Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence Edited by Eric Dietrich (State University of New York at Binghamton)

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  1. Igor Aleksander (2011). Workspace Theories Are Alive and Well. International Journal of Machine Consciousness 3 (02):309-.
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  2. Igor Aleksander & Helen B. Morton (2011). Informational Minds: From Aristotle to Laptops (Book Extract). International Journal of Machine Consciousness 3 (02):383-.
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  3. Luc Patrick Beaudoin (2011). The Designer Stance Towards Shanahan's Dynamic Network Theory of the "Conscious Condition". International Journal of Machine Consciousness 3 (02):313-.
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  4. Stéphanie Benzaquen (2012). Witnessing and Re-Enacting in Cambodia: Reflection on Shifting Testimonies. AI and Society 27 (1):43-51.
    Thirty years after the collapse of the Khmer Rouge regime (1975–1979) how do Cambodians cope with the traumatic legacy of Pol Pot’s reign of terror? What forms does witnessing take on in post-socialist and transitional Cambodia as senior Khmer Rouge leaders await prosecution at the Cambodian Tribunal? The paper examines aspects of witnessing in today’s Cambodia, expressing each in its own way the idea of the ‘shifting’ of witnessing: the transformation of testimonies due to time passing and contrasted systems of (...)
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  5. Dinesh P. Chapagain (forthcoming). Collaboration and Collaborative Advantage: A Case of SQC Concept Promotion in Nepal. AI and Society:-.
    The article explores the development of Students’ Quality Circles (SQC) as a major contribution to education in Nepal. The principles of SQCs are introduced, together with a strategy for sustainable development of a national programme. The creation of collaborative advantage has wider educational and social implications.
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  6. Richard Ennals (forthcoming). Quality as Empowerment: Going Around in Circles. AI and Society:-.
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  7. Richard Ennals & Anne Inga Hilsen (forthcoming). Older Workers: A Suitable Case for Circles? AI and Society:-.
    The article considers relations between the generations, with particular attention given to older workers, who also face the pressures of responsibilities to both parents and children. The situations in Norway and the UK are compared. The case is made for support structures, such as senior quality circles, at the threshold between employment and retirement.
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  8. Richard Ennals & David Hutchins (forthcoming). Communities of Circles. AI and Society:-.
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  9. Stan Franklin (2011). Global Workspace Theory, Shanahan, and Lida. International Journal of Machine Consciousness 3 (02):327-.
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  10. Pentti O. Haikonen (2011). Open Questions on Shanahan's Workspace. International Journal of Machine Consciousness 3 (02):339-.
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  11. Stevan Harnad (2011). Zen and the Art of Explaining the Mind. International Journal of Machine Consciousness 3 (02):343-.
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  12. Hayal Köksal (forthcoming). SQCs in Turkey as “Imece Circles”. AI and Society:-.
    The history of Total Quality in Education and Students’ Quality Circles in Turkish educational institutions is introduced through “İmece Circles (İCs).” The history dates from the foundation of the Turkish Republic in 1923, and industrial quality-focused reforming actions in the 1980s. The Total Quality implications of the Ministry of National Education in 1990s will be discussed, with an account of the efforts of the writer as the Director of the Turkish Center for School of Quality and the Director General for (...)
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  13. Benjamin Kuipers (2011). Exciting and Provocative Book, Starting with Chapter Two. International Journal of Machine Consciousness 3 (02):349-.
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  14. Drew Mcdermott (2011). A Little Static for the Dynamicists Review of Shanahan. International Journal of Machine Consciousness 3 (02):361-.
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  15. John Mendy (2012). Employees' Witnessed Presence in Changing Organisations. AI and Society 27 (1):149-156.
    In recent years, governments, businesses and other organisations have increasingly been forced to attempt to survive by reorganising themselves fundamentally. Although this happens at present on a large scale, it is not unprecedented. In fact, most organisations have had to change their working practises at some time for some reason—for example, when the competition catches up or when technology threatens to make production obsolete. The usual strategy is to fire part of the staff and to redistribute tasks. This tends to (...)
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  16. Bernhard J. Mitterauer (2011). Brain-Based Elementary Auto-Reflection Mechanisms for Conscious Robots: Some Philosophical Implications. International Journal of Machine Consciousness 3 (02):283-.
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  17. Henri Montandon & Bernard Baars (2011). Shut Up and Calculate! International Journal of Machine Consciousness 3 (02):367-.
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  18. Gee Wah NG, YUAN SIN TAN, LOO NIN TEOW, KHIN HUA NG, KHENG HWEE TAN & RUI ZHONG CHAN (2011). A Cognitive Architecture for Knowledge Exploitation. International Journal of Machine Consciousness 3 (02):237-.
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  19. Takashi Nishiyama, Shinpei Hibiya & Tetsuo Sawaragi (2011). Development of Agent System Based on Decision Model for Creating an Ambient Space. AI and Society 26 (3):247-259.
    This paper describes a decision model for an autonomous agent that provides an inhabitant with comfort based on information network technologies that connect home electric appliances with household equipment. The inhabitant enjoys the benefit of comfort, while he pays the cost for keeping that comfort. The autonomous agent should decide and control household equipment considering that cost from the inhabitant’s viewpoint. Thus, we utilized a representation scheme called an “influence diagram” that enabled us to model the decision-making process of the (...)
