The Rockefeller Foundation'spost-war social science programme in Europe wasdirected by Joseph Willits. In 1946, Willitsdecided to focus his Division's efforts onFrance, and to offer fellowships to a newgeneration of social scientists. TheFoundation's social science activity in Europetapered off after 1955. This paper examinesWillits' initiatives, and considers theirconsequences.

Patrons and sponsors often have shaped and even altered the course of scientific and technological developments. The postwar history of Case Western Reserve University, formed from the federation of Case Institute of Technology and Western Reserve University, indicates that industrial, government, and foundation funders of science and technology also can alter the development of entire institutions.

El artículo aborda el tema de las funciones ejecutivas (FE) y el aprendizaje en estudiantes universitarios. Seconsidera relevante en el momento actual, debido a las diversas afectaciones que se perciben en el rendimientoacadémico luego de la pandemia, siendo cada vez más evidentes los problemas para regular el aprendizaje, la pocacapacidad para buscar información relevante y las dificultades para abstraer aspectos significativos de los datosde interés. Desde aquí se plantea la relevancia de comprender mejor el papel de las FE en el (...) aprendizaje, paralo cual, se inicia con varias definiciones que coinciden en caracterizarlas como aquellas que regulan, controlany mediatizan las actividades superiores y más complejas que realiza el cerebro; se las ubica en el córtex frontaly tienen diversas tasas de desarrollo a lo largo del ciclo vital, desde la infancia hasta la adultez joven, en la quealcanzan su pleno desarrollo. Agregado a esto, se describen los componentes de las FE, puesto que son variadosdependiendo de los autores y su relación con el aprendizaje. El enfoque es eminentemente neuropsicológico, perose realiza un breve diálogo con la filosofía de Heidegger, Hume y Locke. Se concluye con varias sugerencias deposibles actividades que pueden llevarse a cabo para desarrollar estas funciones en los estudiantes. (shrink)

The National Academy of Science's 1956 study on the Biological Effects of Atomic Radiation was designed to provide an objective analysis to assess conflicting statements by leading geneticists and by officials in the Atomic Energy Commission. Largely because of its status as a detached, non-governmental evaluation by eminent scientists, no studies have had a broader impact on the development of biological thinking in regard to nuclear policies. This paper demonstrates that despite the first BEAR study's reputation as an objective and (...) independent study, it was the product of careful negotiation between Academy scientists, the Atomic Energy Commission, and Britain's Medical Research Council. This paper also reveals the fragility of the consensus that produced the Academy's report, the range of political uses of the report, and the subsequent disaffection of the scientists who took part in it. (shrink)

In this volume an outstanding group of scientists consider emotional development from fetal life onwards. The book includes views from neuroscience, primatology, robotics, psychopathology, and prenatal development. The first book of its kind, this book will be of major interest to all those interested in emotion, from the fields of social, developmental, and clinical psychology, to psychiatry, and neuroscience.

Alexis Carrel’s and Keith Porter’s accomplishments at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, 1910–1950, were fundamental to the creation of the field of tissue culture.

Uma assembleia com as dimensões do Concílio Vaticano II necessariamente aglutinaria diversificadas correntes e perspectivas. No episcopado brasileiro a heterogeneidade também foi uma marca. Considerando tais dados, este artigo foi escrito com dois objetivos maiores: identificar transversalidades nas formas de pensar e agir de Proença Sigaud e Helder Camara, a partir dos temas propostos para o Concílio e analisar afinidades/convergências e oposições/divergências existentes entre as suas posições, respectivamente conservadoras e progressistas, sobretudo a partir das respostas que elaboraram às consultas solicitadas (...) na fase antepreparatória; perpassando o trabalho, há discussões remetendo aos grupos a que se associaram e às articulações estabelecidas, bem como aos seus epistolários e questões neles tratadas. Baseado em pesquisas bibliográfica e documental – realizada, esta, nos arquivos do Instituto Dom Helder Camara e da Cúria Arquidiocesana de Diamantina – com o artigo foi possível reforçar o entendimento de que a diversidade de perspectivas doutrinais e pastorais é fato inconteste, ainda que salvaguardada a unidade; outrossim, a transversalidade evidenciou, a partir da abordagem de temas sociopolíticos e religiosos, a existência de preocupações semelhantes que implicavam, nas posições majoritariamente antagônicas dos dois, igual empenho pela adoção de medidas, ainda que habitualmente díspares, no tocante à forma de analisá-los e enfrentá-los. (shrink)

