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Quantum Mechanisms of Consciousness

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  1. F. Tito Arecchi (2003). Chaotic Neuron Dynamics, Synchronization, and Feature Binding: Quantum Aspects. Mind and Matter 1 (1):15-43.
    A central issue of cognitive neuroscience is to understand how a large collection of coupled neurons combines external signals with internal memories into new coherent patterns of meaning. An external stimulus localized at some input spreads over a large assembly of coupled neurons, building up a collective state univocally corresponding to the stimulus. Thus, the synchronization of spike trains of many individual neurons is the basis of a coherent perception. Based on recent investigations of homoclinic chaotic systems and their synchronization, (...)
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  2. Harald Atmanspacher, Quantum Approaches to Consciousness. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
    It is widely accepted that consciousness or, more generally, mental activity is in some way correlated to the behavior of the material brain. Since quantum theory is the most fundamental theory of matter that is currently available, it is a legitimate question to ask whether quantum theory can help us to understand consciousness. Several approaches answering this question affirmatively, proposed in recent decades, will be surveyed. It will be pointed out that they make different epistemological assumptions, refer to different neurophysiological (...)
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  3. Harald Atmanspacher (2004). Quantum Theory and Consciousness: An Overview with Selected Examples. Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 1:51-73.
    It is widely accepted that consciousness or, in other words, mental activity is in some way correlated to the behavior of the brain or, in other words, material brain activity. Since quantum theory is the most fundamental theory of matter that is currently available, it is a legitimate question to ask whether quantum theory can help us to understand consciousness. Several approaches answering this question a?rmatively, proposed in recent decades, will be surveyed. It will be pointed out that they make (...)
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  4. Ludvik Bass (1975). A Quantum-Mechanical Mind-Body Interaction. Foundations of Physics 5:159-72.
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  5. Mario Beauregard (2004). Consciousness, Emotional Self-Regulation and the Brain. John Benjamins.
    This book will undoubtedly be useful to scholars and graduate students interested in the relationships between self-consciousness, emotion, the brain, and the...
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  6. David Bourget (2004). Quantum Leaps in Philosophy of Mind. Journal of Consciousness Studies 11 (12):17--42.
    I discuss the quantum mechanical theory of consciousness and freewill offered by Stapp (1993, 1995, 2000, 2004). First I show that decoherence-based arguments do not work against this theory. Then discuss a number of problems with the theory: Stapp's separate accounts of consciousness and freewill are incompatible, the interpretations of QM they are tied to are questionable, the Zeno effect could not enable freewill as he suggests because weakness of will would then be ubiquitous, and the holism of measurement in (...)
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  7. Christopher J. S. Clarke (2007). The Role of Quantum Physics in the Theory of Subjective Consciousness. Mind and Matter 5 (1):45-81.
    I argue that a dual-aspect theory of consciousness, associated with a particular class of quantum states, can provide a consistent account of consciousness. I illustrate this with the use of coherent states as this class. The proposal meets Chalmers 'requirements of allowing a structural correspondence between consciousness and its physical correlate. It provides a means for consciousness to have an effect on the world (it is not an epiphenomenon, and can thus be selected by evolution) in a way that supplements (...)
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  8. G. Derfer, Z. Wang & M. Weber (2009). The Roar of Awakening. A Whiteheadian Dialogue Between Western Psychotherapies and Eastern Worldviews. Ontos Verlag.
    This Whiteheadian Dialogue explores a fresh and important cross-elucidatory path: What have we, and what can be learned from a dialogue with Eastern worldviews?
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  9. John C. Eccles (1986). Do Mental Events Cause Neural Events Analogously to the Probability Fields of Quantum Mechanics? Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 227:411-28.
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  10. Shan Gao (2003). A Possible Quantum Basis of Panpsychism. NeuroQuantology 1 (1):4-9.
    We show that consciousness may violate the basic quantum principle, according to which the nonorthogonal quantum states can't be distinguished. This implies that the physical world is not causally closed without consciousness, and consciousness is a fundamental property of matter.
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  11. M. Germine (1991). Consciousness and Synchronicity. Medical Hypotheses 36:277-83.
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  12. Gordon G. Globus (2003). Quantum Closures and Disclosures: Thinking-Together Postphenomenology and Quantum Brain Dynamics. John Benjamins.
