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  1. مزرعة البشر ... أزمة كورونا من السيمياء إلى عصر العبيد الرقمي.Salah Osman - manuscript
    وفقًا لأحدث التقارير، هناك أكثر من مائة وأربعين تركيبة كيميائية تخضع الآن للتجارب على مستويات مختلفة، كما استثمرت الحكومات والمؤسسات الكبرى مثل مؤسسة «بيل وميليندا جيتس» مليارات الدولارات لتمويل البحث عن «الرصاصة الفضية» Silver Bullet السحرية التي من شأنها القضاء على الفيروس العنيف والمُراوغ. وما زالت كثرة من البروتوكولات المتعلقة بتطوير اللقاح المُنتظر – ونتائج تجاربها على البشر – مُحاطة بالسرية في ظل التنافس المحموم على أخذ زمام المبادرة.
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  2. Chemistry without Atoms.Klaus Ruthenberg & Pieter Thyssen (eds.) - forthcoming - Würzburg: Königshausen and Neumann.
  3. From the Atom to Living Systems: A Chemical and Philosophical Journey Into Modern and Contemporary Science.Marina Paola Banchetti-Robino & Giovanni Villani - 2023 - New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    This book represents an original journey beginning from the simple and undifferentiated atom, to differentiated atoms, to molecules, to macromolecules, and to the thresholds of life. One of the most important aims of this book is to underline the philosophical function of the concept of molecule. The description of the material world permitted by the concept of structured entity has revolutionized the entire scientific worldview. Moreover, the concept of macromolecule has projected the molecular world towards the threshold of the biological (...)
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  4. Taking model pursuit seriously.HyeJeong Han - 2023 - European Journal for Philosophy of Science 13 (2):1-24.
    This paper aims to develop an account of the pursuitworthiness of models based on a view of models as epistemic tools. This paper is motivated by the historical question of why, in the 1960s, when many scientists hardly found QSAR models attractive, some pharmaceutical scientists pursued Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship (QSAR) models despite the lack of potential for theoretical development or empirical success. This paper addresses this question by focusing on how models perform their heuristic functions as epistemic tools rather than (...)
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  5. What Is A Chemical Element? A Collection of Essays by Chemists, Philosophers, Historians, and Educators. Edited by Eric Scerri and Elena Ghibaudi. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2020, 312 pp. ISBN: 9780190933784, £65.00. [REVIEW]Pieter Thyssen - 2023 - International Studies in the Philosophy of Science (3-4):1-4.
    Compared to its sister disciplines—philosophy of physics and philosophy of biology—philosophy of chemistry remains a relatively young field of philosophical endeavour. Having originated in the late...
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  6. A Multi-wavelength Data Analysis with Multi-mission Space Telescopes.Yang I. Pachankis - 2022 - International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 7 (1):701-708.
    The article summarizes the software tool on astrophysical analysis with multi-wavelength space telescope data. It recaps the evidence analysis conducted on the Kerr-Newman black hole (KNBH). It was written prior to the article Research on the Kerr-Newman Black Hole in M82 Confirms Black Hole and White Hole Juxtapose not soon after the experiment. The conducted analysis suggested Hawking radiation is caused by the movement of ergosurfaces of the BH and serves as the primal evidence for black hole and white hole (...)
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  7. On Some Features of the Scientific Hylorealistic Background of Crystal Chemistry.Matias Velázquez - 2022 - Mεtascience: Scientific General Discourse 2:96-128.
    In this paper, we try to understand how Bunge’s scientific hylorealism can fit with several crystal chemistry’s objects and their properties. It is found that many of them, lying at the very core of this discipline, bring support to ontologi-cal emergentism. Building units, such as vacancies, their chemical potential, the crystal quantum number and many aspects of the spectroscopic properties of 4f electrons in ionic crystals, are presented as striking examples of emergent (or submergent) objects or properties encountered in the (...)
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  8. A big picture perspective on the philosophy of chemistry: Bernadette Bensaude-Vincent and Richard-Emmanuel Eastes (Eds.): Philosophie de la chimie. Deboeck supérieur, 2020, 368 pp, 39€. [REVIEW]Quentin Ruyant - 2021 - Metascience 30 (2):293-296.
