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Property Rights

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  1. Jonathan H. Adler (2009). Taking Property Rights Seriously: The Case of Climate Change. Social Philosophy and Policy 26 (2):296-316.
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  2. David B. Annis & Cecil E. Bohanon (1992). Desert and Property Rights. Journal of Value Inquiry 26 (4).
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  3. Barbara Arneil (1993). Thomas Horne, Property Rights and Poverty: Political Argument in Britain, 1605–1834, Chapel Hill, N.C., University of North Carolina Press, 1990, Pp.X + 296. Utilitas 5 (02):332-.
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  4. Richard J. Arneson (1992). Property Rights in Persons. Social Philosophy and Policy 9 (01):201-.
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  5. Charles R. Beitz (1980). Tacit Consent and Property Rights. Political Theory 8 (4):487-502.
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  6. B. Bjorkman (2006). Bodily Rights and Property Rights. Journal of Medical Ethics 32 (4):209-214.
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  7. Walter Block (1998). Environmentalism and Economic Freedom: The Case for Private Property Rights. Journal of Business Ethics 17 (16):1887-1899.
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  8. Elisabeth Boetzkes (2001). Privacy, Property, and the Family in the Age of Genetic Testing: Observations From Transformative Feminism. Journal of Social Philosophy 32 (3):301–316.
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  9. Jasper A. Bovenberg (2006). Property Rights in Blood, Genes and Data: Naturally Yours? Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
    The properties of DNA -- DNA as universal property -- DNA as intellectual property -- DNA as national property -- DNA as personal property -- DNA as academic property -- DNA as taxable propety.
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  10. Hugh Breakey (2009). Liberalism and Intellectual Property Rights. Politics, Philosophy and Economics 8 (3):329-349.
    Justifications for intellectual property rights are typically made in terms of utility or natural property rights. In this article, I justify limited regimes of copyright and patent grounded in no more than the rights to use our ideas and to contract, conjoined at times with a weak right to hold property in tangibles. I describe the Contracting Situation plausibly arising from vesting rational agents with these rights. I go on to consider whether in order to provide the best protection for (...)
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  11. John Christman (1991). Self-Ownership, Equality, and the Structure of Property Rights. Political Theory 19 (1):28-46.
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  12. Jillian Clare Cohen & Patricia Illingworth (2003). The Dilemma of Intellectual Property Rights for Pharmaceuticals: The Tension Between Ensuring Access of the Poor to Medicines and Committing to International Agreements. Developing World Bioethics 3 (1):27–48.
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  13. Sean Coyle (2004). The Philosophical Foundations of Environmental Law: Property, Rights, and Nature. Hart Pub..
    This book challenges the accepted view by arguing that environmental law must be seen not as a mere instrument of social policy, but as a historical product of ...
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  14. G. E. M. De Ste Croix (1970). Some Observations on the Property Rights of Athenian Women. The Classical Review 20 (03):273-278.
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  15. Rowan Cruft (2006). Against Individualistic Justifications of Property Rights. Utilitas 18 (2):154-172.
    In this article I argue that, despite the views of such theorists as Locke, Hart and Raz, most of a person's property rights cannot be individualistically justified. Instead most property rights, if justified at all, must be justified on non-individualistic (e.g. consequentialist) grounds. This, I suggest, implies that most property rights cannot be morally fundamental ‘human rights’.
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  16. Graham Dawson, 10. “Free Markets, Property Rights and Climate Change: How to Privatize Climate Policy”.
    The goal has been to devise a strategy that protects as much as possible the rights and liberties of all agents, both users of fossil fuels and people whose livelihoods and territories are at risk if the anthropogenic global warming (AGW) hypothesis is true. To achieve this goal the standard climate [...].
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  17. Robert Ehman (1998). Natural Property Rights: Where They Fail. Social Philosophy and Policy 15 (02):283-.
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  18. J. M. Elegido (1995). Intrinsic Limitations of Property Rights. Journal of Business Ethics 14 (5):411 - 416.
