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Legal Positivism

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  1. Robert Alexy (2002). The Argument From Injustice: A Reply to Legal Positivism. Oxford University Press.
    At the heart of this book is the age-old question of how law and morality are related. The legal positivist, insisting on the separation of the two, explicates the concept of law independently of morality. The author challenges this view, arguing that there are, first, conceptually necessary connections between law and morality and, second, normative reasons for including moral elements in the concept of law.
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  2. Brenda M. Baker (1997). Inclusive Legal Positivism W. J. Waluchow Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994, X + 290 Pp., References, Table of Cases, Index, $75.50. Dialogue 36 (04):868-.
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  3. Stephen W. Ball (1984). Bibliographical Essay / Legal Positivism, Natural Law, and the Hart/Dworkin Debate. Criminal Justice Ethics 3 (2):68-85.
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  4. Rodger Beehler (1990). Legal Positivism, Social Rules, Andriggs V.Palmer. Law and Philosophy 9 (3):285 - 293.
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  5. Martin A. Bertman (1984). A Defense of Legal Positivism. Journal of Value Inquiry 18 (3).
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  6. Uta Bindreiter (2002). Why Grundnorm?: A Treatise on the Implications of Kelsen's Doctrine. Kluwer Law International.
    Who presupposes Kelsen's basic norm? Is it possible to defend the presupposition in a way that is convincing? And what difference does the presupposition make? Endeavouring to highlight the role of basic assumptions in the law, the author argues that the verb "to presuppose', with Kelsen, has not only a conceptual but also a normative dimension; and that the expression 'presupposing the basic norm'is adequate in so far as it marks the descriptive-normative nature of utterances made in specifically legal speech-situations.Addressed (...)
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  7. Brian Bix (2006). Legal Positivism and 'Explaining' Normativity and Authority. American Philosophical Association Newsletter 5 (2 (Spring 2006)):5-9.
    It has become increasingly common for legal positivist theorists to claim that the primary objective of legal theory in general, and legal positivism in particular, is "explaining normativity." The phrase "explaining normativity" can be understood either ambitiously or more modestly. The more modest meaning is an analytical exploration of what is meant by legal or moral obligation, or by the authority claims of legal officials. When the term is understood ambitiously - as meaning an explanation of how conventional and other (...)
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  8. Brian H. Bix (2005). Legal Positivism. In Martin P. Golding & William A. Edmundson (eds.), The Blackwell Guide to the Philosophy of Law and Legal Theory. Blackwell Pub..
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  9. Thom Brooks (2007). Between Natural Law and Legal Positivism: Dworkin and Hegel on Legal Theory. Georgia State University Law Review 23 (3):513-60.
    In this article, I argue that - despite the absence of any clear influence of one theory on the other - the legal theories of Dworkin and Hegel share several similar and, at times, unique positions that join them together within a distinctive school of legal theory, sharing a middle position between natural law and legal positivism. In addition, each theory can help the other in addressing certain internal difficulties. By recognizing both Hegel and Dworkin as proponents of a position (...)
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  10. Thom Brooks (2005). Hegel's Ambiguous Contribution to Legal Theory. Res Publica 11 (1).
    Hegel's legacy is particularly controversial, not least in legal theory. He has been classified as a proponent of either natural law, legal positivism, the historical school, pre-Marxism, postmodern critical theory, and even transcendental legal theory. To what degree has Hegel actually influenced contemporary legal theorists? This review article looks at Michael Salter's collection Hegel and Law. I look at articles on civil disobedience, contract law, feminism, and punishment. I conclude noting similarities between Hegel's legal theory and that of Ronald Dworkin. (...)
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  11. Tom Campbell (2004). Prescriptive Legal Positivism: Law, Rights and Democracy. Cavendish Publishing.
    Tom Campbell is well known for his distinctive contributions to legal and political philosophy over three decades. In emphasising the moral and political importance of taking a positivist approach to law and rights, he has challenged current academic orthodoxies and made a powerful case for regaining and retaining democratic control over the content and development of human rights. This collection of his essays reaches back to his pioneering work on socialist rights in the 1980s and forward from his seminal book, (...)
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  12. Pierluigi Chiassoni (2008). On the Wrong Track: Andrei Marmor on Legal Positivism, Interpretation, and Easy Cases. Ratio Juris 21 (2):248-267.