    Chemistry is at the crossroads of many issues in philosophy of science. It entertains intimate relations with both physics and biology; it incorporates strong theoretical elements mixed with sophisticated experimental practices; it is linked with industry, medicine and agriculture, which makes the discipline central for many societal issues. Yet surprisingly, despite a recent resurgence of interest, the field has not received as much attention from philosophers as other disciplines such as physics and biology. Philosophie de la chimie purports to fill (...)
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  9. The Chemical Philosophy of Robert Boyle: Mechanicism, Chymical Atoms, and Emergence.Marina Paola Banchetti-Robino - 2020 - Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
    This book examines the way in which Robert Boyle seeks to accommodate his complex chemical philosophy within the framework of a mechanistic theory of matter. More specifically, the book proposes that Boyle regards chemical qualities as properties that emerged from the mechanistic structure of chymical atoms. Within Boyle’s chemical ontology, chymical atoms are structured concretions of particles that Boyle regards as chemically elementary entities, that is, as chemical wholes that resist experimental analysis. Although this interpretation of Boyle’s chemical philosophy has (...)
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  10. Idols of the Mind vs. True Reality.Bhakti Madhava Puri - 2020 - Princeton, NJ, USA: Bhakti Vedanta Institute of Spiritual Culture and Science.
    “It is probably justified in requiring a transformation of the image of the real world as it has been constructed in the last 300 years… [for] now it seems to work no longer. One must therefore go back 300 years and reflect on how one could have proceeded differently at that time, and how the whole subsequent development would then be modified. No wonder that puts us into boundless confusion!” :: a letter from Schrödinger to Einstein in 1950 -/- The (...)
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  11. How to handle risky experiments producing uncertain phenomenon like cold fusion.Robert W. P. Luk - 2019 - Science and Philosophy 7 (2):3-14.
    Some experiments are risky in that they cannot repeatedly produce certain phenomenon at will for study because the scientific knowledge of the process generating the uncertain phenomenon is poorly understood or may directly contradict with existing scientific knowledge. These experiments may have great impact not just to the scientific community but to mankind in general. Banning them from study may incur societies a great opportunity cost but accepting them runs the risk that scientists are doing junk science. How to make (...)
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  12. Reduction and Emergence in Chemistry.Vanessa A. Seifert - 2019 - Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
    The aim of this article is to present a different perspective through which to examine reduction and emergence; namely, the perspective of chemistry’s relation to physics.
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  13. Messy Chemical Kinds.Joyce C. Havstad - 2018 - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 69 (3):719-743.
    Following Kripke and Putnam, the received view of chemical kinds has been a microstructuralist one. To be a microstructuralist about chemical kinds is to think that membership in said kinds is conferred by microstructural properties. Recently, the received microstructuralist view has been elaborated and defended, but it has also been attacked on the basis of complexities, both chemical and ontological. Here, I look at which complexities really challenge the microstructuralist view; at how the view itself might be made more complicated (...)
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  14. A Sketch of a Philosophy (Classic Reprint).John Gibson MacVicar - 2018 - Forgotten Books.
    Excerpt from A Sketch of a Philosophy And here the possibility of much saving and success may perhaps be made to appear probable even in a few words, by stating in immediate contrast the general features of the science of the day, so manifold and often so conflicting, with the few principles which are insisted on in this and in the three preceding Parts. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at (...)
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  15. What to make of Mendeleev’s predictions?K. Brad Wray - 2018 - Foundations of Chemistry 21 (2):139-143.
    I critically examine Stewart’s suggestion that we should weigh the various predictions Mendeleev made differently. I argue that in his effort to justify discounting the weight of some of Mendeleev’s failures, Stewart invokes a principle that will, in turn, reduce the weight of some of the successful predictions Mendeleev made. So Stewart’s strategy will not necessarily lead to a net gain in Mendeleev’s favor.
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  16. Guest Editor: Foundations of Chemistry (Special Issue).Marina P. Banchetti - 2017 - Foundations of Chemistry 19 (1).
  17. Peter J. T. Morris: The Matter Factory: A History of the Chemistry Laboratory: Reaktion Books, London, In Association with Science Museum, London, 2015, 416 pp., $45.00, £30.00, ISBN: 978-1-78023-442-7.Roderick S. Black - 2016 - Foundations of Chemistry 19 (1):93-94.