The National Academy of Science's 1956 study on the Biological Effects of Atomic Radiation (BEAR) was designed to provide an objective analysis to assess conflicting statements by leading geneticists and by officials in the Atomic Energy Commission. Largely because of its status as a detached, non-governmental evaluation by eminent scientists, no studies have had a broader impact on the development of biological thinking in regard to nuclear policies. This paper demonstrates that despite the first BEAR study's reputation as an objective (...) and independent study, it was the product of careful negotiation between Academy scientists, the Atomic Energy Commission, and Britain's Medical Research Council. This paper also reveals the fragility of the consensus that produced the Academy's report, the range of political uses of the report, and the subsequent disaffection of the scientists who took part in it. (shrink)

Esta obra colectiva expone diversas concepciones teóricas, ontológicas, epistemológicas, axiológicas y prácticas sobre el origen, sentido, problemáticas, ventajas, detrimentos, alternativas y desafías de la filosofía de la innovación y su incidencia en la educación; reflexiona sobre las contribuciones de la tecnología y responde a interrogantes como: ¿Cuáles son los aporte de la tradición filosófica, del pensamiento ilustrado, de la postmodernidad y de la teoría crítica para la filosofía de la innovación educativa?; ¿Cuál es la función de la filosofía para la (...) comprensión de la innovación?; ¿Cómo se explica el progreso tecno-científico desde la epistemología contemporánea?; ¿Cuál es el componente pedagógico de la innovación?; ¿Cuáles son las aportaciones del Laudato Si para la innovación educativa?. Además, plantea la necesidad de repensar algunos aspectos relacionados con la educación, el Estado y la identidad latinoamericana para determinar las posibilidades, las limitaciones y los retos de la innovación, entendida como un fenómeno en permanente construcción. Este tomo se encuentra conformado por ocho capítulos en los que los autores formulan un conjunto de contribuciones para la generación de nuevas investigaciones. Además, evidencia a la innovación como un procesos que exige reformulaciones. La innovación sigue siendo una de las tareas pendientes de la filosofía. (shrink)

This work explores the attitudes of American scientists towardsinternational scientific activity, with particular respect to theoceanic sciences, during the three decades after the First WorldWar. In the mid-1950s, the Eisenhower Administration favouredthe thesis that increased international collaboration wouldstrengthen the Free World, ease Cold War tensions, and promotethe growth of science. This essay analyses elements in thatthesis, namely, scientific chauvinism, humanitarianism, andscientific interdependence. The narrative traces these themesthrough key episodes in the history of international cooperationin oceanic science, revealing how this experience (...) shapedstrategies and expectations for cooperative scientific research. (shrink)

Although oceanographers such as Roger Revelle are typically associated with key indicators of anthropogenic change, he and other scientists at midcentury had very different scientific priorities and ways of seeing the oceans. How can we join the narrative of the triumph of mathematical, dynamic oceanography with the environmental narrative? Dynamic methods entailed a broad set of values that touched the professional lives of marine scientists in a variety of disciplines all over the world, for better or for worse. The present (...) essay highlights three aspects of “Bergen values” in need of greater exploration by scholars. First, how did the dominance of Scandinavian outlooks influence scientific questions across the broad spectrum of oceanography? Second, did oceanographers’ particular means of making the oceans legible through instrumentation challenge their ability to perceive the oceans differently? Third, given the immense quantity of data, was the historical legacy of the dynamic oceanographers more descriptive than they imagined? (shrink)