    Abstract. The paper argues for the following points: (1) Marmor's own understanding of "legal positivism" is different from the understanding defended, e.g., by Herbert Hart and Norberto Bobbio, and apparently misleads him into the wrong track of a theoretical inversion; (2) Marmor's two-stages model of (legal) interpretation—the understanding-interpretion model—provides no support for Marmor's own positivistic theory of law; (3) Marmor's concept of interpretation is at odds both with the basic tenets of Hartian and Continental methodological legal positivism, on the one (...)
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  13. T. Christiano & S. Sciaraffa (2003). Legal Positivism and the Nature of Legal Obligation. Law and Philosophy 22 (5):487-512.
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  14. Jules L. Coleman (2009). Beyond Inclusive Legal Positivism. Ratio Juris 22 (3):359-394.
    In this essay, I characterize the original intervention that became Inclusive Legal Positivism, defend it against a range of powerful objections, explain its contribution to jurisprudence, and display its limitations and its modest jurisprudential significance. I also show how in its original formulations ILP depends on three notions that are either mistaken or inessential to law: the separability thesis, the rule of recognition, and the idea of criteria of legality. The first is false and is in event inessential to legal (...)
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  15. Huib M. De Jong & Wouter G. Werner (1998). Continuity and Change in Legal Positivism. Law and Philosophy 17 (3).
    Institutional theory of law (ITL) reflects both continuity and change of Kelsen's legal positivism. The main alteration results from the way ITL extends Hart's linguistic turn towards ordinary language philosophy (OLP). Hart holds – like Kelsen – that law cannot be reduced to brute fact nor morality, but because of its attempt to reconstruct social practices his theory is more inclusive. By introducing the notion of law as an extra-linguistic institution ITL takes a next step in legal positivism and accounts (...)
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  16. M. J. Detmold (1988). Book Review:An Institutional Theory of Law: New Approaches to Legal Positivism. Neil MacCormick, Ota Weinberger. Ethics 98 (2):395-.
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  17. M. J. Detmold (1984). The Unity of Law and Morality: A Refutation of Legal Positivism. Routledge & Kegan Paul.
    I REASONS FOR ACTION.i Practical thought is concerned with action. Reasons for action are sometimes thought to be either conditional (conditional upon some ...
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  18. William A. Edmundson (forthcoming). Schmegality. Jurisprudence.
    This is a review essay on Scott J. Shapiro's Legality, published in 2011 by Harvard U.P.
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  19. Kenneth M. Ehrenberg (2011). The Anarchist Official: A Problem for Legal Positivism. Australian Journal of Legal Philosophy 36:89-112.
    I examine the impact of the presence of anarchists among key legal officials upon the legal positivist theories of H.L.A. Hart and Joseph Raz. For purposes of this paper, an anarchist is one who believes that the law cannot successfully obligate or create reasons for action beyond prudential reasons, such as avoiding sanction. I show that both versions of positivism require key legal officials to endorse the law in some way, and that if a legal system can continue to exist (...)
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  20. Lon L. Fuller (1966/1999). The Law in Quest of Itself. Lawbook Exchange.
    Fuller, Lon L. The Law in Quest of Itself.
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  21. Robert P. George (1996). The Autonomy of Law: Essays on Legal Positivism. Oxford University Press.
    This collection of original papers from distinguished legal theorists offers a challenging assessment of the nature and viability of legal positivism, a branch of legal theory which continues to dominate contemporary legal theoretical debates. To what extent is the law adequately described as autonomous? Should law claim autonomy? These and other questions are addressed by the authors in this carefully edited collection, and it will be of interest to all lawyers and scholars interested in legal philosophy and legal theory.
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  22. Matthew Grellette (2010). Legal Positivism and the Separation of Existence and Validity. Ratio Juris 23 (1):22-40.
    This paper centers upon the issue, within the project of analytic jurisprudence, of how to construe the status of the legal activities of a state when there is a disjuncture between a nation's formal legal commitments, such as those stated within a bill or charter of rights, and the way in which its officials actually engage in the practice of law, i.e., legislation and adjudication. Although there are two positions within contemporary legal theory which focus directly on this issue (Inclusive (...)
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  23. M. H. & G. W. (1998). Continuity and Change in Legal Positivism. Law and Philosophy 17 (3):233-250.
    Institutional theory of law (ITL) reflects both continuity and change of Kelsen's legal positivism. The main alteration results from the way ITL extends Hart's linguistic turn towards ordinary language philosophy (OLP). Hart holds –like Kelsen – that law cannot be reduced to brute fact nor morality, but because of its attempt to reconstruct social practices his theory is more inclusive. By introducing the notion of law as an extra-linguistic institution ITL takes a next step in legal positivism and accounts for (...)