  18. The letter, the dictionary and the laboratory: translating chemistry and mineralogy in eighteenth-century France.Patrice Bret - 2016 - Annals of Science 73 (2):122-142.
    SUMMARYEighteenth-century scientific translation was not just a linguistic or intellectual affair. It included numerous material aspects requiring a social organization to marshal the indispensable human and non-human actors. Paratexts and actors' correspondences provide a good observatory to get information about aspects such as shipments and routes, processes of translation and language acquisition, texts acquisition and dissemination.The nature of scientific translation changed in France during the second half of the eighteenth century. Beside solitary translators, it also happened to become a collective (...)
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  19. Conceptual Analysis for Nanoscience.Julia Bursten, Jill Millstone & Michael J. Hartmann - 2016 - Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 7:1917-1918.
    A short overview, written for a primarily scientific audience, of how conceptual analysis and philosophy of science can assist in nanoscience research.
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  20. A colourful bond between art and chemistry.Nuno Francisco, Carla Morais, João C. Paiva & Paula Gameiro - 2016 - Foundations of Chemistry 19 (2):125-138.
    How can a work of art give us clues about scientific aspects? How can chemistry help a painter enhance his creativity and, above all, preserve the original characteristics of his work? Does an artist require scientific knowledge to innovate or, at least, not to be faked? Other symbiotic fields between art and science are: tattoos, as body art with physical and chemical consequences; pigments, as basic materials with interesting historiographical preparations; spectroscopy diagnosis, as very broad and thorough method of analysis (...)
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  21. Natural Kinds and Classification in Scientific Practice.Catherine Kendig (ed.) - 2016 - Routledge.
    This edited volume of 13 new essays aims to turn past discussions of natural kinds on their head. Instead of presenting a metaphysical view of kinds based largely on an unempirical vantage point, it pursues questions of kindedness which take the use of kinds and activities of kinding in practice as significant in the articulation of them as kinds. The book brings philosophical study of current and historical episodes and case studies from various scientific disciplines to bear on natural kinds (...)
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  22. Faculty beliefs about the purposes for teaching undergraduate physical chemistry courses.Michael Mack & Marcy H. Towns - 2016 - .
    We report the results of a phenomenographic analysis of faculty beliefs about the purposes for teaching upper-division physical chemistry courses in the undergraduate curriculum. A purposeful sampling strategy was used to recruit a diverse group of faculty for interviews. Collectively, the participating faculty regularly teach or have taught physical chemistry courses in 16 different chemistry departments in the United States. While faculty agreed that the goal of teaching physical chemistry was to help students develop robust conceptual knowledge of the subject (...)
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  23. The Limits of Matter. Chemistry, Mining & Enlightenment.David Philip Miller - 2016 - Annals of Science 73 (1):110-112.
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  24. Chemistry as a practical science.Peeter Müürsepp - 2016 - Foundations of Chemistry 18 (3):213-223.
    This is an attempt to take a look at chemistry from the point of view of practical realism. Besides its social–historical and normative aspects, the latter involves a direct reference to experimental research. According to Edward Caldin chemistry depends on our being able to isolate pure substances with reproducible properties. Thus, the very basis of chemistry is practical. Even the laws of chemistry are not stable but are subject to correction. At the same time, these statements do not necessarily make (...)
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  25. Philosophy of chemistry: unkempt jungle and fertile ground: Eric Scerri and Lee McIntyre : Philosophy of chemistry: Growth of a new discipline . Dordrecht: Springer, 2015. xii+233pp, $99 HB.Micah Newman - 2016 - Metascience 25 (3):473-477.
  26. Ideograms for Physics and Chemistry.Pablo García Risueño, Apostolos Syropoulos & Natàlia Vergés - 2016 - Foundations of Physics 46 (12):1713-1721.
    Ideograms have great communicative value. They refer to concepts in a simple manner, easing the understanding of related ideas. Moreover, ideograms can simplify the often cumbersome notation used in the fields of Physics and physical Chemistry. Nonetheless only a few ideograms—like \ and Å—have been defined to date. In this work we propose that the scientific community follows the example of Mathematics—as well as that of oriental languages—and bestows a more important role upon ideograms. To support this thesis we propose (...)