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  20. Ephraim Nissan (2000). Culture-Bound Technological Solutions: An Artificial-Theoretic Insight. AI and Society 14 (3-4):411-439.
    Sometimes, technological solutions to practical problems are devised that conspicuously take into account the constraints to which a given culture is subjecting the particular task or the manner in which it is carried out. The culture may be a professional culture (e.g., the practice of law), or an ethnic-cum-professional culture (e.g., dance in given ethnic cultures from South-East Asia), or, again, a denominational culture prescribing an orthopraxy impinging on everyday life through, for example, prescribed abstinence from given categories of workday (...)
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  21. Farley Simon Nobre (forthcoming). Governing Industrial Organizations Through Cognitive Machines. AI and Society:-.
    Recently, researchers on organization theory and behavior were challenged by the introduction of cognitive machines in the list of the organization’s participants. Researchers in this field advocated that cognitive machines contribute to improve cognitive abilities in the organization by extending people’s rationality and decision-making capacity and by reducing intra-individual and group dysfunctional conflicts. This paper supports these findings and extends their results to upper layers at managerial and organizational levels of application by proposing the concept of new industrial organizations with (...)
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  22. Stuart Nolan (2003). Box Clever: The Intelligence of Television. AI and Society 17 (1):25-36.
    Television is a global, near-ubiquitous technology that has played a unique role in shaping modern society. It is a member of the family household that is regarded, both consciously and subconsciously, as a social actor, in a way that is remarkably similar to that of other members. Individuals, households and broad social groups form complex relationships with television but its underlying technologies have remained relatively simple until now. This paper looks at how new technologies will add intelligence to television and (...)
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  23. Tatsuya Nomura, Takugo Tasaki, Takayuki Kanda, Masahiro Shiomi, Hiroshi Ishiguro & Norihiro Hagita (2006). Questionnaire-Based Social Research on Opinions of Japanese Visitors for Communication Robots at an Exhibition. AI and Society 21 (1-2):167-183.
    This paper reports the results of questionnaire-based research conducted at an exhibition of interactive humanoid robots that was held at the Osaka Science Museum, Japan. The aim of this exhibition was to investigate the feasibility of communication robots connected to a ubiquitous sensor network, under the assumption that these robots will be practically used in daily life in the not-so-distant future. More than 90,000 people visited the exhibition. A questionnaire was given to the visitors to explore their opinions of the (...)
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  24. Not Available Not Available (2002). News and Views. AI and Society 16 (4):395-395.
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  25. Not Available Not Available (2002). News and Views. AI and Society 16 (4):395-395.
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  26. Se�N. � Nuall�in (1994). Some Consequences of Current Scientific Treatments of Consciousness and Selfhood. AI and Society 8 (4):305-314.
    For a variety of reasons, consciousness and selfhood are beginning once again to be intensively studied in a scientific frame of reference. The notions of each which are emerging are extremely varied: in the case of selfhood, the lack of an adequate vocabulary to capture various aspects of subjectivity has led to deep confusion. The task of the first part of this article is to clear up this terminological confusion, while salvaging whatever is valuable from the contemporary discussion. The more (...)
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  27. W. Oberschelp (1998). The Sorcerer and the Apprentice. Human-Computer Interaction Today. AI and Society 12 (1-2):97-104.
    Human-computer interaction today has got a touch of magic: Without understanding the causal coherence, using a computer seems to become the art to use the right spell with the mouse as the magic wand — the sorcerer's staff. Goethes's poem admits an allegoric interpretation. We explicate the analogy between using a computer and casting a spell with emphasis on teaching magic skills. The art to create an ergonomic user interface has to take care of various levels of skills for the (...)
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  28. Ellen Olbertz (2002). The Region of Aachen as a 'Learning Region': A Case Study. AI and Society 16 (3):224-242.
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  29. Jacqueline G. Ord (1995). The Ethics of NHS Computing: A Terminal Case. AI and Society 9 (1):80-90.
    Value in the British National Health Service have shifted away from patient care towards financial control. However, in the quest for efficiency , huge amounts of NHS money have been wasted on computer system which failed. In this paper, I draw on a case study to explore some of the ethical issues which underlie this kind of waste of resources. Issues include the gap between public pronouncements and personal experience, the chaos of which lies behind the facade of rationality, and (...)
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  30. Gustaf Östberg (1994). What Goes on When a Designer Thinks? AI and Society 8 (1):45-59.
    Design can be thought of as a model for such endeavours as are intended to result in industrially manufactured products by means of thinking and other intellectual activity. Familiarity with the thinking involved in the designing process is important, not only for those engaged in training designers, but for anyone desirous of systemizing the endeavour. One procedure for approaching an understanding of the way designers think is to describe it with the help of different metaphors. There are some metaphors for (...)
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  31. Giuseppe Padovani (2000). The Artificial Between Culture and Nature. AI and Society 14 (3-4):300-313.
    This paper aims to show that to think of the artificial means to think at the same time of man, nature, culture and society not as separate entities but as elements of one and the same system; since, in its field of action, the artificial articulates its component dimensions, which altogether are natural, human, cultural and social. Usually we call artificial both the procedure through which we project the realisation of something and the product of our project: the realisation of (...)
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  32. Andrés Páez (2009). Artificial Explanations: The Epistemological Interpretation of Explanation in Ai. Synthese 170 (1):131 - 146.