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  24. Kenneth Himma (2005). Final Authority to Bind with Moral Mistakes: On the Explanatory Potential of Inclusive Legal Positivism. Law and Philosophy 24 (1):1-45.
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  25. Kenneth Einar Himma, Legal Positivism. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
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  26. Leonard Kahn (forthcoming). Review Essay: Legal Theory, Law, and Normativity. [REVIEW] The Journal of Moral Philosophy.
    Joseph Raz's new book, Between Authority and Interpretation, collects his most important papers in the philosophy of law and the theory of practical rationality from the mid-1990s to the mid-2000s. In these papers, Raz not only advances earlier theses but also breaks new ground in a number of areas. I focus on three of Raz's topics here: theories of law, separability and necessity, and the normativity of law. While I am generally sympathetic to Raz's thinking on these topics, I raise (...)
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  27. Hans Kelsen (1992). Introduction to the Problems of Legal Theory: A Translation of the First Edition of the Reine Rechtslehre or Pure Theory of Law. Oxford University Press.
    One of the leading legal philosophers of this century, Kelsen published this short treatise in 1934, when the neo-Kantian influence on his work was at its zenith. An earlier, "constructivist" phase had been displaced by his effort to provide something approximating a neo-Kantian foundation for his theory. If this second phase represents the Pure Theory of Law in its most characteristic form, then the present treatise may well be its central text. And of Kelsen's many statements of the Pure Theory, (...)
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  28. Hans Kelsen (1967/2005). Pure Theory of Law. Lawbook Exchange.
    I LAW AND NATURE i. The "Pure" Theory The Pure Theory of Law is a theory of positive law. It is a theory of positive law in general, not of a specific legal ...
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  29. Hans Kelsen (1957/2000). What is Justice?: Justice, Law, and Politics in the Mirror of Science: Collected Essays. Lawbook Exchange.
    What is justice? -- The idea of justice in the Holy Scriptures -- Platonic justice -- Aristotle's doctrine of justice -- The natural-law doctrine before the tribunal of science -- A "dynamic" theory of natural law -- Absolutism and relativism in philosophy and politics -- Value judgments in the science of law -- The law as a specific social technique -- Why should the law be obeyed? -- The pure theory of the law and analytical jurisprudence -- Law, state, and (...)
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  30. Hans Kelsen (1945/1999). General Theory of Law and State. Lawbook Exchange.
    Reprinted 1999 by The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. LCCN 98-32334. ISBN 1-886363-74-9. Cloth. $95. * Reprint of the first edition.
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  31. Matthew H. Kramer (1999). In Defense of Legal Positivism: Law Without Trimmings. Oxford University Press.
    This book is an uncompromising defense of legal positivism that insists on the separability of law and morality. After distinguishing among three facets of morality, Kramer explores a variety of ways in which law has been perceived as integrally connected to each of those facets. The book concludes with a detailed discussion of the obligation to obey the law--a discussion that highlights the strengths of legal positivism in the domain of political philosophy as much as in the domain of jurisprudence.
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  32. Matthew H. Kramer (1999). Requirements, Reasons, and Raz: Legal Positivism and Legal Duties. Ethics 109 (2):375-407.
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  33. K. K. Lee (1975). The Legalist School and Legal Positivism. Journal of Chinese Philosophy 3 (1):23-56.
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  34. Brian Leiter (2001). Legal Realism and Legal Positivism Reconsidered. Ethics 111 (2):278-301.
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  35. Andrei Marmor (2001). Positive Law and Objective Values. Clarendon Press.
    Using a theory of social conventions and an analysis of law's authoritative nature, this book sets out the scope of law in relation to moral and other critical values. Marmor argues that law is founded on constructive conventions, and that consequently moral values cannot determine what the law is. He also provides an analysis of the concept of objectivity, arguing that many aspects of the law, and of moral values, are metaphysically objective.
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  36. Stefano Civitarese Matteucci (2010). Is Legal Positivism as Worthless as Many Italian Scholars of Public Law Depict It? Ratio Juris 23 (4):505-539.
    An increasing number of Italian scholars are beginning to share the idea that the conceptual basis of legal positivism (LP) is wrong, particularly in the field of Public Law. According to a group of theories called “neoconstitutionalism,” constitutionalism is to be understood not only as a principle based on the need to impose legal limits to political power, but also as an aggregation of values capable of continually remodelling legal relationships, positioning itself as a “pervasive” point of reference for legal (...)