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  27. The Philosophy of Chemistry.Eric R. Scerri & Grant Andrew Fisher (eds.) - 2016 - Oxford University Press USA.
    The philosophy of chemistry has emerged in recent years as a new and autonomous field within the Anglo-American philosophical tradition. With the development of this new discipline, Eric Scerri and Grant Fisher's "Essays in the Philosophy of Chemistry" is a timely and definitive guide to all current thought in this field. This edited volume will serve to map out the distinctive features of the field and its connections to the philosophies of the natural sciences and general philosophy of science more (...)
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  28. Essays in Philosophy of Chemistry.Eric Scerri & Grant Fisher (eds.) - 2016 - Oxford University Press.
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  29. Reductionism and the Relation Between Chemistry and Physics.Hasok Chang - 2015 - In Ana Simões, Jürgen Renn & Theodore Arabatzis (eds.), Relocating the History of Science. Springer Verlag.
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  30. Foundations of and challenges to electrolyte chemistry.Kevin Charles de Berg - 2015 - Foundations of Chemistry 17 (1):33-48.
    Mathematics is so common-place in modern physics and chemistry that one may not realise how controversial its admittance was to these fields in the eightieth and ninetieth centuries respectively. This paper deals with the controversy during the formation of physical chemistry as a discipline in the late ninetieth and early twentieth centuries and sketches more recent criticisms of the way mathematics has been used in solution chemistry. The controversy initially related particularly to electrolyte chemistry and its emerging use of mathematics (...)
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  31. On some characteristics of Marcus’ work in the light of the history of science.Francesco Di Giacomo - 2015 - Foundations of Chemistry 17 (1):67-78.
    Professor Rudolph A. Marcus, recipient of the 1992 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, is a distinguished theoretical chemist. Two important theories happen to bear his name: the Rice Ramsperger Kassel Marcus theory of unimolecular reactions and the Marcus theory of electron transfer reactions. When considering Marcus’ work, one finds characteristics of it that bear striking similarity to those that can be found in the work of some famous scientists. Such characteristics appear then as common recurring patterns in the work of theoreticians. (...)
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  32. “Do we need to memorize that?” or cognitive science for chemists.JudithAnn R. Hartman & Eric A. Nelson - 2015 - Foundations of Chemistry 17 (3):263-274.
    In introductory chemistry courses, should students be encouraged to solve problems by reasoning based on conceptual understanding or by applying memorized facts and algorithms? Cognitive scientists have recently studied this issue with the assistance of new technologies. In the current consensus model for cognition, during problem solving the brain relies on “working memory” to sequentially process small elements of knowledge. Working memory is able to hold and manipulate virtually all elements that can be recalled “with automaticity” from long-term memory, but (...)
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  33. Deliberating responsibility: a collective contribution by the C’Nano IdF Nanoscience & Society Office.Stéphanie Lacour, Sacha Loeve, Brice Laurent, Virginie Albe, Aurélie Delemarle, Bernard Bartenlian & Sophie Lanone - 2015 - Foundations of Chemistry 17 (3):225-245.
    The very existence of explicit techno-scientific controversies in the “nano” arena is often denied on behalf of a conception of science, risks, public engagement and responsibility which borders on a disembodied idealism and merits at least serious discussion. The recurrence of this view prompted us to clarify our position regarding our common field of research, in order to avoid being trapped in the seemingly clear divide between the universal and neutral pursuit of pure science, on the one hand, and on (...)
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  34. Guest editorial.Jean-Pierre Llored - 2015 - Foundations of Chemistry 17 (3):183-185.
  35. Connecting the philosophy of chemistry, green chemistry, and moral philosophy.Jean-Pierre Llored & Stéphane Sarrade - 2015 - Foundations of Chemistry 18 (2):125-152.
    This paper aims to connect philosophy of chemistry, green chemistry, and moral philosophy. We first characterize chemistry by underlining how chemists: co-define chemical bodies, operations, and transformations; always refer to active and context-sensitive bodies to explain the reactions under study; and develop strategies that require and intertwine with a molecular whole, its parts, and the surroundings at the same time within an explanation. We will then point out how green chemists are transforming their current activities in order to act upon (...)
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  36. Style of reasoning and technical-cultural capillary action in the Chemistry of 18th century.Ronei Clécio Mocellin - 2015 - Scientiae Studia 13 (4):759-780.