    In this paper I critically examine the notion of explanation used in artificial intelligence in general, and in the theory of belief revision in particular. I focus on two of the best known accounts in the literature: Pagnucco’s abductive expansion functions and Gärdenfors’ counterfactual analysis. I argue that both accounts are at odds with the way in which this notion has historically been understood in philosophy. They are also at odds with the explanatory strategies used in actual scientific practice. At (...)
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  33. Uta Pankoke-Babatz (2000). Electronic Behaviour Settings for CSCW. AI and Society 14 (1):3-30.
    Being present in the same room not only enables people to exchange non-verbal communication but also the physical properties of the room offer opportunities for action and thus contribute to the ongoing social process. This paper discusses concepts from social and behavioural sciences to better understand the role of physical environments and artefacts with respect to cooperation among a group of people. Barker's behaviour setting theory is studied and applied to electronic settings. Requirements for ‘electronic behaviour settings’ to enable situated (...)
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  34. Niki Pantelli (1994). Understanding Computer-Based ?Informated? Environments. AI and Society 8 (4):326-340.
    The paper introduces the concept of Computer-based Informated Environments (CBIEs) to indicate an emergent form of work organisation facilitated by information technology. It first addresses the problem of inconsistent meanings of the informate concept in the literature, and it then focuses on those cases which, it is believed, show conditions of plausible informated environments. Finally, the paper looks at those factors that when found together contribute to building a CBIE. It makes reference to CBIEs as workplaces that comprise a non-technocentric (...)
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  35. Sang-Chul Park (forthcoming). Competitiveness of East Asian Science Cities: Discourse on Their Status as Global or Local Innovative Clusters. AI and Society:-.
    In a knowledge-based economy of the globalizing economic order, the role of regions is very significant in order to create and to disperse knowledge. Particularly, geographical clusters of firms in a single sub-national region may contribute to transmitting certain kinds of knowledge between and among firms. In addition, markets prefer to favor specialized firms with a coherent body of knowledge when knowledge creation and the use of new knowledge become increasingly important for maintaining and improving a firm’s competitiveness. Therefore, regional (...)
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  36. Sang-Chul Park (2002). Science Parks in Sweden as Regional Development Strategies: A Case Study on Ideon Science Park. AI and Society 16 (3):288-298.
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  37. Sang-Chul Park & Seong-Keun Lee (2004). The National and Regional Innovation Systems in Finland: From the Path Dependency to the Path Creation Approach. AI and Society 19 (2):180-195.
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  38. Shang-Chul Park (1999). The Comparative Role of High-Tech-Oriented Public Institutions and Private Companies in Tsukuba Science City. AI and Society 13 (3):301-311.
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  39. Ulrich Pekruhl (1994). Three Dimensions of Group Work: Cooperation, Participation and Autonomy at German Workplaces. AI and Society 8 (3):216-234.
    We have carried out a representative survey among more than 1,600 workers, salaried employees and civil servants in industry, services sector and public service asking about types of cooperation in the work process. We have been able to identify eight different work organizations which can be described by the three dimensions of cooperation, participation and autonomy. In all, 6.9% of German employees work according to the organizational principle of group work. However, it is possible to distinguish very different types of (...)
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  40. Carlo Penco (1992). Significato, Uso, Procedure. Lingua e Stile (2):87-99.
    In this paper we give some theoretical links between the wittgensteinian strategy of language-games and the strategy followed by students in Artificial Intelligence in the seventies. We refer also to the interpretation given by Dummett and Prawitz to the Wittgenstein's slogan of "meaning as use", showing the link of this ideas with the needs of Artificial Intelligence. We sustain that the concept of "procedure" as developed in early Artificial Intelligence is still one of the main attempt, realized in that field (...)
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  41. Robert Pepperell (2006). Applications for Conscious Systems. AI and Society 22 (1):45-52.
    Many recent developments in technological design are aimed towards the ‘humanisation’ of technology, that is, making technology behave in a way that is more ‘intuitive’, ‘friendly’ or ‘usable’. This assumes, however, that technology is not in itself human but rather some external antagonistic force or object. Contrary to this, I will defend the suggestion that technology is part of what constitutes humanity as a whole, to the extent of embodying some degree of cognition and consciousness. Looking briefly at some proposed (...)
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  42. Donald Perlis (2010). Bica and Beyond: How Biology and Anomalies Together Contribute to Flexible Cognition. International Journal of Machine Consciousness 2 (02):261-.
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  43. Jeremy Pitt (2004). The Open Agent Society as a Platform for the User-Friendly Information Society. AI and Society 19 (2):123-158.
    A thematic priority of the European Union’s Framework V research and development programme was the creation of a user-friendly information society which met the needs of citizens and enterprises. In practice, though, for example in the case of on-line digital music, the needs of citizens and enterprises may be in conflict. This paper proposes to leverage the appearance of ‘intelligence’ in the platform layer of a layered communications architecture to avoid such conflicts in similar applications in the future. The key (...)
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  44. Roberto Poli (2009). Andrew Basden, Philosophical Frameworks for Understanding Information Systems. Minds and Machines 19 (2):293-296.
    Andrew Basden, Philosophical Frameworks for Understanding Information Systems Content Type Journal Article Pages 293-296 DOI 10.1007/s11023-009-9146-6 Authors Roberto Poli, University of Trento Department of Sociology and Social Research 41, Venice sq 38100 Trento Italy Journal Minds and Machines Online ISSN 1572-8641 Print ISSN 0924-6495 Journal Volume Volume 19 Journal Issue Volume 19, Number 2.