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  37. G. Randolph Mayes (1989). The Internal Aspect of Law: Rethinking Hart's Contribution to Legal Positivism. Social Theory and Practice 15 (2):231-255.
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  38. Robert N. McLaughlin (1989). On a Similarity Between Natural Law Theories and English Legal Positivism. Philosophical Quarterly 39 (157):445-462.
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  39. James Morauta (2004). Three Separation Theses. Law and Philosophy 23 (2):111-135.
    Legal positivism's ``separation thesis'' is usually taken in one of two ways: as an analytic claim about the nature of law – roughly, as some version of the Social Thesis; or as a substantive claim about the moral value of law – roughly, as some version of the Value Thesis. In this paper I argue that we should recognize a third kind of positivist separation thesis, one which complements, but is distinct from, positivism's analytic and moral claims. The Neutrality Thesis (...)
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  40. José Juan Moreso (2009). Legal Positivism and Legal Disagreements. Ratio Juris 22 (1):62-73.
    This paper deals with the possibility of faultless disagreement in law. It does this by looking to other spheres in which faultless disagreement appears to be possible, mainly in matters of taste and ethics. Three possible accounts are explored: the realist account, the relativist account, and the expressivist account. The paper tries to show that in the case of legal disagreements, there is a place for an approach that can take into account our intuitions in the sense that legal disagreements (...)
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  41. Colleen Murphy (2005). Lon Fuller and the Moral Value of the Rule of Law. Law and Philosophy 24 (3):239-262.
    It is often argued that the rule of law is only instrumentally morally valuable, valuable when and to the extent that a legal system is used to purse morally valuable ends. In this paper, I defend Lon Fuller’s view that the rule of law has conditional non-instrumental as well as instrumental moral value. I argue, along Fullerian lines, that the rule of law is conditionally non-instrumentally valuable in virtue of the way a legal system structures political relationships. The rule of (...)
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  42. Pablo E. Navarro & Jose Juan Moreso (1997). The Dynamics of Legal Positivism. Some Remarks on Shiner's Norm and Nature. Ratio Juris 10 (3):288-299.
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  43. Carlos S. Nino (1980). Dworkin and Legal Positivism. Mind 89 (356):519-543.
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  44. Stanley L. Paulson (1975). Classical Legal Positivism at Nuremberg. Philosophy and Public Affairs 4 (2):132-158.
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  45. Stanley L. Paulson & Bonnie Litschewski Paulson (1998). Normativity and Norms: Critical Perspectives on Kelsenian Themes. Oxford University Press.
    Hans Kelsen's efforts in the areas of legal philosophy and legal theory are considered by many scholars of law to be the most influential thinking of this century. This volume makes available some of the best work extant on Kelsen's theory, including papers newly translated into English. The book covers such topics as competing philosophical positions on the nature of law, legal validity, legal powers, and the unity of municipal and international law. It also throws much light on Kelsen's intellectual (...)
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  46. G. Pino (1999). The Place of Legal Positivism in Contemporary Constitutional States. Law and Philosophy 18 (5):513-536.
    The aim of the paper is that of discussing some recent antipositivist theses, with specific reference to the arguments that focus on the alleged incapability of legal positivism to understand and explain the complex normative structure of constitutional states. One of the central tenets of legal positivism (in its guise of ``methodological'' or ``conceptual'' positivism) is the theory of the separation between law and morality. On the assumption that in contemporary legal systems, constitutional law represents a point of intersection between (...)
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  47. Joseph Raz, The Argument From Justice, or How Not to Reply to Legal Positivism.
    Professor Robert Alexy wrote a book whose avowed purpose is to refute the basic tenets of a type of legal theory which 'has long since been obsolete in legal science and practice'. The quotation is from the German Federal Constitutional Court in 1968. The fact that Prof Alexy himself mentions no writings in the legal positivist tradition [in English] later than Hart's The Concept of Law (1961) may suggest that he shares the court's view. The book itself may be evidence (...)
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  48. David-Hillel Ruben (1972). Positive and Natural Law Revisited. The Modern Schoolman 49 (May):295-317.
    The debate between Lon Fuller and HLA Hart on the nature of law rests on two views on the connection between law and having a reason for action. Fuller's assumes that to say that something is a law is by itself reason-providing; Hart's view must deny this. If we can identify whether something is a law purely by descriptive criteria, then for something to be a law should not by itself provide an agent with any reason for action, however weak.