No período em que a Igreja Católica vivia um processo conhecido como romanização, no Brasil começaram a surgir Faculdades e Universidades Católicas. Adjetivadas, tais instituições de ensino superior implicavam a alocação de recursos os mais variados por parte do aparelho eclesiástico, pois a qualificação atribuída era acompanhada da expectativa de um desempenho específico dentro do mais amplo processo de romanização. Este artigo objetiva abordar o contexto eclesial da época e, nele, a compreensão da Igreja acerca da sua relação com a (...) sociedade recifense, tendo como viés a atuação da Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, na cidade, e sua correspondência ao cenário estabelecido. Para escrevê-lo o autor fez revisão da literatura e pesquisa nos arquivos da própria UNICAP e da Vice-província do Brasil Setentrional da Companhia de Jesus; além disso, recorreu a depoimentos orais de ex-alunos e ex-professores. A análise empreendida permite afirmar que, em sua trajetória inicial, a Universidade correspondeu ao ser católico, se ele for entendido como sintonia com o modelo eclesial predominante na Igreja e ao papel dele decorrente. Palavras-chave : Igreja católica. Modelos eclesiais. Educação.During the period of time in which the Catholic Church experienced a process known as Romanization, there began to emerge Catholic colleges and universities in Brazil. Once having received the adjective Catholic, these institutions of higher education demanded of the ecclesiastic apparatus the allocation of the most varied resources, because the attributed qualification was accompanied by the expectancy of a specific performance inside the most ample process of Romanization. This article aims at accosting the ecclesiastic context of the time and, in it, the Churche’s understanding of its relationship with Recife’s society, taking as bias the acts of the Catholic University of Pernambuco (UNICAP) in the city and its correspondence to the established scenario. To write it, the author revised the literature and research in the archives of the UNICAP itself and of the vice-province of Northern Brazil of the Society of Jesus; furthermore, he analyzed the oral testimony of former students and teachers. The analysis undertaken allows us to affirm that during its initial steps the university fulfilled the exigencies made for being Catholic, if this term was being understood as being in tune with the ecclesiastic model predominant in the Church at the time and the role corresponding to it. Keywords : Catholic Church. Ecclesiastic models. Education. (shrink)

Pancreatitis is a complex, progressively destructive inflammatory disorder. Alcohol was long thought to be the primary causative agent, but genetic contributions have been of interest since the discovery that rare PRSS1, CFTR and SPINK1 variants were associated with pancreatitis risk. We now report two associations at genome-wide significance identified and replicated at PRSS1-PRSS2 and X-linked CLDN2 through a two-stage genome-wide study. The PRSS1 variant likely affects disease susceptibility by altering expression of the primary trypsinogen gene. The CLDN2 risk allele is (...) associated with atypical localization of claudin-2 in pancreatic acinar cells. The homozygous CLDN2 genotype confers the greatest risk, and its alleles interact with alcohol consumption to amplify risk. These results could partially explain the high frequency of alcohol-related pancreatitis in men. © 2012 Nature America, Inc. All rights reserved. (shrink)

La calidad en la educación superior tecnológica se ha caracterizado mejor por la formación de las capacidades del estudiantado que por los niveles alcanzados en la rendición de cuentas o en la gestión institucional. En virtud de la literatura especializada han existido dos grandes enfoques que caracterizaron la temática de la calidad en la Educación Superior en las últimas décadas. Desde una perspectiva administrativa, la apuesta fue por la gestión de calidad, y desde los estudios sociales fue la promoción de (...) la cultura institucional. En este marco, el estudio buscó caracterizar los referentes de la calidad subyacentes en los modelos de evaluación de los institutos superiores tecnológicos en el Ecuador desde el 2010 al 2020, para visibilizar la necesidad de replantear las políticas públicas desde el Estado y fortalecer la agencia de los institutos. Para alcanzar este objetivo se utilizó el instrumental teórico del análisis de las políticas a través de una revisión de información documental que permitió reinterpretar el concepto de la calidad. Finalmente, a modo de conclusión, el estudio determinó que el concepto de calidad preponderante en los modelos de evaluación de los IST se ajustó a la adquisición de altos niveles de excelencia y no incluyó la discusión de la naturaleza de la formación técnica y tecnológica relativa con la transformación de las capacidades de los y las estudiantes. (shrink)