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  45. Andrea Polli (forthcoming). Atmospherics/Weather Works. AI and Society:-.
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  46. Andrea Polli (forthcoming). Soundscape, Sonification, and Sound Activism. AI and Society:-.
    In this article, the author will argue that the act of listening through public soundwalks and other formal and informal exercises builds environmental and social awareness and promotes changes in social and cultural practices. By examining the act of listening as an alternative pathway and comparing the research, writings, and creative work of leaders of the acoustic ecology movement (i.e., R. Murray Schafer, Hildegard Westerkamp, and Bernie Krause), the author hopes to shed light on these potentials. For purposes of comparison, (...)
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  47. R. Portugal & B. Svaiter (2011). Weber-Fechner Law and the Optimality of the Logarithmic Scale. Minds and Machines 21 (1):73-81.
    Weber-Fechner Law states that the perceived intensity is proportional to the logarithm of the stimulus. Recent experiments suggest that this law also holds true for perception of numerosity. Therefore, the use of a logarithmic scale for the quantification of the perceived intensity may also depend on how the cognitive apparatus processes information. If Weber-Fechner law is the result of natural selection, then the logarithmic scale should be better, in some sense, than other biologically feasible scales. We consider the minimization of (...)
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  48. J. Preston (1997). Review. Artificial Intelligence and Scientific Method. Donald Gillies. Philosophy and AI: Essays at the Interface. Robert Cummins, John Pollock (Eds). British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 48 (4):610-612.
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  49. Giuseppe Primiero (2010). Charles Parsons: Mathematical Thought and its Objects. Minds and Machines 20 (2):311-315.
    Charles Parsons: Mathematical Thought and its Objects Content Type Journal Article Pages 311-315 DOI 10.1007/s11023-010-9181-3 Authors Giuseppe Primiero, University of Ghent Centre for Logic and Philosophy of Science Blandijnberg 2 Ghent 9000 Belgium Journal Minds and Machines Online ISSN 1572-8641 Print ISSN 0924-6495 Journal Volume Volume 20 Journal Issue Volume 20, Number 2.
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  50. Dulce T. Pumareja & Klaas Sikkel (2005). Getting Used with Groupware: A First Class Experience. AI and Society 20 (2):189-201.
    This article reports on an empirical investigation of long-term use of a groupware system in a spatially and massively distributed network of educators. It is a case study based investigation aimed at understanding the impacts of collaboration technology in supporting social interaction. The paradigm of social constructivism and the perspective of structuration are proposed as frameworks for understanding the impacts of technology on mediating social interaction. Utilizing these perspectives in an empirical investigation, the case study findings demonstrate how collaboration technology (...)
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  51. Michael Punt (2002). A Taxi Ride to Late Capitalism: Hypercapitalism, Imagination and Artificial Intelligence. AI and Society 16 (4):366-376.
    Through analogy this paper draws attention to hypercapitalism, that is, the profitability of the processes of economic recirculation that are independent of a materialist reality. Since neither materialist ideology nor perception are any longer at stake in hypercapitalism this opens the way for other realities to be revisited. In particular, this paper suggests that this radical shift in the logic of the economy resonates with the values of the Mediaeval period. The paper concludes by suggesting that the study of human (...)
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  52. Michel Quéré (1994). Economic Cohesion and Innovation Systems in Europe. AI and Society 8 (2):131-141.
    This paper leads to apply some recent developments in the economic literature dealing with the concept of innovation systems to the problem of economic cohesion in Europe. Starting from a definition of innovation systems, it allows to consider firms and sets of intstitutions as two main but different types of innovation systems. This distinction is the source of a discussion about the nature of the coordination problems which appear when considering the European diversity of innovation systems. The different combinations between (...)
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  53. Marty Quinn (forthcoming). “Walk on the Sun”: An Interactive Image Sonification Exhibit. AI and Society:-.
    “Walk on the Sun” is an interactive experience of image as music. As explorers move across images that are data projected onto the floor, their movements are visually tracked and used to select pixels in the images which they immediately hear as musical pitches played by various instruments. The sonification design maps color to one of 9 instruments, brightness to one of 50 pitches, and location in the image to panning position, creating 57,600 differentiable musical events. This high resolution and (...)
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  54. Thoralf Ulrick Qvale (1994). The Role of Research for the Social Shaping of New Technologies: Designing a Research Strategy. AI and Society 8 (3):245-269.
    With increasing flexibility of technology and a shift towards competence being the core of competitive edge in worklife, the need for new organizational concepts or models which givejoint optimization across human and technological dimensions has been acknowledged in leading, innovative enterprises. National crossdisciplinary research based productivity programmes are appearing in several countries. Due to internationalization and the general shortcomings of bureaucratic organizational forms, regional networks of enterprises in cooperation with public R&D institutions seem to provide answers to needs of regions (...)
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  55. Lars Qvortrup (1996). Scandinavian Human-Centred Systems Design: Theoretical Reflections and Challenges. AI and Society 10 (2):164-180.
    Currently there is a clear trend towards questioning the traditional sovereign human self which for two hundred years has had an undisputed central status within European culture and philosophy. This challenges the tradition of anthropocentrism which in a Scandinavian computer science context has had two theoretical foundations: the workoriented design theory represented by the Scandinavian participatory design philosophy, and the idea of the computer to a rather passive medium for human communication. The process, reducing the computer to a rather passive (...)