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  49. Anthony James Sebok (1998). Legal Positivism in American Jurisprudence. Cambridge University Press.
    This book represents a serious and philosophically sophisticated guide to modern American legal theory, demonstrating that legal positivism has been a misunderstood and underappreciated perspective through most of twentieth-century American legal thought. Anthony Sebok traces the roots of positivism through the first half of the twentieth century, and rejects the view that one must adopt some version of natural law theory in order to recognize moral principles in the law. On the contrary, once one corrects for the mistakes of formalism (...)
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  50. Scott J. Shapiro (2009). Was Inclusive Legal Positivism Founded on a Mistake? Ratio Juris 22 (3):326-338.
    In this paper, I present a new argument against inclusive legal positivism. As I show, any theory which permits morality to be a condition on legality cannot account for a core feature of legal activity, namely, that it is an activity of social planning. If the aim of a legal institution is to guide the conduct of the community through plans, it would be self-defeating if the existence of these plans could only be determined through deliberation on the merits. I (...)
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  51. Roger A. Shiner (1998). W. J. Waluchow, Inclusive Legal Positivism, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1994, Pp. X + 290. Utilitas 10 (02):249-.
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  52. Roger A. Shiner (1994). The Morality of Legal Positivism. Ratio Juris 7 (1):41-43.
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  53. Torben Spaak (2003). Legal Positivism, Law's Normativity, and the Normative Force of Legal Justification. Ratio Juris 16 (4):469-485.
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  54. Agustín Squella (1990). Legal Positivism and Democracy in the Twentieth Century. Ratio Juris 3 (3):407-414.
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  55. Stuart Toddington (1996). Method, Morality and the Impossibility of Legal Positivism. Ratio Juris 9 (3):283-299.
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  56. Kevin Toh (2008). An Argument Against the Social Fact Thesis (and Some Additional Preliminary Steps Towards a New Conception of Legal Positivism). Law and Philosophy 27 (5):445 - 504.
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  57. Bas van der Vossen (2011). Assessing Law's Claim to Authority. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 31 (3):481-501.
    The idea that law claims authority (LCA) has recently been forcefully criticized by a number of authors. These authors present a new and intriguing objection, arguing that law cannot be said to claim authority if such a claim is not justified. That is, these authors argue that the view that law does not have authority viciously conflicts with the view that law claims authority. I will call this the normative critique of LCA. In this article, I assess the normative critique (...)
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  58. Vittorio Villa (2009). Inclusive Legal Positivism, Legal Interpretation, and Value-Judgments. Ratio Juris 22 (1):110-127.
    In this paper I put forward some arguments in defence of inclusive legal positivism . The general thesis that I defend is that inclusive positivism represents a more fruitful and interesting research program than that proposed by exclusive positivism . I introduce two arguments connected with legal interpretation in favour of my thesis. However, my opinion is that inclusive positivism does not sufficiently succeed in estranging itself from the more traditional legal positivist conceptions. This is the case, for instance, with (...)
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  59. Lars Vinx (2007). Hans Kelsen's Pure Theory of Law: Legality and Legitimacy. Oxford University Press.
    Three paradigms of legal positivism -- The pure theory of law : science or political theory? -- Kelsen's principles of legality -- Kelsen's theory of democracy : reconciliation with social order -- Democratic constitutionalism : Kelsen's theory of constitutional review -- Kelsen's legal cosmopolitanism -- Conclusions : the pure theory of law and contemporary positivism.
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  60. W. J. Waluchow (1998). What Legal Positivism Isn't. Cogito 12 (2):109-115.
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  61. Wilfrid J. Waluchow (1994). Inclusive Legal Positivism. Oxford University Press.
    This book develops a general philosophical theory about the nature of law and its relationship with morality called inclusive legal positivism. In addition to articulating and defending his own version of legal positivism, which is a refinement and development of the views of H.L.A. Hart as expressed in his classic book The Concept of Law, the author clarifies the terms of current jurisprudential debates about the nature of law. These debates are often clouded by failures to appreciate that different theorists (...)
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  62. Kenneth Winston (2000). Anthony J. Sebok, Legal Positivism in American Jurisprudence:Legal Positivism in American Jurisprudence. Ethics 110 (4):870-873.
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  63. Reviewed by Kenneth Winston (2000). Anthony J. Sebok, Legal Positivism in American Jurisprudence. Ethics 110 (4).
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