1. Philosophy, or the nature of philosophical knowledge, is defined as darsana, which means "seeing" or "vision." Seeing is, perhaps, the best instance of what we mean by "direct experience"; in this sense, Indian philosophy is "empirical." Its empiricism is, however, an "empiricism without limits." I shall not discuss here whether "seeing," "hearing," etc., are instances of immediate experience, or of mediate knowledge. If we see with the eyes, or through them, it may be argued that seeing and hearing, etc., (...) are instances of mediate knowledge. But the motive in defining the nature of philosophical knowledge as darsana or "vision" is that Indian philosophy distrusts abstract reasoning or knowledge. Philosophy is not, according to Indian philosophy, primarily a "theory" about reality but an experience of reality: an experience verified or verifiable. The Vedänta is the "end" of knowledge in the sense that knowledge ends in experience: in direct realization. This is the meaning of the Vedäntic statement: we cannot know Brahman but we can be Brahman. The nature of ultimate reality is atarkyam, "non-logical," as the Upanisads say. This does not mean that logic should not be used as a method or that logical knowledge has no use. Logical knowledge gives knowledge of "existence" in some sense, e.g., if I say, "No statement is true," then, this statement is, at least, true: therefore it exists. Whereas philosophy as darsana is an intuition of the existent and not of existence. In a certain sense, there is no problem for Indian philosophy of the reality and proof of the external world. The Katha Upanisad says that the senses are "pierced outwards"; "therefore, they see external objects": tasmät parang pasyati. But why the expression "external world" if there is not another world in some sense? However this may be, it is an historical fact that, in its quest for the Real, Indian thought changed from the objective to the subjective method: its search for the reality of the objective universe was through its search for the inner essence of man's being. The Katha Upanisad speaks of seeing "with eyes turned within": ävratta çaksu. The conception of philosophy as darsana corresponds to Plato's definition of the Dialectic as "the eye of the soul": "not implanting eyes, for they exist already, but giving them a right direction which they have not." Philosophy as darsana is the sight of "those who have eyes to see," though not the sight of "those who see only what they want to see." Darsana as defined is "discovery": there is in it, or through it, an unveiling of Reality. Darsana is a perceptual or "intuitive" situation in which the existent is beheld "face to face"; pratyagätänamaiksat: "beheld the Atman face to face": but this relation of "face to face" cannot properly be described as an "encounter," if this means seeing another. (shrink)

"A literary translation which is also easy and pleasing to read."—Ludwik Sternbach, _Journal of the American Oriental Society _.

Mahatma Gandhi's philosophy, which he called "an experiment with truth," was not a philosophy in which he merely interpreted or analysed things for himself. It was an experience, or experiment, in which he changed himself and his environment. In the process, Gandhi re-oriented many traditional ideas of Hindu thought and practice. He said: "I do not claim to have originated any new principle. I have simply tried in my own way to apply eternal truths to our daily life and problem." (...) He was an ordinary man who became a mahätmä, "a man of great soul": indeed, "in a beggar's garb.". (shrink)

A project of the Gandhi Centennial Committee of Southern Illinois University, the book outlines the basic tenets of Gandhian philosophy as interpreted by Western thinkers, deals with problems of American education, and offers some reflec­tions on what kinds of solutions may be posed by educators, primarily at the university level. The Foreword and Epilogue are by two distinguished Indian educators, _K. L. Shrimali_, Vice-chancellor, and _N. A. Nikam_, former Vice-chancellor, University of Mysore.

Une des grandes figures de la philosophie russe du XXe siècle, qui s'est voulu le Job de la philosophie, en lutte avec la raison et ses évidences, avec les représentations de Dieu et avec Dieu lui-même.

Монография доктора философских наук, профессора, почетного работника высшего профессионального образования РФ Н. А. Маковского посвящена анализу философско-методологических аспектов взаимодействия наук. В ней рассматривается специфика социально-философской концепции.

Не полагаясь на общие размышления и доводы, авторы в процессе экономического моделирования установили несостоятельность действующей экономической системы России, а также погрешности её конструкции, ответственные за сбои в работе хозяйственного механизма. Проверка результатов моделирования данными практики подтвердила их корректность не только по частным выводам (деградация материально-технической базы и инвестиционной деятельности, кризис хозяйственной деятельности предприятий, вырождение экономической среды, неуправляемость экономического развития), но и, по общему заключению: резервы поддержания стабильности российской экономики за счёт сырьевого экспорта исчерпаны - без смены курса ей грозит скорое (...) разрушение. В работе обоснованы контуры новой модели и стратегии, направления и механизмы интенсификации социально-экономического развития России. Для специалистов, преподавателей, аспирантов и студентов. Without relying on common speculations and arguments, the authors have carried out economic modeling, which enabled them to establish inadequacy of the current economic system in Russia and reveal flaws in its structure, which are responsible for the failures in the functioning of the economic mechanism. Modeling results were supported by practical data that confirmed the accuracy of these results not only with respect to certain conclusions (degradation of the material and technical basis and investment activity, crisis of the enterprises' economic activities, degeneration of the economic environment, uncontrollability of economic development), but also with respect to the general conclusion: provisions for the support of stability of the Russian economy at the expense of raw materials' export have depleted - without changing the course of events, the Russian economy may soon collapse. This work presents the framework of the new model as well as strategies, directions and mechanisms to intensify social-economic development in Russia. For experts, teachers, students and postgraduate students. (shrink)

Издание может предоставлять интерес для студентов и аспирантов юридических вузов и факультетов, преподавателей, научных и практических работников, а также для тех, кто интересуется вопросами теории, философии и социологии права.

Author's answers to questions on Buddhist philosophy, posed to him by some foreign scholars.