    Many people take for granted an absolute conception of property rights. According to this conception, if I own a piece of property I have a moral right to do with it as I please, irrespective of the needs of others.This paper articulates an argument against this conception of property rights. First, it shows that there are many possible conceptions of property rights, and that there are significant differences among the models of ownership which have prevailed in different societies. Then, it (...)
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  19. James W. Ely (2004). Property Rights and Free Speech: Allies or Enemies? Social Philosophy and Policy 21 (2):177-194.
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  20. John Exdell (1977). Distributive Justice: Nozick on Property Rights. Ethics 87 (2):142-149.
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  21. Edward Feser (2010). Classical Natural Law Theory, Property Rights, and Taxation. Social Philosophy and Policy 27 (1):21-52.
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  22. N. R. E. Fisher (1981). Property Rights of Women in Classical Athens David M. Schaps: Economic Rights of Women in Ancient Greece. Pp. Vii + 165. Edinburgh University Press, 1979. £7.50. The Classical Review 31 (01):72-74.
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  23. Allan Gibbard (1976). Natural Property Rights. Noûs 10 (1):77-86.
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  24. Robert E. Goodin (1990). Property Rights and Preservationist Duties. Inquiry 33 (4):401 – 432.
    The preservationist duties that conservationists would lay upon landowners to protect the natural environment obviously interfere with what those people do with their land. That is often taken to be an equally obvious ? albeit possibly justifiable ? violation of their rights in that property. But to say that, as landowners often do, would be to imply that property rights somehow embrace a ?right to destroy?. Closer inspection suggests that they do not. That would be a further right, additional to (...)
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  25. Michael Gorman (2005). Intellectual Property Rights, Moral Imagination, and Access to Life-Enhancing Drugs. Business Ethics Quarterly 15 (4):595-613.
    Although the idea of intellectual property (IP) rights—proprietary rights to what one invents, writes, paints, composes or creates—is firmlyembedded in Western thinking, these rights are now being challenged across the globe in a number of areas. This paper will focus on one of these challenges: government-sanctioned copying of patented drugs without permission or license of the patent owner in the name of national security, in health emergencies, or life-threatening epidemics. After discussing standard rights-based and utilitarian arguments defending intellectual property we (...)
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  26. Andrzej Górski (2005). The Ethics of Intellectual Property Rights in Biomedicine and Biotechnology: An Introduction. Science and Engineering Ethics 11 (1).
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  27. Larry Ogalthorpe Gostin (2006). Property Rights and the Common Good. Hastings Center Report 36 (5):10-11.
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  28. Tim S. Gray (1999). An Autonomy-Based Justification for Intellectual Property Rights of Indigenous Communities. Environmental Ethics 21 (2):177-190.
    The claim that indigenous communities are entitled to have intellectual property rights (IPRs) to both their plant varieties and their botanical knowledge has been put forward by writers who wish to protect the plant genetic resources of indigenous communities from uncompensated use by biotechnological transnational corporations. We argue that while it is necessary for indigenous communities to have suchrights, the entitlement argument is an unsatisfactory justification for them. A more convincing foundation for indigenous community IPRs is the autonomy theory developed (...)
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  29. Thomas W. Hazlett (1998). The Dual Role of Property Rights in Protecting Broadcast Speech. Social Philosophy and Policy 15 (02):176-.
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  30. Barbara Ann Hocking & Barbara Joyce Hocking (1999). Australian Aboriginal Property Rights as Issues of Indigenous Sovereignty and Citizenship. Ratio Juris 12 (2):196-225.
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  31. Louis-Philippe Hodgson (2011). Kant on Property Rights and the State. Kantian Review 15 (1):57-87.
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  32. Peter H. Karlen (1986). Worldmaking: Property Rights in Aesthetic Creations. Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 45 (2):183-192.
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  33. J. R. Karlsen (2006). To Know the Value of Everything--A Critical Commentary on B Bjorkman and S O Hansson's "Bodily Rights and Property Rights". Journal of Medical Ethics 32 (4):215-219.
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  34. Wolfgang Kerber & Claudia Schmidt, Microsoft, Refusal to License Intellectual Property Rights, and the Incentives Balance Test of the EU Commission.
