Disputationes in universam logicam Aristotelis.,. BNMX: xiii, 8, (NI, 297; VTA 429; VTB). 2. Philosophia Naturalis. Disputationes in octo libros Physicorum ...

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I present two logical systems to show the “analogy of proportionality„ common to several interpretations: modality (necessity and possibility), quantification, truth-functional relations, moral attitudes (deontic logic), states of knowledge (epistemic logic), and states of belief (doxastic logic). To display the two underlying analogical relations, I call upon the originally Scholastic convention, recently put to use again, of using squares, hexagons, and octagons “of opposition„. A combined epistemic–deontic logic happens to be found in the traditional “probabilist„ theory of the “good conscience„, (...) and I shall then briefly explain how this is so. (shrink)

Probabilism is a Scholastic discussion of conscience beginning in the sixteenth century and lasting over four hundred years. To tackle historical issues in normative ethics, the participants had to work out a general "metaethical" theory relating epistemic and deontic logics, the logics of knowledge and virtue. May I act if I am unsure that I may? How, when I am in doubt, can I acquire the critical mass of rationality that virtue demands? The normative aspect of the controversy has been (...) studied in its historical setting, but its interesting and original metaethics has been largely ignored outside the Scholastic circle itself. The discussion is obviously relevant, even practical, today; in fact, any treatment of conscience and relativism already includes the material of probabilist analyses. (shrink)

Edith Stein, an outstanding representative of the Catholic intellectual renaissance of the first half of the last century, was a “charter” member of the phenomenological school around Edmund Husserl and made key contributions to the renewed study of St. Thomas Aquinas. From a Jewish background, she entered the Catholic church and then the Carmelite order; when asked why she became a Catholic she would reply in Latin “secretum meum mihi”. I suggest, using her characteristic concepts such as “being objective” and (...) “undergoing”, why she wished to “fuse” phenomenology and Thomism as well as how she defined the moral “weight” of daily circumstances and how she combined epistemology with Carmelite mysticism. Then with the help of St. John of the Cross, I offer an explanation of her “secret”. Finally I describe her history of recent philosophy. (shrink)

I describe a “logic of creating” inspired by the “existential” argument of the existence of God in St. Thomas Aquinas’s De Ente et Essentia. suggest a modal reading of his reasoning based upon states-of-affairs said to be actual, contingent, necessary and the like. I take “creating” as teasing actuality out of possibility. After explaining the modal logic that I am assuming and relating it to Christian understandings of meaning and being, I present my modal interpretation, contrasting it with the views (...) of three modern philosophers. In an appendix I will analyze the text of St. Thomas’s existential proof. (shrink)

St. Thomas Aquinas has been considered a kairos in intellectual history for seeing God’s essence as being. Martin Heidegger criticized philosophers forrepresenting being as a be-ing and identifying it with God, and Jean-Luc Marion speaks of “God without being.” In her Potency and Act Edith Stein introduced thecategory of being without essence, but such being is not God but “the opposite.” For St. Augustine sin was an approach to nonbeing, and Stein saw it leading to a“displacement into nonbeing,” to an (...) “annihilation” where only a “null being” is retained. This eschatological reflection is an intriguing aspect of her “fusion” ofscholasticism and phenomenology. (shrink)

St. Thomas Aquinas has been considered a kairos in intellectual history for seeing God’s essence as being. Martin Heidegger criticized philosophers forrepresenting being as a be-ing and identifying it with God, and Jean-Luc Marion speaks of “God without being.” In her Potency and Act Edith Stein introduced thecategory of being without essence, but such being is not God but “the opposite.” For St. Augustine sin was an approach to nonbeing, and Stein saw it leading to a“displacement into nonbeing,” to an (...) “annihilation” where only a “null being” is retained. This eschatological reflection is an intriguing aspect of her “fusion” ofscholasticism and phenomenology. (shrink)