    RESUMO Neste artigo pretendo identificar um "estilo de raciocínio" próprio à química e apontar a disseminação de seus produtos e conceitos. O objetivo é o de explicitar alguns elementos que caracterizam o estilo de pensar e de fazer da química na segunda metade do século XVIII, sua capilarização técnico-cultural. O delineamento de um estilo químico de raciocinar origina-se da constância dos espaços técnico-epistêmicos em que o saber químico é construído. A química é uma ciência de laboratório, eminentemente técnica e operatória, (...)
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  37. Art, Science and Ideology in 19th-century Advertisement for Liebig's Extract of Meat.Cecilia Molinari de Rennie - 2015 - Hyle: International Journal for Philosophy of Chemistry 21 (1):39-60.
    In this paper I discuss the practices of the production Inventions of the 19th Century, a piece of ephemera from the late 19th centruy belonging to the marketing campaign for Liebig’s Extract of Meat. I approach my corpus from a socio-semiotic perspective, using the tools of Multimodal Discourse Analysis to show how meanings are encoded in the text. On the basis of this description I explore from the perspective of Critical Discourse Analysis the discursive strategies employed by the producers of (...)
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  38. Chemistry as a practical science: Edward Caldin revisited.Peeter Müürsepp - 2015 - Foundations of Chemistry 18 (2):113-123.
    This is an attempt to take a look at chemistry from the point of view of practical realism. Besides its social–historical and normative aspects, the latter involves a direct reference to experimental research. According to Edward Caldin chemistry depends on our being able to isolate pure substances with reproducible properties. Thus, the very basis of chemistry is practical. Even the laws of chemistry are not stable but are subject to correction. At the same time, these statements do not necessarily make (...)
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  39. Romanian Studies in Philosophy of Science.Ilie Pȃrvu, Gabriel Sandu & Iulian D. Toader (eds.) - 2015 - Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science, vol. 313: Springer.
    This book presents a collection of studies by Romanian philosophers, addressing foundational issues currently debated in contemporary philosophy of science. It offers a historical survey of the tradition of scientific philosophy in Romania. It examines some problems in the foundations of logic, mathematics, linguistics, the natural and social sciences. Among the more specific topics, it discusses scientific explanation, models, and mechanisms, as well as memory, artifacts, and rules of research. The book is useful to those interested in the philosophy of (...)
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  40. Manuel DeLanda: "Philosophical Chemistry: Genealogy of a Scientific Field". [REVIEW]Joachim Schummer - 2015 - Hyle: International Journal for Philosophy of Chemistry 21 (1):65-67.
    Book Review of Manuel DeLanda: Philosophical Chemistry: Genealogy of a Scientific Field, London 2015.
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  41. Chemistry and the problem of pluralism in science: an analysis concerning philosophical and scientific disagreements.Rein Vihalemm - 2015 - Foundations of Chemistry 18 (2):91-102.
    Chemistry, especially its historical practice, has in the philosophy of science in recent decades attracted more and more attention, influencing the turn from the vision of science as a timeless logic-centred system of statements towards the history- and practice-centred approach. The problem of pluralism in science has become a popular topic in that context. Hasok Chang’s “active normative epistemic pluralism” manifested in his book Is water H2O? Evidence, realism and pluralism, pursuing an integrated study of history and philosophy of science, (...)
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  42. Interface fracture and chemistry of a tungsten-based metallization on borophosphosilicate glass.B. Völker, W. Heinz, K. Matoy, R. Roth, J. M. Batke, T. Schöberl, C. Scheu & G. Dehm - 2015 - Philosophical Magazine 95 (16-18):1967-1981.
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  43. From Corpuscles to Elements: Chemical Ontologies from Van Helmont to Lavoisier.Marina Paola Banchetti-Robino - 2014 - In Lee McIntyre & Eric Scerri (eds.), Philosophy of Chemistry: Growth of a New Discipline. Springer. pp. 141-154.
  44. Similarity and representation in chemical knowledge practices.Juan Bautista Bengoetxea, Oliver Todt & José Luis Luján - 2014 - Foundations of Chemistry 16 (3):215-233.