    This article contributes to the analysis of refusal to license cases as abuse of a dominant position pursuant Article 82 EC from an economic perspective. In the Microsoft case, the European Commission introduced an "Incentives Balance Test" to assess whether the refusal to give access to interface information can be justified by arguing that this information is protected by Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs): The Commission argued that if the overall innovative effects evoked by a compulsory license are significantly higher than (...)
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  35. David Lea (2006). From the Wright Brothers to Microsoft: Issues in the Moral Grounding of Intellectual Property Rights. Business Ethics Quarterly 16 (4):579-598.
    Abstract: This paper considers the arguments that could support the proposition that intellectual property rights as applied to software have a moral basis. Undeniably, ownership rights were first applied to chattels and land and so we begin by considering the moral basis of these rights. We then consider if these arguments make moral sense when they are extended to intellectual phenomenon. We identified two principal moral defenses: one based on utilitarian concerns relating to human welfare, the other appeals to issues (...)
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  36. David R. Lea (1994). Lockean Property Rights, Tully's Community Ownership, and Melanesian Customary Communal Ownership. Journal of Social Philosophy 25 (1):117-132.
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  37. Sheldon Leader (1999). Participation and Property Rights. Journal of Business Ethics 21 (2-3):97 - 109.
    This paper puts forward an argument for stakeholder rights. It begins by exploring two major answers to the question, 'in whose interests should the commercial company function?'. One claims parity for other stakeholders alongside the shareholder on the basis of a theory of property rights, and another on a theory of citizenship. Each of these answers, it is argued, fail to convince. The way forward is to recast the initial question, not asking in whose interest the company should function, but (...)
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  38. Alexander Lee (2008). Roman Law and Human Liberty: Marsilius of Padua on Property Rights. Journal of the History of Ideas 70 (1):23-44.
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  39. John Alan Lehman (2006). Intellectual Property Rights and Chinese Tradition Section: Philosophical Foundations. Journal of Business Ethics 69 (1):1 - 9.
    Western attempts to obtain Chinese compliance with intellectual property rights have a long history of failure. Most discussions of the problem focus on either legal comparisons or explanations arising from levels of economic development (based primarily on the example of U.S. disregard for such rights during the 18th and 19th centuries). After decades of heated negotiation, intellectual property rights is still one of the major issues of misunderstanding between the West and the various Chinese political entities. This paper examines the (...)
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  40. Larry May (1986). Corporate Property Rights. Journal of Business Ethics 5 (3):225 - 232.
    Corporate property rights present an interesting challenge to the liberal conception of property rights, for it is unclear that the self-respect of individuals is promoted by the existence of a system of property rights for corporations. I argue that it is difficult even to identify who the individuals are who are the owners of large corporations, and why these individuals should be given the same claims, protections and immunities as other property rights holders since the liabilities of corporate property rights (...)
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  41. Robert P. Merges (1996). Property Rights Theory and the Commons: The Case of Scientific Research. Social Philosophy and Policy 13 (02):145-.
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  42. Adam D. Moore (2000). Owning Genetic Information and Gene Enhancement Techniques: Why Privacy and Property Rights May Undermine Social Control of the Human Genome. Bioethics 14 (2):97–119.
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  43. Stephen R. Munzer (1994). An Uneasy Case Against Property Rights in Body Parts. Social Philosophy and Policy 11 (02):259-286.
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  44. William Nelson (1985). Positive Rights, Negative Rights and Property Rights. Tulane Studies in Philosophy 33:43-49.
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  45. William N. Nelson (1985). Property Rights, Liberty and Redistribution. Philosophical Topics 13 (2):133-140.
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  46. Theodoros Papaioannou (2006). Towards a Critique of the Moral Foundations of Intellectual Property Rights. Journal of Global Ethics 2 (1):67 – 90.
    Research in recent history has neglected to address the moral foundations of particular kinds of public policy such as the protection of intellectual property rights (IPRs). On the one hand, nation-states have enforced a tightening of the IPR system. On the other, only recently have national government and international institutions recognised that the moral justification for stronger IPRs protection is far from being plausible and cannot be taken for granted. In this article, IPRs are examined as individual rights founded upon (...)