El autor, empeñado desde hace algún tiempo en recuperar la enseñanza de la filosofía en Latín, pone frente a frente en este estudio la teoría evolucionista de Darwin y la "quinta vía" tomística. Ello es ocasión para unas disquisiciones sobre la finalidad teleológica del mundo, la admiración aristotélica como principio del filosofar, y la verosimilitud.Palabras llave: Evolucionismo; teleología; verosimilitud.The author, who has made efforts over time to recover the teaching of philosophy in Latin, confronts in this paper Darwin’s Evolutionist Theory (...) and the Tomistic "Fifth Way". This confrontation lends itself to the rendering of some elaborations on the teleological finality of the world, Aristotilian admiration of the beginning of the philosophical task, and verisimilitude.Palabras llave: Evolutionism; teleology; verisimilitude. (shrink)

I wish to reflect briefly on what logic “is” and what the “is” is founded upon. Logic has traditionally been linked with argumentation. I shall examine a simple argument relative to a “miniworld”, and with the help of current logic and traditional ontology, extract from it a modest theory of logical entities and relations. “Current logic” involves modal semantics and the “traditional ontology” is that of Plato, Bonaventure and Thomas Aquinas, and some later philosophers.

En este texto el A. se propone mostrar que es posible emplear algunas técnicas de la lógica modal para reflexionar en torno al problema de la existencia de Dios. En la primera parte se presenta la estructura general de la lógica modal,su simbología y los diversos sistemas que recientemente han sido propuestos. En la segunda parte, el A. sugiere la posibilidad de formular en términos modales la prueba ontológica de San Anselmo. El texto culmina extrayendo algunas consecuencias de esta formulación.

La lógica deóntica. "la lógica de la ética", es aplicable a varias teorías morales, por ejemplo a las fundamentadas en la concepción de la virtud o en la del deber. Un "cuadrado de oposición" al estilo escolástico puede servir para exhibir las relaciones lógicas entre tales nociones morales u "operadores" como debe y puede. El sistema puede construirse sobre la base de un solo operador y luego otros pueden agregarse para indicar una correspondencia con otras expresiones del lenguaje ordinario. Se (...) ofrecen dos principios para aclarar la super erogación.el caso del acto o hábito bueno no obligatorio. y para proponer una lógica básica de la virtud. (shrink)

En los siglos XVI y XVII los lógicos hispanos e hispanoamericanos trabajaron con una compleja "teoría de los tipos" para explicar las diversas clases de entidades denotadas o significadas en el lenguaje. A. de la Vera Cruz y sus colegas plantearon un sistema lógico de muchas clases donde las sentencias generales eran reducibles a hileras de entidades cuyos términos referían a cosas singulares, el mismo que les permitió un análisis semántico básico. A. Rubio,asimismo, desarrolló una teoría del lenguaje científico y (...) la aplicó a la lógica misma, definiendo las proposiciones de la lógica como atribuciones de un segundo orden mental, propiedades relativas a contenidos de primer orden, atribuibles ellos mismos a objetos singulares. (shrink)

Cet article fournit les principaux résultats de la mission effectuée en mai 2011 dans le cadre du projet concernant la sculpture architecturale byzantine de la côte occidentale de la mer Noire. La première partie présente et décrit les ensembles architecturaux d’où proviennent les sculptures sur lesquelles ont été prélevés des échantillons de marbre. La seconde partie a trait aux caractéristiques spécifiques des marbres analysés : vingt échantillons de marbre prélevés sur des sculptures provenant surtout de Sozopol, mais aussi d’Obzor et (...) de Pomorie, ont été analysés afin de connaître leur provenance. Les différentes méthodes d’analyses ont montré que la majorité des échantillons étaient issus de l’île de Proconnèse. Néanmoins, quatre des vingt échantillons présentent une composition minéralogique et chimique différente de celle des marbres de Proconnèse : deux sont en marbre pentélique, un autre en marbre de Thasos et le dernier est très probablement en marbre local. (shrink)