceiving of philosophy and the history of philosophy: we can regard both as work, and thus as a dynamic, which can lead to and from each other.’ My objective (...) is to clarify this concept of philosophy as work and to show its significance and implications for understanding women’s relation to philosophy and the complexity of Le Dœuff’s thought concerning the nature of freedom and oppression. (shrink)

Le but de cet article est d'examiner le rôle de l'analogie du calcul dans la philosophie du langage de Wittgenstein pendant les périodes intermédiaires et finales. Ce rôle a changé parce que Wittgenstein est passé d'une interprétation stricte à une interprétation large de cette analogie. L'analogie revêt un sens large dès lors que l'on admet que le langage peut être comparé à un calcul d'une multitude de manières et pour une multitude de raisons différentes. Le trait commun aux deux interprétations (...) consiste en leur ambition d'éradiquer un mentalisme conduisant à prendre la pensée et la compréhension pour des processus et des états se produisant dans l'esprit du locuteur, mais Wittgenstein a progressivement découvert qu'une lecture stricte de l'analogie induisait une représentation fausse du rôle des règles dans le langage. (shrink)

Michèle Le Dœuff discusses the revival of feminism in France, including the phenomenon of state-sponsored feminism, such as government support for "parity": equal numbers of women and men in government. Le Dœuff analyzes the strategically patchy application of this revival and remains wary about it. Turning to the work of seventeenth-century philosopher Gabrielle Suchon, Le Dœuff considers her concepts of freedom, servitude, and active citizenship, which may well, she argues, have influenced Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Le Dœuff (...) favorably juxtaposes the active citizenship defended by Suchon with the kind of citizenship implicitly supported by recent French government feminism. (shrink)

Michèle Le Doeuff's research interests include British Renaissance philosophy (especially the works of Francis Bacon and Thomas More) and the writings of Shakespeare. However, she is best known in Anglo‐American philosophy for her writings on the philosophical imaginary and feminism. Le Doeuff is a somewhat idiosyncratic figure in contemporary French philosophy. As Colin Gordon has remarked, her work “shows no systematic affiliation, no signs of a formative debt or repudiation” (translator's Preface, Le Doeuff 1989, p. vi). Le Doeuff does, (...) however, mention the work of Simone de beauvoir (see Article 22), Gaston Bachelard, Michel Foucault (Article 49) and Gilles deleuze (Article 51) as contributing to the development of her own philosophical stance. As we shall see, this issue of discipleship is pertinent to her appraisal of the historical situation of women in philosophy. She states “one is commonly asked whether one is a this man‐ian or a that manian … once one becomes a whoeverian, that is the end of philosophy and of the desire for intellectual independence which should also be a characteristic of feminism” (1991, pp. 59–60). (shrink)

Michèle Le Dœuff speculates about why the parity movement enjoyed attention and sympathy in France over recent years. She discusses recent developments in "State-handled" feminism, and the resurgence of interest in feminist debate in France. Perhaps patriarchy is an institution more fundamental than the State?

Que la passivité nous constitue semble doublement établi. Elle est même désignée tant originaire qu’indéfectible. D’où la sait-on telle? De l’évidence et d’une critique. En l’évidence, nous la constatons, par la critique, Maurice Merleau-Ponty dit son caractère premier. La réfutation de l’idéalisme doit conduire à y consentir. Que montre-t-elle précisément? Que l’idéalisme est, pour nous, impossible, inéluctablement absent. Que serait-il? La stricte infidélité à l’égard de notre être. Être...

La relation entre l’art et la philosophie est à la fois ancienne et toujours en attente de sa véritable détermination. Rigoureusement, elle n’a pas encore eu lieu. Sait-on vraiment ce qu’est Art, sait-on ce qu’est Philosophie? D’où le sait-on? Qui en détermine la réalité? N’est-il pas évident, pour l’art, que c’est la Poétique? Si leur relation est ainsi ancienne, elle est demeurée celle d’un rapport, non à l’art mais aux signes, non à la peinture, mais aux images. Très strictement, la (...) ph... (shrink)