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  47. Pallab Paul & Kausiki Mukhopadhyay (2010). Growth Via Intellectual Property Rights Versus Gendered Inequity in Emerging Economies: An Ethical Dilemma for International Business. Journal of Business Ethics 91 (3):359 - 378.
    In this paper, we critique the emergent international normative framework of growth – the knowledge economy. We point out that the standardized character of knowledge economy's flagship – intellectual property rights (IPRs) – has an adverse impact on women in emerging economies, such as India. Conversely, this impact on women, a significant consumer segment, has a feedback effect in terms of market growth. Conceptually, we analyze the consequences of knowledge economy and standardized IPR through a feminist lens. We extend the (...)
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  48. Joseph R. Peden, Property Rights in Celtic Irish Law.
    It is impossible at thc prcscnt time to present a systematic, coherent description of the ancient Irish law of property. The reason is that a considerable portion of the sources have not been published in modern scientific textual editions and translations. The..
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  49. Michael Peirce (2001). Why Libertarians Should Reject Full Private Property Rights. Philosophical Forum 32 (1):25–52.
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  50. Svetozar Pejovich (1996). Property Rights and Technological Innovation. Social Philosophy and Policy 13 (02):168-.
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  51. Peter Railton, Locke, Stock, and Peril: Natural Property Rights, Pollution, and Risk.
    Lockean natural rights theories have long been associated with laissez-faire policies on the part of the government, in large measure because of the sanctity they accord to individual rights, especially private property rights. However, I will argue that if one attempts to apply such theories to moral questions about pollution, they present a different face, one set so firmly against laissez-faire -- or laissez-polluer -- as to countenance serious restriction of what Lockeans have traditionally taken to be the proper sphere (...)
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  52. Esther D. Reed (2006). Property Rights, Genes, and Common Good. Journal of Religious Ethics 34 (1):41-67.
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  53. Andrew Reeve (1992). Alan Carter, The Philosophical Foundations of Property Rights, Hemel Hampstead, Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1989, Pp. Ix + 150. Utilitas 4 (02):335-.
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  54. Alex Rosenberg (2004). On the Priority of Intellectual Property Rights, Especially in Biotechnology. Politics, Philosophy and Economics 3 (1):77-95.
    This article argues that considerations about the role and predictability of intellectual innovation make the protection of intellectual property morally obligatory even when it greatly reduces short-term welfare. Since the provision of good new ideas is the only productive input not subject to decreasing marginal productivity, welfarist considerations require that no impediment to its maximal provision be erected and the potentially substantial welfare losses imposed by a patent system be mitigated by taxation of other sources of wealth and income. Key (...)
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  55. Paul A. Roth (1983). Personhood, Property Rights, and the Permissibility of Abortion. Law and Philosophy 2 (2):163 - 191.
    The purpose of this paper is to argue that the tactic of granting a fetus the legal status of a person will not, contrary to the expectations of opponents of abortion, provide grounds for a general prohibition on abortions. I begin by examining two arguments, one moral (J. J. Thomson's A Defense of Abortion) and the other legal (D. Regan's Rewriting Roe v. Wade), which grant the assumption that a fetus is a person and yet argue to the conclusion that (...)
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  56. Cheyney C. Ryan (1977). Yours, Mine, and Ours: Property Rights and Individual Liberty. Ethics 87 (2):126-141.
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  57. Mark Sagoff (2009). Who is the Invader? Alien Species, Property Rights, and the Police Power. Social Philosophy and Policy 26 (2):26-52.
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  58. Mark Sagoff (1989). Ellen Frankel Paul: Property Rights and Eminent Domain. Environmental Ethics 11 (2):179-189.
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  59. Hope Shand (1991). There is a Conflict Between Intellectual Property Rights and the Rights of Farmers in Developing Countries. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 4 (2).