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  56. William Rapaport (2011). Yes, She Was! Minds and Machines 21 (1):3-17.
    Ford’s Helen Keller Was Never in a Chinese Room claims that my argument in How Helen Keller Used Syntactic Semantics to Escape from a Chinese Room fails because Searle and I use the terms ‘syntax’ and ‘semantics’ differently, hence are at cross purposes. Ford has misunderstood me; this reply clarifies my theory.
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  57. William J. Rapaport (1991). Predication, Fiction, and Artificial Intelligence. Topoi 10 (1):79-111.
    This paper describes the SNePS knowledge-representation and reasoning system. SNePS is an intensional, propositional, semantic-network processing system used for research in AI. We look at how predication is represented in such a system when it is used for cognitive modeling and natural-language understanding and generation. In particular, we discuss issues in the representation of fictional entities and the representation of propositions from <span class='Hi'>fiction</span>, using SNePS. We briefly survey four philosophical ontological theories of <span class='Hi'>fiction</span> and sketch an epistemological theory (...)
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  58. Lauge Baungaard Rasmussen (2005). The Narrative Aspect of Scenario Building - How Story Telling May Give People a Memory of the Future. AI and Society 19 (3):229-249.
    Scenarios are flexible means to integrate disparate ideas, thoughts and feelings into holistic images, providing the context and meaning of possible futures. The application of narrative scenarios in engineering, development of socio-technical systems or communities provides an important link between general ideas and specification of technical system requirements. They focus on how people use systems through context-related storytelling rather than abstract descriptions of requirements. The quality of scenarios depends on relevant assumptions and authentic scenario stories. In this article, we will (...)
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  59. Lauge Baungaard Rasmussen (2004). Action Research?Scandinavian Experiences. AI and Society 18 (1):21-43.
    This article focus on paradigms, methods and ethics of action research in the Scandinavian countries. The specific features of the action research paradigm are identified. a historical overview follows of some main action research projects in Norway, Sweden and Denmark. The tendency towards upscale action research projects from organisational or small community projects to large-scale, regional based network approaches are also outlined and discussed. Finally, a synthesised approach of the classical, socio-technical action research approach and the large-scale network and holistic (...)
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  60. Lauge Baungaard Rasmussen (2002). Identity Building in Organisations: Proactive Capability Development. AI and Society 16 (4):377-394.
    Identity building in organisations is often viewed as legitimacy of value systems of the organisation. Based on empirical studies the task of this article is to argue that such a legitimacy approach risks failing in the longer perspective, if the proactive capability development is neglected. The participatory scenario method presented in this article is one of the possible methods to enhance identity building based on proactive capability development.
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  61. Casey Reas (2006). Media Literacy: Twenty-First Century Arts Education. AI and Society 20 (4):444-445.
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  62. Emilio Rebecchi (1994). Difficulties and Potentialities of Group Work. AI and Society 8 (3):298-303.
    Conclusions As my paper draws to a close, it may seem quite clear that by posing such questions about the organisation of work and labour, one opens up more problems than are actually solved. There is one question in particular that has to be answered. I shall ask that question rhetorically: Can there be a world in which group activities are not started up?
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  63. William Rehg, Peter McBurney & Simon Parsons (2004). Computer Decision-Support Systems for Public Argumentation: Assessing Deliberative Legitimacy. AI and Society 19 (3):203-228.
    Recent proposals for computer-assisted argumentation have drawn on dialectical models of argumentation. When used to assist public policy planning, such systems also raise questions of political legitimacy. Drawing on deliberative democratic theory, we elaborate normative criteria for deliberative legitimacy and illustrate their use for assessing two argumentation systems. Full assessment of such systems requires experiments in which system designers draw on expertise from the social sciences and enter into the policy deliberation itself at the level of participants.
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  64. Matthias Rehm, Yukiko Nakano, Elisabeth André & Toyoaki Nishida (2009). Enculturating Human–Computer Interaction. AI and Society 24 (3):209-211.
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  65. Matthias Rehm, Yukiko Nakano, Elisabeth André, Toyoaki Nishida, Nikolaus Bee, Birgit Endrass, Michael Wissner, Afia Akhter Lipi & Hung-Hsuan Huang (2009). From Observation to Simulation: Generating Culture-Specific Behavior for Interactive Systems. AI and Society 24 (3):267-280.
    In this article we present a parameterized model for generating multimodal behavior based on cultural heuristics. To this end, a multimodal corpus analysis of human interactions in two cultures serves as the empirical basis for the modeling endeavor. Integrating the results from this empirical study with a well-established theory of cultural dimensions, it becomes feasible to generate culture-specific multimodal behavior in embodied agents by giving evidence for the cultural background of the agent. Two sample applications are presented that make use (...)
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  66. Andrea Resca (1999). Technology and Social Relationships as Knowledge Elements: An Insight Into the Institutional and Non-Institutional Relationships. AI and Society 13 (3):263-281.
    The objective of this work is to analyse technology and social relationships using the concept of knowledge. Therefore technology is not only a means to produce and social relationships a means to interact, but also the result of a whole of elements. The concept of knowledge aims to analyse these elements both from a structural point of view, highlighting their characteristics, and from a dynamic point of view, which considers how subjects interpret and make sense of them. In this framework (...)