En nous, une puissance d'exces proteste contre toutes les modalites d'appropriation, de servitude donc. Que revele-t-elle? L'antecedence du libre. Dans une radicale distinction a l'egard de toutes les comprehensions du libre-arbitre, possibilite ou neant, nous designons le libre comme principe de l'etre. De son antecedence, l'idealisme radical explicite l'advenue de toute determination. Nous-memes, comme particulier, pouvons enfin nous comprendre comme effet de l'autoproduction finitisante. Qui sommes-nous si ce n'est le terme de l'exercice du penser qui s'abandonne, sa depotentialisation? Que sommes-nous (...) d'autre que l'effet d'un desir d'impuissance, le paradoxal effet du penser qui, en nous, se veut et fait fini? La philosophie, exigence desappropriative, comprendra dorenavant l'aspiration a l'immensite comme sa tache radicale, celle en laquelle elle defera ce processus personnalisant et qui nous liberera ainsi de l'asservissante identification finie. (shrink)

In this note we introduce the notion of K–player additive extension of a symmetric two-player game and prove a result relating the equilibria in mixed strategies in the two games. Then we apply the result to the Borda electoral competition game.

Pourquoi identifions-nous spontanement toute oeuvre d'art a une representation? D'ou provient cette assimilation? De la Poetique. Pourquoi cependant continuons-nous a trouver dans le texte d'Aristote la verite de toute oeuvre? Tout art est-il representatif? De fait, dans sa production comme dans sa reflexion, l'Art nous impose de renoncer au desir aristotelicien. Se delivrant de cette longue fascination, la philosophie doit dorenavant elaborer une esthetique des arts reels. L'Art n'est pensable dans sa specificite (son exces de l'eidos) qu'a la condition de (...) cette rupture. Seule l'injonction neo-aristotelicienne du poetique ou desir d'impuissance enferme l'art dans la representation. La meme impuissance nous fait aimer notre initiale complaisance dans la figure. La philosophie ne liberera la comprehension de l'art, comme de l'etre, que par l'abandon de ce desir de cloture. Comment parviendrons-nous donc a nous delivrer du desir representatif et par la a consentir a la puissance a l'oeuvre en toute activite veritable (art et philosophie), c'est-a-dire au desir d'immensite? (shrink)

L'image de Pascal est souvent brouillée par la légende et par les commentaires maladroits ou malveillants. Or, on n'a jamais fini de scruter la personnalité et l'œuvre de Pascal. Il suffit de changer de point de vue pour apercevoir du nouveau, pour préciser des significations, pour repérer des sources inattendues, et parfois pour écarter des idées reçues. Michel Le Guern, après L'Image dans l'œuvre de Pascal, Pascal et Descartes, Les Pensées de Pascal de l'anthropologie à la théologie, les éditions des (...) Pensées et des Provinciales en Folio, l'édition des Œuvres complètes dans la Bibliothèque de la Pléiade, puis Pascal et Arnauld, souhaitait présenter d'autres points de vue, qui ont nécessairement varié en soixante ans de lectures et de relectures, et qui sont complémentaires des travaux d'Henri Gouhier, de Jean Mesnard et de Philippe Sellier. / Our image of Blaise Pascal is frequently blurred by legend and by clumsy or malicious commentary, but his personality and works bear continued scrutiny. A change of perspective is all that is required to glimpse something new, to clarify some finer points, and to brush aside a few common preconceptions. / Michel Le Guern, né en 1937, est professeur honoraire de l'Université Lumière-Lyon 2. Il est ancien président de l'Académie des sciences, belles-lettres et arts de Lyon. (shrink)

This chapter contains sections titled: Philosophical Prohibitions Religious Arguments A Defense of Altered States Cannabis in Particular.

De récents scandales clans l'industrie du médicament ou l'agro-alimentaire ont montré les risques d'un détournement de la recherche scientifique. L'objet de ce livre est de mieux comprendre les ressorts de la crise qui s'installe ainsi entre science et société et de proposer des solutions respectant aussi bien l'indépendance de la recherche que le besoin de démocratie, très largement à inventer au demeurant, dans les choix de politique scientifique. Il s'adresse aux scientifiques comme aux citoyens. Il analyse la manière dont le (...) capitalisme néolibéral tente de mettre la science et les techniques au service de la compétitivité et des profils. Il s'appuie sur les résistances à cette politique pour montrer que la démocratie scientifique ne se résume pas à la question des choix technologiques ou de la gestion des risques et ne concerne pas la seule communauté scientifique. Il veut ouvrir des pistes pour mettre la connaissance scientifique et le développement technique au service des besoins humains (y compris le besoin de connaissances), ce qui appelle de nouvelles formes d'investissement citoyen et de pluralisme scientifique. (shrink)

Preface: The Shameful face of Philosophy In fact, Socrates talks about laden asses, blacksmiths, cobblers and tanners1 Whether one looks for a ...