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  60. Murray Sheard (2007). Sustainability and Property Rights in Environmental Resources. Environmental Ethics 29 (4):389-401.
    How do we weigh the claims of current and future people when current exercise of rights to property conflict with sustainability? Are property rights over theseresources more limited due to the claims of posterity? Lockean property rights allow no right to degrade resources when doing so threatens the basic needs offuture generations. A stewardship conception of property rights can be developed, providing a justification for sustainable management legislation even whensuch law conflicts with the rights an owner would have, were the (...)
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  61. Kristin Shrader-Frechette (2005). Property Rights and Genetic Engineering: Developing Nations at Risk. Science and Engineering Ethics 11 (1).
    Eighty percent of (commercial) genetically engineered seeds (GES) are designed only to resist herbicides. Letting farmers use more chemicals, they cut labor costs. But developing nations say GES cause food shortages, unemployment, resistant weeds, and extinction of native cultivars when “volunteers” drift nearby. While GES patents are reasonable, this paper argues many patent policies are not. The paper surveys GE technology, outlines John Locke’s classic account of property rights, and argues that current patent policies must be revised to take account (...)
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  62. Kristin S. Shrader-Frechette (1988). Agriculture, Ethics, and Restrictions on Property Rights. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 1 (1):21-40.
    The argument in this essay is twofold. (1) Procedural justice requires,in particular cases, that we restrict property rights in natural resources, e.g., California agricultural land or Appalachian coal land. (2) Conditions imposed by Locke's political theory and by dense population require,in general, that we restrict property rights in finite or non-renewable natural resources such as land. If these arguments are correct, then we have a moral imperative to use land-use controls (such as taxation, planning, zoning, and acreage limitations) to restructure (...)
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  63. Jorn Sonderholm (2010). Ethical Issues Surrounding Intellectual Property Rights. Philosophy Compass 5 (12):1107-1115.
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  64. Edward J. Soule (2001). Monsanto and Intellectual Property Rights. Teaching Ethics 2 (1):101-105.
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  65. Raymond E. Spier (2005). Observations on a Meeting on the Ethics of Intellectual Property Rights and Patents. Science and Engineering Ethics 11 (1).
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  66. Richard A. Spinello (2004). Property Rights in Genetic Information. Ethics and Information Technology 6 (1):29-42.
    The primary theme of this paper is the normative case against ownership of one's genetic information along with the source of that information (usually human tissues samples). The argument presented here against such upstream property rights is based primarily on utilitarian grounds. This issue has new salience thanks to the Human Genome Project and bio-prospecting initiatives based on the aggregation of genetic information, such as the one being managed by deCODE Genetics in Iceland. The rationale for ownership is twofold: ownership (...)
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  67. Kathy Squadrito (1981). A Note Concerning Locke's View of Property Rights and the Rights of Animals. Philosophia 10 (1-2):19-23.
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  68. Anthony J. Stenson & Tim S. Gray (1999). An Autonomy-Based Justification for Intellectual Property Rights of Indigenous Communities. Environmental Ethics 21 (2):177-190.
    The claim that indigenous communities are entitled to have intellectual property rights (IPRs) to both their plant varieties and their botanical knowledge has been put forward by writers who wish to protect the plant genetic resources of indigenous communities from uncompensated use by biotechnological transnational corporations. We argue that while it is necessary for indigenous communities to have suchrights, the entitlement argument is an unsatisfactory justification for them. A more convincing foundation for indigenous community IPRs is the autonomy theory developed (...)
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  69. Jacqueline Stevens (1996). The Reasonableness of John Locke's Majority: Property Rights, Consent, and Resistance in the Second Treatise. Political Theory 24 (3):423-463.
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  70. Herman T. Tavani (2005). Locke, Intellectual Property Rights, and the Information Commons. Ethics and Information Technology 7 (2).
    This paper examines the question whether, and to what extent, John Locke’s classic theory of property can be applied to the current debate involving intellectual property rights (IPRs) and the information commons. Organized into four main sections, Section 1 includes a brief exposition of Locke’s arguments for the just appropriation of physical objects and tangible property. In Section 2, I consider some challenges involved in extending Locke’s labor theory of property to the debate about IPRs and digital information. In Section (...)