El presente artículo hace un recorrido histórico de los procesos lógicos para lograr una formalización rigurosa del lenguaje. Desde sus inicios en Grecia hasta las propuestas contemporáneas de la lógica simbólica o matemática. Se realiza una ubicación general de los avances en las diferentes épocas para luego explicar el proceso de formalización lógico del lenguaje cotidiano a partir de la lógica clásica; luego de ello se postulan algunas limitaciones de la formalización clásica y se procede a explicar el proceso moderno (...) de formalización; en un tercer momento, se hace referencia a la importancia del manejo formal del lenguaje en el análisis del discurso y la validación de teorías cientí cas, valorando el lenguaje formal de la lógica y de la matemática como sistemas para la construcción de la ciencia. La formalización del lenguaje apoya con veracidad los manejos de la argumentación cientí ca y que luego se puede traducir en aplicaciones tecnológicas. El objetivo del artículo es analizar los procesos de formalización del lenguaje a través de un análisis histórico de la lógica, para la determinación de los elementos lógicos que aportan a la formalización del lenguaje y a la construcción de argumentos cientí cos válidos; y, se alcanzará por medio del planteamiento de las preguntas: ¿Qué aportes losó cos constituyen los postulados más relevantes para la evolución del análisis lógico? ¿Cuáles son las limitaciones que presenta la lógica clásica o aristotélica ante la lógica simbólica estructurada por Frege? ¿Cuáles son los aportes a partir de la formalización lógica del lenguaje para el análisis del discurso y la estructuración de la ciencia? (shrink)

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be (...) preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. To ensure a quality reading experience, this work has been proofread and republished using a format that seamlessly blends the original graphical elements with text in an easy-to-read typeface. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)

Darwin the writer -- Learning to see : Darwin's prophetic apprenticeship on the Beagle voyage -- The prose of On the origin of species -- Surprise and paradox : Darwin's artful legacy -- Darwinian mind and Wildean paradox -- Hardy's Woodlanders and the Darwinian grotesque -- Coda : the comic Darwin.

A history of science text imagining how evolutionary theory and biology would have been understood if Darwin had never published his "Origin of Species" and other works.--publisher summary.

Este artículo rastrea los orígenes del choque de ideas que vertebra el debate que Michael Ruse y Robert J. Richards llevan a cabo en Debating Darwin. En esta obra, los autores discuten sobre el contexto sociocultural que alimentó la teoría de la evolución de Charles Darwin para reconocer las similitudes conceptuales que comparte con dicotomías clásicas sobre las formas humanística o científica de percibir e interpretar el mundo. El objetivo de este artículo es, pues, reflexionar, a la luz (...) de las tesis del desencantamiento del mundo y de la incidencia del conocimiento científico en las imágenes del mundo, sobre la raíz de la que brota el malestar cultural que fundamenta estas formas duales de percepción y descripción del mundo en la historia de las ideas: la supuesta incapacidad de la concepción científica del mundo para satisfacer impulsos estético-existenciales básicos de la naturaleza humana. (shrink)