Neurophenomenology (Varela 1996) is not only philosophical but also empirical and experimental. Our purpose in this article is to illustrate concretely the efficiency of this approach in the field of neuroscience and, more precisely here, in epileptology. A number of recent observations have indicated that epileptic seizures do not arise suddenly simply as the effect of random fluctuations of brain activity, but require a process of pre-seizure changes that start long before. This has been reported at two different levels of (...) description: on the one hand, the epileptic patient often experiences some warning symptoms that precede seizures from several minutes to hours in the form of very specific lived events. On the other hand, the analyses of brain electrical activities have provided strong evidence that it is possible to detect a pre-seizure state in the neuronal dynamics several minutes before the electro-clinical onset of a seizure. We review here some of the ongoing work of our research group concerning seizure anticipation. In particular, we discuss experimental evidence of upward (local-to-global) formation of conscious experience and its neural substrate, but also of the downward (global-to-local) determination of local neuronal activity by situated conscious activity and its substrate large-scale neural assemblies. This causal role of conscious experience may lead to new kinds of therapy for epileptic patients. (shrink)

The quantification of phase synchrony between neuronal signals is of crucial importance for the study of large-scale interactions in the brain. Two methods have been used to date in neuroscience, based on two distinct approaches which permit a direct estimation of the instantaneous phase of a signal [Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 (1998) 3291; Human Brain Mapping 8 (1999) 194]. The phase is either estimated by using the analytic concept of Hilbert transform or, alternatively, by convolution with a complex wavelet. In (...) both methods the stability of the instantaneous phase over a window of time requires quantification by means of various statistical dependence parameters (standard deviation, Shannon entropy or mutual information). The purpose of this paper is to conduct a direct comparison between these two methods on three signal sets: (1) neural models; (2) intracranial signals from epileptic patients; and (3) scalp EEG recordings. Levels of synchrony that can be considered as reliable are estimated by using the technique of surrogate data. Our results demonstrate that the differences between the methods are minor, and we conclude that they are fundamentally equivalent for the study of neuroelectrical signals. This offers a common language and framework that can be used for future research in the area of synchronization. © 2001 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. (shrink)

Le Jansénisme c’est d’abord un mot, une idée et une réalité. Ce sont aussi des personnages, hommes et femmes, qui au XVIIe et au XVIIIe siècles ont joué une incarnation qui n’était pas que religieuse ou théologique, malgré le primat de celle-ci. Le tableau historique que propose M. Le Guern est aussi l’analyse des positions et réactions des principaux acteurs, de Richelieu et Saint-Cyran à Antoine Arnaud, de Nicolas Pavillon et le Formulaire, jusqu’à Quesnel et la reprise des hostilités après (...) une certaine accalmie fin de siècle, avec les effets de la Bulle Unigenitus. Comme on le sait, le terme, sinon vraiment définitif dont il faudrait encore parler, du moins selon d’importants repères historiques, se lit aujourd’hui en divers mouvements qui, après miracles et convulsions, se réduiront, à défaut de se résoudre, dans les conflits, les dispersions et les dérives sectaires. Jansenism is, first of all, a word, an idea, and a reality. It also includes characters, the men and women who incarnated it during the 17th and 18th centuries, not only on a religious or theological level, despite the primacy of the latter. The historical picture that M. Le Guern proposes is also an analysis of the positions and reactions of the principle actors, from Richelieu and Saint-Cyran to Antoine Arnaud, from Nicolas Pavillon and the Formulary, all the way to Quesnel and the renewal of hostilities, after a certain calm at the end of the century, due to the effects of the Bull Unigenitus. As we know, the term “Jansenism”, while still open to discussion, can at least be interpreted today, in terms of important historical landmarks. It comprised various movements which, after miracles and convulsions, were finally degenerated –for want of a resolution – into conflicts, dissipation, and sectarian drifts. (shrink)