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  71. Janna Thompson (2004). Art, Property Rights, and the Interests of Humanity. Journal of Value Inquiry 38 (4).
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  72. Asterios Tsioumanis, Konstadinos Mattas & Elsa Tsioumani (2003). Is Policy Towards Intellectual Property Rights Addressing the Real Problems? The Case of Unauthorized Appropriation of Genetic Resources. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 16 (6):605-616.
    Unauthorized appropriation of geneticresources has been described by the term``biopiracy.'' Technological breakthroughsincluding biotechnological applications canincrease considerably the instrumental value ofbiodiversity as new products or products withnew properties can be made. Nevertheless, itappears that, in most cases, the properties inquestion were already known to the indigenouspeople and used for centuries. The analysisdiscusses both from an economic and an ethicalperspective whether it is just that traditionalknowledge is rewarded. As the conflictintensifies over questions of ownership andcontrol of biological materials, IntellectualProperty Rights are at (...)
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  73. John Weckert (1997). Intellectual Property Rights and Computer Software. Business Ethics 6 (2):101–109.
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  74. Leif Wenar (2008). Property Rights and the Resource Curse. Philosophy and Public Affairs 36 (1):2–32.
    forthcoming in Philosophy & Public Affairs [2008].
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  75. I. I. I. Wheeler (1980). Natural Property Rights as Body Rights. Noûs 14 (2):171-193.
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  76. Sidney B. Williams (1991). There is Not a Conflict Between Intellectual Property Rights and the Rights of Farmers in Developing Countries. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 4 (2).
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  77. Amos Witztum (2005). Property Rights and the Right to the Fruits of One's Labor: A Note on Adam Smith's Jurisprudence. Economics and Philosophy 21 (2):279-289.
    This paper provides further evidence to the argument that Smith' theory of justice did not follow the natural justice school and that subsequently the ethical position on acquiring private property is not independent of the effects which such acquisition may have on the property-less individuals. I will show that the justification for private ownership is based on “reasonable expectations” which owners of assets have with regard to the fruits of the asset. The expectation to subsist through the use of one's (...)
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  78. C. Wolf (1999). Property Rights, Human Needs, and Environmental Protection: A Response to Brock. Ethics and the Environment 4 (1):107-113.
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  79. Clark Wolf (1995). Contemporary Property Rights, Lockean Provisos, and the Interests of Future Generations. Ethics 105 (4):791-818.
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  80. Betty Yung (2009). Reflecting on the Common Discourse on Piracy and Intellectual Property Rights: A Divergent Perspective. Journal of Business Ethics 87 (1):45 - 57.
    The common discourse on intellectual property rights rests mainly on utilitarian ground, with implications on the question of justice as well as moral significance. It runs like this: Intellectual property rights are to reward the originators for his/her intellectual labour mainly in monetary terms, thereby providing incentives for originators to engage in future innovative labouring. Without such incentives, few, if not none, will engage in creative activities and the whole human community will, thereby, suffer because of reduced inventions. However, such (...)
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  81. Ross Zucker (1995). Preface to Social Theory of Property Rights. Ratio Juris 8 (2):199-211.
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  82. Alan F. Zundel (2000). Who Owns America?: Social Conflict Over Property Rights. Environmental Ethics 22 (4):423-424.
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Original Appropriation
  1. Christopher Bertram, Justice and Property: On the Institutional Thesis Concerning Property.
    The institutional theory of property is that view that property rights are entirely and essentially conventional and are the creatures of states and coercively backed legal systems. In this paper, I argue that, although states and legal systems have a valuable role in defining property rights, the institutional story is not the whole story. Rather, the property rights hat we have reason to recognize as part of justice are partly conventional in character and partly rooted in universal human interests and (...)
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  2. Hugh Breakey (2009). Without Consent: Principles of Justified Acquisition and Duty-Imposing Powers. Philosophical Quarterly 59 (237):618-640.