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  67. Janice Richardson (2011). The Changing Meaning of Privacy, Identity and Contemporary Feminist Philosophy. Minds and Machines 21 (4):517-532.
    This paper draws upon contemporary feminist philosophy in order to consider the changing meaning of privacy and its relationship to identity, both online and offline. For example, privacy is now viewed by European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) as a right, which when breached can harm us by undermining our ability to maintain social relations. I briefly outline the meaning of privacy in common law and under the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) in order to show the relevance of (...)
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  68. Mark Riedl (2010). Story Planning: Creativity Through Exploration, Retrieval, and Analogical Transformation. Minds and Machines 20 (4):589-614.
    Storytelling is a pervasive part of our daily lives and culture. The task of creating stories for the purposes of entertaining, educating, and training has traditionally been the purview of humans. This sets up the conditions for a creative authoring bottleneck where the consumption of stories outpaces the production of stories by human professional creators. The automation of story creation may scale up the ability to produce and deliver novel, meaningful story artifacts. From this practical perspective, story generation systems replicate (...)
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  69. Rutger Rienks, Anton Nijholt & Paulo Barthelmess (2007). Pro-Active Meeting Assistants: Attention Please! AI and Society 23 (2):213-231.
    This paper gives an overview of pro-active meeting assistants, what they are and when they can be useful. We explain how to develop such assistants with respect to requirement definitions and elaborate on a set of Wizard of Oz experiments, aiming to find out in which form a meeting assistant should operate to be accepted by participants, and whether the meeting effectiveness and efficiency can be improved by an assistant at all. This paper gives an overview of pro-active meeting assistants, (...)
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  70. Chris Riley, Kathy Buckner, Graham Johnson & David Benyon (2009). Culture & Biometrics: Regional Differences in the Perception of Biometric Authentication Technologies. AI and Society 24 (3):295-306.
    Previous research has identified user concerns about biometric authentication technology, but most of this research has been conducted in European contexts. There is a lack of research that has investigated attitudes towards biometric technology in other cultures. To address this issue, data from India, South Africa and the United Kingdom were collected and compared. Cross-cultural attitudinal differences were seen, with Indian respondents viewing biometrics most positively while respondents from the United Kingdom were the least likely to have a positive opinion (...)
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  71. L.�Szl� Ropolyi (1999). Life-Worlds and Social Relations in Computers. AI and Society 13 (1-2):69-87.
    How are social relations appearing in computers? How are social relations realised in a different kind of medium, in the hardware and software of computers? How are the organising principles of computer building related to those of the life-worlds in a social system? Following a partly social constructivist and partly hermeneutic line a more general answer will be presented. The basic conclusion of this approach is simple: computers are constructed under the influence of the ideas of modernity and represent its (...)
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  72. Duska Rosenberg, S. Foley, M. Lievonen, S. Kammas & M. J. Crisp (2004). Interaction Spaces in Computer-Mediated Communication. AI and Society 19 (1):22-33.
    In this paper we describe the development of the Interaction Space Theory developed as part of the SANE project. EU framework 5 IST project sustainable accommodation for the new economy, IST 2000-25-257 The EU funded project provided an inter-disciplinary context for the study of interactions in the hybrid workplace where physical work environment is enhanced with information and communication technologies (ICT) which enable collaboration with remote partners. We explain how the theoretical approach, empirical work and methodological strategy employed by SANE (...)
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  73. Richard S. Rosenberg (2007). The Social Impact of Intelligent Artefacts. AI and Society 22 (3):367-383.
    The simplistic assumption that replacing humans by intelligent artifacts or introducing such artifacts, or robots, into all aspects of human society will necessarily benefit society at large must be continually re-evaluated. Clearly, contributing factors will involve concerns of efficiency, the role of work as a component in human self-worth, the distribution of wealth generated by advanced technologies, the potential for growing divisions in society resulting from gross inequities in income and from the loss of work as a central fact of (...)
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  74. HH Rosenbrock (2007). Engineering As An Art. AI and Society 21 (4):673-678.
    Scientific knowledge and mathematical analysis enter into engineering in an indispensable way, and their role will continually increase. But engineering contains elements of experience and judgment, of tacit knowledge, and regard for social considerations and the most effective way of using human labour. If we accept this element of ‘art’ in engineering, we should design our systems, not to reject human skill, but rather to cooperate with it and make it more protective.
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  75. Howard Rosenbrock (2004). Ethics, Science, and the Mechanisation of the World Picture. AI and Society 18 (1):7-20.
    A nascent science in the sixteenth century rejected explanations in terms of purpose in favour of causality, and this bias has persisted and grown stronger. It has unfortunate consequences in areas where social and ethical considerations should prevail, and the paper describes a search extending over 20 years for a way in which these consequences could be avoided.
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  76. Howard Rosenbrock (1995). Ethics and Intellectual Structures. AI and Society 9 (1):18-28.
    In the paper, three propositions are put forward. First, that intellectual structures of wide scope commonly lead to conclusions which are ethically unacceptable; secondly that the ethically unacceptable consequences of science arise from one particular presupposition which it adopts, namely that of causality; thirdly, that causality is no essential part of science.
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  77. J.�Rg Roth (2000). ?DreamTeam?: A Platform for Synchronous Collaborative Applications. AI and Society 14 (1):98-119.