    CHAPTER Heidegger and the Quantum Brain In any case the orientation to "I" and " consciousness" and re-presentation ...
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  13. Gordon G. Globus (1996). Quantum Consciousness is Cybernetic. Psyche 2 (21).
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  14. Gordon G. Globus, Karl H. Pribram & Giuseppe Vitiello (2004). Brain and Being. John Benjamins.
  15. Rick Grush & P. Churchland (1995). Gaps in Penrose's Toiling. In Thomas Metzinger (ed.), Conscious Experience. Ferdinand Schoningh.
    Using the Gödel Incompleteness Result for leverage, Roger Penrose has argued that the mechanism for consciousness involves quantum gravitational phenomena, acting through microtubules in neurons. We show that this hypothesis is implausible. First, the Gödel Result does not imply that human thought is in fact non algorithmic. Second, whether or not non algorithmic quantum gravitational phenomena actually exist, and if they did how that could conceivably implicate microtubules, and if microtubules were involved, how that could conceivably implicate consciousness, is entirely (...)
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  16. Stuart R. Hameroff, The Brain is Both Neurocomputer and Quantum Computer.
    _Figure 1. Dendrites and cell bodies of schematic neurons connected by dendritic-dendritic gap junctions form a laterally connected input_ _layer (“dendritic web”) within a neurocomputational architecture. Dendritic web dynamics are temporally coupled to gamma synchrony_ _EEG, and correspond with integration phases of “integrate and fire” cycles. Axonal firings provide input to, and output from, integration_ _phases (only one input, and three output axons are shown). Cell bodies/soma contain nuclei shown as black circles; microtubule networks_ _pervade the cytoplasm. According to the (...)
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  17. Stuart R. Hameroff, Consciousness, Whitehead and Quantum Computation in the Brain: Panprotopsychism Meets the Physics of Fundamental Spacetime Geometry.
    _dualism_ (consciousness lies outside knowable science), _emergence_ (consciousness arises as a novel property from complex computational dynamics in the brain), and some form of _panpsychism_, _pan-protopsychism, or pan-experientialism_ (essential features or precursors of consciousness are fundamental components of reality which are accessed by brain processes). In addition to 1) the problem of subjective experience, other related enigmatic features of consciousness persist, defying technological and philosophical inroads. These include 2) the “binding problem”—how disparate brain activities give rise to a unified sense (...)
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  18. Stuart R. Hameroff (2002). Quantum Computation in Brain Microtubules. Physical Review E 65 (6).
    Proposals for quantum computation rely on superposed states implementing multiple computations simultaneously, in parallel, according to quantum linear superposition (e.g., Benioff, 1982; Feynman, 1986; Deutsch, 1985, Deutsch and Josza, 1992). In principle, quantum computation is capable of specific applications beyond the reach of classical computing (e.g., Shor, 1994). A number of technological systems aimed at realizing these proposals have been suggested and are being evaluated as possible substrates for quantum computers (e.g. trapped ions, electron spins, quantum dots, nuclear spins, etc., (...)
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  19. Stuart R. Hameroff (2001). Consciousness, the Brain, and Space-Time Geometry. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 929:74-104.
    What is consciousness? Conventional approaches see it as an emergent property of complex interactions among individual neurons; however these approaches fail to address enigmatic features of consciousness. Accordingly, some philosophers have contended that "qualia," or an experiential medium from which consciousness is derived, exists as a fundamental component of reality. Whitehead, for example, described the universe as being composed of "occasions of experience." To examine this possibility scientifically, the very nature of physical reality must be re-examined. We must come to (...)
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  20. Stuart R. Hameroff (1998). "Funda-Mentality": Is the Conscious Mind Subtly Linked to a Basic Level of the Universe? 2 (4):119-124.
    Age-old battle lines over the puzzling nature of mental experience are shaping a modern resurgence in the study of consciousness. On one side are the long-dominant "physicalists" who view consciousness as an emergent property of the brain's neural networks. On the alternative, rebellious side are those who see a necessary added ingredient: proto-conscious experience intrinsic to reality, perhaps understandable through modern physics (panpsychists, pan-experientialists, "funda-mentalists"). It is argued here that the physicalist premise alone is unable to solve completely the difficult (...)