    This paper argues for the theoretical and practical validity of similarity as a useful epistemological tool in scientific knowledge generation, specifically in chemistry. Classical analyses of similarity in philosophy of science do not account for the concept’s practical significance in scientific activities. We recur to examples from chemistry to counter the claim of authors like Quine or Goodman to the effect that similarity must be excluded from scientific practices . In conclusion we argue that more recent conceptualizations of the notion (...)
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  45. Philosophy of Chemistry or Philosophy with Chemistry.Bernadette Bensaude-Vincent - 2014 - Hyle: International Journal for Philosophy of Chemistry 20 (1):59-76.
    Chemistry deserves more philosophical attention not so much to do justice to a long-neglected science or to enhance its cultural prestige, but to undermine a number of taken-for-granted assumptions about scientific rationality and more importantly to diversify our metaphysical views of nature and reality. In brief, this paper does not make the case for a philosophy of chemistry. It rather urges philosophers of science to listen to chemists and discuss what they learn from them. Because over the course of many (...)
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  46. Beeing & Time: Kiss of Chemoreception & the Bug in Dasein's Mouth.Virgil W. Brower - 2014 - In Laurence Talairach-Vielmas & Marie Bouchet (eds.), Insects in Literature & the Arts. Brussels, Belgium: pp. 197-217.
    "Brower explores the way philosophers were inspired by entomological social systems and communication to reflect on human psyche, social behavior, community organization, communication, and inter-individual relationships. His essay rehearses the swarms of insects embedded in contemporary philosophy and literary theory, not only showing how many of the major concepts (or philosophemes) in continental philosophy – sexuality, politics, thinking, time, interdependence, and language – draw lessons from the world of insects, but also illustrating again how the insect world spurred human reflection.".
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  47. Historical Teaching of Atomic and Molecular Structure.José Antonio Chamizo & Andoni Garritz - 2014 - In Michael R. Matthews (ed.), International Handbook of Research in History, Philosophy and Science Teaching. Springer. pp. 343-374.
    Besides the presentation and conclusions, the chapter is divided into two equally important sections. The first one describes the modern development of atomic and molecular structure, emphasising some of the philosophical problems that have been taken, and those that have to be faced in its understanding. The second discusses the alternative conceptions and difficulties of students of different educational levels and also the different approaches to its historical or philosophical teaching. Finally, we recognise the necessity for science teachers to assume (...)
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  48. A Matter Of Substance?: Gaston Bachelard on chemistry’s philosophical lessons.Cristina Chimisso - 2014 - Vienna Circle Institute Yearbook 17:33-44.
    Philosophers have paid far less attention to chemistry than they have to physics. It is only in the last twenty years or so that the philosophy of chemistry has gained an important place in the philosophy of science. However, before then, there have been important exceptions to the neglect of chemistry. Notably, chemistry has been very important in the French tradition: Bernadette Bensaude-Vincent has argued that the attention that Pierre Duhem, Emile Meyerson, Hélène Metzger and Gaston Bachelard paid to chemistry (...)
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  49. Laws and Explanations in Biology and Chemistry: Philosophical Perspectives and Educational Implications.Zoubeida R. Dagher & Sibel Erduran - 2014 - In Michael R. Matthews (ed.), International Handbook of Research in History, Philosophy and Science Teaching. Springer. pp. 1203-1233.
    This chapter utilises scholarship in philosophy of biology and philosophy of chemistry to produce meaningful implications for biology and chemistry education. The primary purpose for studying philosophical literature is to identify different perspectives on the nature of laws and explanations within these disciplines. The goal is not to resolve ongoing debates about the nature of laws and explanations but to consider their multiple forms and purposes in ways that promote deep and practical understanding of biological and chemical knowledge in educational (...)
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  50. Chain reactions, “impossible” reactions, and panenmentalist possibilities.Amihud Gilead - 2014 - Foundations of Chemistry 16 (3):201-214.
    Panenmentalist possibilities are individual pure possibilities existing independently of any mind, actual reality, and possible-world conception. These possibilities are a priori accessible to our intellect and imagination. In this paper, I attempt to shed some panenmentalist light on the discovery of chemical branched chain reactions and its implications on biology and cancer research. I also examine the case of the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction which, at first, was believed to be impossible. Finally, I proceed to examine through a panenmentalist lens Szilard’s discovery (...)
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