    A controversy in political philosophy and applied ethics concerns the validity of duty-imposing powers, that is, rights entitling one person to impose new duties on others without their consent. Many philosophers have criticized as unplausible any such moral right, in particular that of appropriating private property unilaterally. Some, finding duty-imposing powers weird, unfamiliar or baseless, have argued that principles of justified acquisition should be rejected; others have required them to satisfy exacting criteria. I investigate the many ways in which we (...)
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  3. Karl Olivecrona (1974). Locke's Theory of Appropriation. Philosophical Quarterly 24 (96):220-234.
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  4. Bas van der Vossen (2009). What Counts as Original Appropriation? Politics, Philosophy and Economics 8 (4):355-373.
    I here defend historical entitlement theories of property rights against a popular charge. This is the objection that such theories fail because no convincing account of original appropriation exists. I argue that this argument assumes a certain reading of historical entitlement theory and I spell out an alternative reading against which it misfires. On this reading, the role of acts of original appropriation is not to justify but to individuate people’s holdings. I argue that we can identify which acts count (...)
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Externalities
  1. David Barling (2007). Food Supply Chain Governance and Public Health Externalities: Upstream Policy Interventions and the UK State. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 20 (3).
    Contemporary food supply chains are generating externalities with high economic and social costs, notably in public health terms through the rise in diet-related non-communicable disease. The UK State is developing policy strategies to tackle these public health problems alongside intergovernmental responses. However, the governance of food supply chains is conducted by, and across, both private and public spheres and within a multilevel framework. The realities of contemporary food governance are that private interests are key drivers of food supply chains and (...)
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  2. Isabelle Brocas (2003). Endogenous Entry in Auctions with Negative Externalities. Theory and Decision 54 (2):125-149.
    In this paper, we study the auction to allocate an indivisible good when each potential buyer has a private and independent valuation for the item and suffers a negative externality if a competitor acquires it. In that case, the outside option of each buyer is mechanism-dependent, which implies that participation is endogenous. As several works in the literature have shown, the optimal auction entails strong threats to induce full entry and maximal expected revenue. This results from the full commitment assumption, (...)
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  3. Maarten Cornet (2000). Externalities in a Bargaining Model of Public Price Announcements and Resale. Theory and Decision 49 (4):375-393.
    We study the one-seller/two-buyer bargaining problem with negative identity-dependent externalities with an alternating offer bargaining model in which new owners of the object have the opportunity of resale. We identify the generically unique subgame perfect equilibrium outcome. The resale opportunity increases the competition among the buyers and therefore benefits the seller. When competition between buyers is very fierce, the seller may prefer to respond to bids rather than to propose an offer herself: a first-mover disadvantage.
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  4. Eva Kuti & Miklos Marschall (1992). Cultural Goods and Their Positive Externalities. World Futures 33 (1):181-187.
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  5. Beata Sliz, Janusz Zysk, Marcin Pluta, Artur Wyrwa & Anna Stężały (2009). Externalities of Energy Production: The Hot Issue. World Futures 65 (5):406-416.
    The methodology of external cost calculations has been continuously developed. Still, due to lack of sufficient data and imperfect analytical tools, one can give only some estimates rather than precise results. The impact of primary pollutants is dominating in the local domain. The secondary pollutants are negligible in the local domain; however, they have a strong impact in the regional domain. The impacts of primary and secondary pollutants were estimated with the best URBAN algorithm and SUWM formulation, respectively.
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  6. Anna Stęzały, Artur Wyrwa, Marcin Pluta, Janusz Zysk & Beata Sliz (2009). Externalities of Energy Production: The Hot Issue. World Futures 65 (5):406-416.
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Self-Ownership
  1. Hugh Breakey (2011). Property, Persons, Boundaries: The Argument From Other-Ownership. Social Theory and Practice 37 (2):189-210.
    A question of interpersonal sovereignty dating back to the early modern era has resurfaced in contemporary political philosophy: viz. Should one individual have, prior to any consent, property rights in another person? Libertarians answer that they should not – and that this commitment requires us to reject all positive duties. Liberal-egalitarians largely agree with the libertarian’s answer to the question, but deny the corollary they draw from it, arguing instead that egalitarian regimes do not require other-ownership. Drawing on recent property (...)