Over the last quarter century, the dominant tendency in comparative cognitive psychology has been to emphasize the similarities between human and nonhuman minds and to downplay the differences as (Darwin 1871). In the present target article, we argue that Darwin was mistaken: the profound biological continuity between human and nonhuman animals masks an equally profound discontinuity between human and nonhuman minds. To wit, there is a significant discontinuity in the degree to which human and nonhuman animals are able (...) to approximate the higher-order, systematic, relational capabilities of a physical symbol system (PSS) (Newell 1980). We show that this symbolic-relational discontinuity pervades nearly every domain of cognition and runs much deeper than even the spectacular scaffolding provided by language or culture alone can explain. We propose a representational-level specification as to where human and nonhuman animals' abilities to approximate a PSS are similar and where they differ. We conclude by suggesting that recent symbolic-connectionist models of cognition shed new light on the mechanisms that underlie the gap between human and nonhuman minds. (shrink)

Darwin and the Art of Science will consist of excerpts from six of Darwin's books, chosen and introduced by James Costa. The excerpts will be arranged by plant (rather than according to which book they're from) in order to make the most of extraordinary images provided by the Oak Springs Garden Foundation library. As a group, they will provide unparalleled access to Darwin's fascinating observations and musings about the world of plants and how their distinctive features have (...) evolved. (shrink)

It is often claimed that one of Darwin''s chief accomplishments was to provide biology with a non-teleological explanation of adaptation. A number of Darwin''s closest associates, however, and Darwin himself, did not see it that way. In order to assess whether Darwin''s version of evolutionary theory does or does not employ teleological explanation, two of his botanical studies are examined. The result of this examination is that Darwin sees selection explanations of adaptations as teleological explanations. (...) The confusion in the nineteenth century about Darwin''s attitude to teleology is argued to be a result of Darwin''s teleological explanations not conforming to either of the dominant philosophical justifications of teleology at that time. Darwin''s explanatory practices conform well, however, to recent defenses of the teleological character of selection explanations. (shrink)

Darwin's ideas on variation, heredity, and development differ significantly from twentieth-century views. First, Darwin held that environmental changes, acting either on the reproductive organs or the body, were necessary to generate variation. Second, heredity was a developmental, not a transmissional, process; variation was a change in the developmental process of change. An analysis of Darwin's elaboration and modification of these two positions from his early notebooks (1836-1844) to the last edition of the /Variation of Animals and Plants (...) Under Domestication/ (1875) complements previous Darwin scholarship on these issues. Included in this analysis is a description of the way Darwin employed the distinction between transmission and development, as well as the conceptual relationship he saw between heredity and variation. This paper is part of a larger project comparing commitments regarding variation during the latter half of the nineteenth century. (shrink)

Since the time of Charles Darwin, there has been concern that the theory of evolution provides fuel for skepticism. This paper presents new arguments that humanity's evolutionary origins are grounds for accepting that the universe is not as it appears to be to us. Firstly, it is argued that we should expect to have an incomplete capacity to comprehend the universe: both the mental limitations of all non-human life and the narrow interests of most humans provide evidence for this. (...) Secondly, it is argued that we should expect the universe as it appears to us to have nothing more than a relationship of correlation to the universe as it actually is: both simplicity and the huge number of ways in which the universe may be represented provide reason for evolution to produce such a correlative system. (shrink)

This concise, accessible and engaging collection debunks the myths and corrects the falsehoods surrounding one of the most famous scientific figures in history - Charles Darwin. Leading scholars examine his life and work to set the historical record straight, and to draw conclusions about the very nature of science itself.

Charles Darwin's "Historical Sketch" has appeared as a preface to nearly every authorized edition of Darwin's Origin of Species since the second English edition was published in 1860. The "Historical Sketch" provides a brief history of opinion about the species question as a prelude to Darwin's own independent contribution to the subject, but its provenance is somewhat obscure. While some previous thinkers anticipated portions of Darwin's theory long before he did, none of them saw the complete (...) picture as clearly as Darwin. As such, he was able to claim originality and priority for the idea that has transformed our understanding of nature. His "Historical Sketch" was written as an attempt to address these issues. Some things are known about its production, such as when it first appeared and what changes were made to it between its first appearance in 1860 and its final form in 1866. Other questions remain unanswered. How did it evolve in Darwin's mind? Why did he write it at all? What did he think he was accomplishing by prefacing it to Origin of Species? Curtis Johnson approaches these questions, offering some clarity on the originality of Darwin's work. Darwin's "Historical Sketch" is the first comprehensive study of Darwin's "Preface" to Origin of Species. Johnson conveys the pressure Darwin felt from friends and other correspondents to showcase the originality of his theory, and he tackles questions of originality by carefully examining the 35 authors Darwin referenced in this monumental text. (shrink)