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  78. Zsófia Ruttkay (2009). Cultural Dialects of Real and Synthetic Emotional Facial Expressions. AI and Society 24 (3):307-315.
    In this article we discuss the aspects of designing facial expressions for virtual humans (VHs) with a specific culture. First we explore the notion of cultures and its relevance for applications with a VH. Then we give a general scheme of designing emotional facial expressions, and identify the stages where a human is involved, either as a real person with some specific role, or as a VH displaying facial expressions. We discuss how the display and the emotional meaning of facial (...)
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  79. George Rzevski & Kumkum Prasad (1998). The Synergy of Learning Organisations and Flexible Information Technology. AI and Society 12 (1-2):87-96.
    The switch from the Command-and-Control to Learning Organisation paradigm in the area of organisational theory is well understood. It is less well appreciated that learning organisations cannot operate effectively if supported by centralised data processing systems. The paper argues that there is a need for synergy between organisational structures and organisational information systems. Learning must be supported by the so-called new information technology. To obtain desired synergy it is necessary to design organisations and organisational information systems concurrently.
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  80. Giorgio Sacchi (1994). Social Logics and Expert Systems. AI and Society 8 (1):84-87.
    My goal is to emphasize the way we generally use the word ‘logic’ and the sort of problems related to the definition of logic and the sort of problems related to the definition of logic. I also wish to underline the differences between human intelligence and artificial intelligence.
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  81. Biswatosh Saha & Ram Kumar Kakani (2006). Knowledge, Power and Action: Towards an Understanding of Implementation Failures in a Government Scheme. AI and Society 21 (1-2):72-92.
    Conceptual knowledge inspires imagination. On the other hand, it is a claim to power as well. Multiple knowledge claims often, therefore, are engaged in a contest. This contest can take the form of several discourses. Extant power structures play a significant role in lending (or not lending) a voice to one or several such discourses. To one with the power to govern, knowledge claims flowing from abstract concepts generated in an elite discourse not only inspires imagination but also often leads (...)
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  82. Pericle Salvini, Edoardo Datteri, Cecilia Laschi & Paolo Dario (2007). Scientific Models and Ethical Issues in Hybrid Bionic Systems Research. AI and Society 22 (3):431-448.
    Research on hybrid bionic systems (HBSs) is still in its infancy but promising results have already been achieved in laboratories. Experiments on humans and animals show that artificial devices can be controlled by neural signals. These results suggest that HBS technologies can be employed to restore sensorimotor functionalities in disabled and elderly people. At the same time, HBS research raises ethical concerns related to possible exogenous and endogenous limitations to human autonomy and freedom. The analysis of these concerns requires reflecting (...)
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  83. Harold Salzman (1991). Engineering Perspectives and Technology Design in the United States. AI and Society 5 (4):339-356.
    Technology design has social as well as technical determinants. These social factors, such as the political context and social philosophy, vary historically and cross-nationally. The work upon which this paper is based addresses the nature of process technology design in the United States and focuses on the underlying assumptions that guide technology design, based on both historical analysis and survey and case studies of current design practices. Central to this work is an analysis of how the US approaches compare to (...)
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  84. Alexei V. Samsonovich (2010). Is It Time for the New Cognitive Revolution? International Journal of Machine Consciousness 2 (01):55-.
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  85. Alexei V. Samsonovich, Kenneth A. de Jong & Anastasia Kitsantas (2009). The Mental State Formalism of Gmu-Bica. International Journal of Machine Consciousness 1 (01):111-.
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  86. Jose Sanmart�N. (1995). The New World of Human Genetic Technologies: The Policy Environment and Impacts of Genetic Screening Tests. AI and Society 9 (1):105-114.
    Today it is possible to screen for mutated DNA sequences which do not induce any diseases but predispose to develop diseases under certain environmental condition. These latter disorders are called multifactorial since they result from the interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Among multifactorial disorders there are job-related diseases whose genetic component can be identified by genetic screening tests. The use of these tests to predict occupational disorders, to cut down on them, and to save costs—in particular for absenteeism, health (...)
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  87. Ricardo Sanz (2010). Is There Anything or Nothing? On the Proper Stance for Consciousness Analysis. International Journal of Machine Consciousness 2 (01):59-.
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  88. Ricardo Sanz, Carlos Hernández, Jaime Gómez, Julita Bermejo-Alonso, Manuel Rodríguez, Adolfo Hernando & Guadalupe Sánchez (2009). Systems, Models and Self-Awareness: Towards Architectural Models of Consciousness. International Journal of Machine Consciousness 1 (02):255-.
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  89. Fumihiko Satofuka & Katsuhiko Nakamura (1990). AI: A Strategic Technology in Japan? AI and Society 4 (2):154-160.
    The industrial society in Japan is now entering into a new era of an advanced information society or a network society. AI as a knowledge information processing technology is becoming an integral part of the society. This emerging era is being supported by the information industry.
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  90. Thomas Schael (1998). The Relevance of Computer Supported Cooperative Work for Advanced Manufacturing. AI and Society 12 (1-2):38-47.
    Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) is faced with issues which are crucial to Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW). However, despite the large amount of work on Enterprise Integration and its obvious links to the CSCW field, this domain is almost totally absent in the work of the CSCW community. Therefore, this paper is intended to contribute to the discussion on the relevance of CSCW in manufacturing and to combine new concepts for cooperative work with requirements for information system design in production. (...)