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  2. Robert S. Taylor (2007). Self-Ownership and Transplantable Human Organs. Public Affairs Quarterly 21 (1):89-107.
    Philosophers have given sustained attention to the controversial possibility of (legal) markets in transplantable human organs. Most of this discussion has focused on whether such markets would enhance or diminish autonomy, understood in either the personal sense or the Kantian moral sense. What this discussion has lacked is any consideration of the relationship between self-ownership and such markets. This paper examines the implications of the most prominent and defensible conception of self-ownership--control self-ownership (CSO)--for both market and nonmarket organ-allocation mechanisms. The (...)
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  3. Robert S. Taylor (2005). Self-Ownership and the Limits of Libertarianism. Social Theory and Practice 31 (4):465-482.
    In the longstanding debate between liberals and libertarians over the morality of redistributive labor taxation, liberals such as John Rawls and Ronald Dworkin have consistently taken the position that such taxation is perfectly compatible with individual liberty, whereas libertarians such as Robert Nozick and Murray Rothbard have adopted the (very) contrary position that such taxation is tantamount to slavery. I will demonstrate over the course of this paper that their debate over redistributive labor taxation can be usefully reconstituted as a (...)
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  4. Robert S. Taylor (2004). A Kantian Defense of Self-Ownership. Journal of Political Philosophy 12 (1):65–78.
    Many scholars, including G. A. Cohen, Daniel Attas, and George Brenkert, have denied that a Kantian defense of self-ownership is possible. Kant's ostensible hostility to self-ownership can be resolved, however, upon reexamination of the Groundwork and the Metaphysics of Morals. Moreover, two novel Kantian defenses of self-ownership (narrowly construed) can be devised. The first shows that maxims of exploitation and paternalism that violate self-ownership cannot be universalized, as this leads to contradictions in conception. The second shows that physical coercion against (...)
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Property Rights, Misc
  1. Christopher Bertram, Justice and Property: On the Institutional Thesis Concerning Property.
    The institutional theory of property is that view that property rights are entirely and essentially conventional and are the creatures of states and coercively backed legal systems. In this paper, I argue that, although states and legal systems have a valuable role in defining property rights, the institutional story is not the whole story. Rather, the property rights hat we have reason to recognize as part of justice are partly conventional in character and partly rooted in universal human interests and (...)
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  2. Hugh Breakey (2011). Property, Persons, Boundaries: The Argument From Other-Ownership. Social Theory and Practice 37 (2):189-210.
    A question of interpersonal sovereignty dating back to the early modern era has resurfaced in contemporary political philosophy: viz. Should one individual have, prior to any consent, property rights in another person? Libertarians answer that they should not – and that this commitment requires us to reject all positive duties. Liberal-egalitarians largely agree with the libertarian’s answer to the question, but deny the corollary they draw from it, arguing instead that egalitarian regimes do not require other-ownership. Drawing on recent property (...)
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  3. Hugh Breakey (2011). Two Concepts of Property: Ownership of Things and Property in Activities. Philosophical Forum 42 (3):239-265.
    I argue there is a distinct and integrated property-concept applying directly, not to things, but to actions. This concept of Property in Activities describes a determinate ethico-political relation to a particular activity – a relation that may (but equally may not) subsequently effect a wide variety of relations to some thing. The relation with the activity is fixed and primary, and any ensuing relations with things are variable and derivative. Property in Activities illuminates many of the vexing problem cases arising (...)
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  4. David M. Douglas (2011). A Bundle of Software Rights and Duties. Ethics and Information Technology 13 (3):185-197.
    Like the ownership of physical property, the issues computer software ownership raises can be understood as concerns over how various rights and duties over software are shared between owners and users. The powers of software owners are defined in software licenses, the legal agreements defining what users can and cannot do with a particular program. To help clarify how these licenses permit and restrict users’ actions, here I present a conceptual framework of software rights and duties that is inspired by (...)
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