O leitor tem em mãos a tradução de um texto escrito por Thomas H. Huxley, publicado anonimamente no Jornal Times de 26 de novembro de 1859 – apenas dois dias após o lançamento oficial do livro Origem das espécies, a que ocupou 3 colunas e ½ de letrinhas miúdas daquela edição, e que, posteriormente fora lido por Schopenhauer, tal como ele mesmo menciona para o discípulo Adam von Doß, em uma carta de 01 de março de 1860, também o ano (...) de morte do filósofo. É após a leitura deste texto que Schopenhauer (equivocadamente, a meu ver) acusa categoricamente para Doß, que a teoria de Darwin é um mero “empirismo raso”, uma “variação da teoria de Lamarck” (GBr, 2008, p. 1587). Embora tenha sido publicado anonimamente – um costume comum na época, especialmente quando autores queriam promover positivamente com resenhas a sua própria obra perante ao público –, sabemos que a autoria é de Huxley, pois ele próprio confessara isso para seu grande amigo Charles Darwin. Primeiro Darwin lhe questionou, apenas dois dias depois da publicação do Times (28 de dezembro de 1859): “Quem poderá ser? Sem dúvida, eu diria que só existe um homem na Inglaterra que poderia ter redigido esse Ensaio, e que era você esse homem. Mas presumo que eu esteja errado e que exista algum gênio oculto de grande quilate. Pois de que modo você poderia influenciar o Jupiter Olympus [como comumente era chamado o Jornal Times] e fazê-lo conceder 3 ½ colunas à ciência pura?” (DARWIN, Correspondência de 28/12/1859, 2009, p. 279). Fora preservada uma segunda carta de Darwin para Huxley, datada de 01/01/1960 em que ele diz: “Várias pessoas me perguntaram quem escreveu aquele ‘artigo mais notável’ no Times [...] Escrevo apenas para dizer que guardarei o seu segredo” (Darwin Correspondence Project, carta 2633). A biógrafa Janet Browne (2011, p. 142) explica minuciosamente toda a história da produção do texto do Times dizendo que Hooker (outro famoso cientista amigo de Darwin) fizera um acordo com Samuel Lucas “resenhista regular do Times [...] combinando que Huxley escreveria a resenha”. Explicado todos esses detalhes históricos, acrescento apenas que todas as notas de rodapé, com exceção da que está anexada ao título (*), são da minha autoria. (shrink)

Charles Darwin transformed our understanding of the universe and our place in it with his development of the theory of evolution. 150 years later, we are still puzzling over the implications. John Dupr presents a lucid, witty introduction to evolution and what it means for our view of humanity, the natural world, and religion. He explains the right and the wrong ways to understand evolution: in the latter category fall most of the claims of evolutionary psychology, of which Dupr (...) gives a withering critique. He shows why the theory of evolution is one of the most important scientific ideas of all time, but makes clear that it can't explain everything - contrary to widespread popular belief, it has very little to tell us about the details of human nature and human behaviour, such as language, culture, and sexuality. Anyone who is interested in understanding what the theory of evolution can and can't do will find Darwin's Legacy a compelling and enjoyable introduction. (shrink)

“Darwin’s Evolutionary Theory of Dependent Arising” January 2021, Buddhism and Culture (a Korean-language Buddhist magazine sponsored by the Foundation for the Promotion of Korean Buddhism), Korea 진화론으로 이해하는 불교: 다윈의 진화론은 연기의 진화론.