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  91. C. T. A. Schmidt (2011). Technology and Culture and Possibly Vigilance Too. AI and Society 26 (4):371-375.
    Many have bowed before the recently acquired powers of ‘new technologies’. However, in the shift from tekhnē to tekhnologia, it seems we have lost human values. These values are communicative in nature as technological progress has placed barriers like distance, web pages and ‘miscellaneous extras’ between individuals. Certain values, like the interpersonal pleasures of rendering service, have been lost as their domain of predilection has for many become fully commercially oriented, dominated by the cadence of profitability. Though the popular cultures (...)
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  92. C. T. A. Schmidt (2009). Computation and the Natural World. Minds and Machines 19 (4):451-451.
    Computation and the Natural World Content Type Journal Article Pages 451-451 DOI 10.1007/s11023-009-9176-0 Authors C. T. A. Schmidt, Le Mans University and Paris Tech Paris France Journal Minds and Machines Online ISSN 1572-8641 Print ISSN 0924-6495 Journal Volume Volume 19 Journal Issue Volume 19, Number 4.
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  93. Colin T. Schmidt (1996). The Person-Machine Confrontation: Investigations Into the Pragmatics of Dialogism. AI and Society 10 (3-4):315-332.
    Erroneously attributing propositional attitudes (desires, beliefs...) to computational artefacts has become internationally commonplace in the public arena, especially amongst the new generation of non-initiated users. Technology for rendering machines user-friendly is often inspired by interpersonal human communication. This calls forth designers to conceptualise a major component of human intelligence: the sense ofcommunicability, and its logical consequences. The inherentincommunicability of machines subsequently causes a shift in design strategy. Though cataloguing components of bouts between person and machine with Speech Act Theory has (...)
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  94. Franziska Schroeder & Pedro Rebelo (2006). Wearable Music in Engaging Technologies. AI and Society 22 (1):85-91.
    We address the relationship between a music performer and her instrument as a possible model for re-thinking wearable technologies. Both musical instruments and textiles invite participation and by engaging with them we intuitively develop a sense of their malleability, resistance and fragility. In the action of touching we not only sense, but more importantly we react. We adjust the nature of our touch according to a particular material’s property. In this paper we draw on musical practice as it suggests attitudes (...)
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  95. Gerhard Schwabe & Helmut Krcmar (2000). Electronic Meeting Support for Councils. AI and Society 14 (1):48-70.
    City councils hold meetings several times a week. There is a need for computer support at certain meetings. This paper examines the potential for group support systems for use in city council meetings and shows in what ways they can be helpful in pre-meeting and post-meeting activities. The study is based on 17 computer-supported city council meetings, carried out in Stuttgart, Kornwestheim and other cities as part of the Cuparla Project between 1996 and 1998. Three of these meetings are described (...)
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  96. Valeria Seidita & Massimo Cossentino (2010). From Modeling to Implementing the Perception Loop in Self-Conscious Systems. International Journal of Machine Consciousness 2 (02):289-.
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  97. Sebastian Sequoiah-Grayson (2012). Giovanni Sommaruga (Ed): Formal Theories of Information: From Shannon to Semantic Information Theory and General Concepts of Information. Minds and Machines 22 (1):35-40.
    Giovanni Sommaruga (ed): Formal Theories of Information: From Shannon to Semantic Information Theory and General Concepts of Information Content Type Journal Article Pages 35-40 DOI 10.1007/s11023-011-9250-2 Authors Sebastian Sequoiah-Grayson, Department of Theoretical Philosophy, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands Journal Minds and Machines Online ISSN 1572-8641 Print ISSN 0924-6495 Journal Volume Volume 22 Journal Issue Volume 22, Number 1.
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  98. Alexander Serenko & Brian Detlor (2004). Intelligent Agents as Innovations. AI and Society 18 (4):364-381.
    This paper explores the treatment of intelligent agents as innovations. Past writings in the area of intelligent agents focus on the technical merits and internal workings of agent-based solutions. By adopting a perspective on agents from an innovations point of view, a new and novel description of agents is put forth in terms of their degrees of innovativeness, competitive implications, and perceived characteristics. To facilitate this description, a series of innovation-based theoretical models are utilized as a lens of analysis, namely (...)
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  99. Alexander Serenko, Umar Ruhi & Mihail Cocosila (2006). Unplanned Effects of Intelligent Agents on Internet Use: A Social Informatics Approach. AI and Society 21 (1-2):141-166.
    This paper instigates a discourse on the unplanned effects of intelligent agents in the context of their use on the Internet. By utilizing a social informatics framework as a lens of analysis, the study identifies several unanticipated consequences of using intelligent agents for information- and commerce-based tasks on the Internet. The effects include those that transpire over time at the organizational level, such as e-commerce transformation, operational encumbrance and security overload, as well as those that emerge on a cultural level, (...)
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  100. Xin Wei Sha (2007). Poetics of Performative Space. AI and Society 21 (4):607-624.
    The TGarden is a genre of responsive environment in which actor–spectators shape dense media sensitive to their movements. These dense fields of light, sound, and material also evolve according to their own composed dynamics, so the agency is distributed throughout the multiple media. These TGardens explore open-ended questions like the following: what makes some time-based, responsive environments compelling, and others flat? How can people improvise gestures without words, that are individually or collectively meaningful? When and how is a movement intentional, (...)
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