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  21. Stuart R. Hameroff (1998). More Neural Than Thou (Reply to Churchland). In S. Ameroff, Alfred W. Kaszniak & A. C. Scott (eds.), Toward a Science of Consciousness Ii: The 1996 Tucson Discussions and Debates. Mit Press.
    In "Brainshy: Non-neural theories of conscious experience," (this volume) Patricia Churchland considers three "non-neural" approaches to the puzzle of consciousness: 1) Chalmers' fundamental information, 2) Searle's "intrinsic" property of brain, and 3) Penrose-Hameroff quantum phenomena in microtubules. In rejecting these ideas, Churchland flies the flag of "neuralism." She claims that conscious experience will be totally and completely explained by the dynamical complexity of properties at the level of neurons and neural networks. As far as consciousness goes, neural network firing patterns (...)
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  22. Stuart R. Hameroff (1994). Quantum Coherence in Microtubules: A Neural Basis for Emergent Consciousness? Journal of Consciousness Studies 1:91-118.
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  23. Stuart R. Hameroff & Roger Penrose (1996). Orchestrated Reduction of Quantum Coherence in Brain Microtubules: A Model for Consciousness. In Stuart R. Hameroff, Alfred W. Kaszniak & A. C. Scott (eds.), Toward a Science of Consciousness. MIT Press.
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  24. Stuart R. Hameroff & Roger Penrose (1996). Conscious Events as Orchestrated Space-Time Selections. Journal of Consciousness Studies 3 (1):36-53.
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  25. Stuart R. Hameroff & A. C. Scott (1998). A Sonoran Afternoon: A Dialogue on Quantum Mechanics and Consciousness. In Stuart R. Hameroff, Alfred W. Kaszniak & A. C. Scott (eds.), Toward a Science of Consciousness II. MIT Press.
    _Sonoran Desert, Stuart Hameroff and Alwyn Scott awoke from their_ _siestas to take margaritas in the shade of a ramada. On a nearby_ _table, a tape recorder had accidentally been left on and the following_ _is an unedited transcript of their conversation._.
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  26. Patrick A. Heelan (2004). The Phenomenological Role of Consciousness in Measurement. Mind and Matter 2 (1):61-84.
    A structural analogy is pointed out between a check hermeneutically developed phenomenological description, based on Husserl, of the process of perceptual cognition on the one hand and quantum mechanical measurement on the other hand. In Husserl's analytic phase of the cognition process, the 'intentionality-structure' of the subject/object union prior to predication of a local object is an entangled symmetry-making state, and this entanglement is broken in the synthetic phase when the particular local object is constituted under the influence of an (...)
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  27. Basil J. Hiley & Paavo Pylkkanen (2005). Can Mind Affect Matter Via Active Information? Mind and Matter 3 (2):8-27.
    Mainstream cognitive neuroscience typically ignores the role of quantum physical effects in the neural processes underlying cogni¬tion and consciousness. However, many unsolved problems remain, suggesting the need to consider new approaches. We propose that quantum theory, especially through an ontological interpretation due to Bohm and Hiley, provides a fruitful framework for addressing the neural correlates of cognition and consciousness. In particular, the ontological interpretation suggests that a novel type of 'active information', connected with a novel type of 'quantum potential energy', (...)
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  28. Marj Jibu & Kunio Yasue (1995). Quantum Brain Dynamics and Consciousness: An Introduction. John Benjamins.
    The book is the first to give a systematic account, founded in fundamental quantum physical principles, of how the brain functions as a unified system.
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  29. Robert H. Kane (2002). The Oxford Handbook of Free Will. Oxford University Press.
    This comprehensive reference provides an exhaustive guide to current scholarship on the perennial problem of Free Will--perhaps the most hotly and voluminously debated of all philosophical problems. While reference is made throughout to the contributions of major thinkers of the past, the emphasis is on recent research. The essays, most of which are previously unpublished, combine the work of established scholars with younger thinkers who are beginning to make significant contributions. Taken as a whole, the Handbook provides an engaging and (...)
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  30. Stanley Klein (1995). Is Quantum Mechanics Relevant to Understanding Consciousness? Psyche 2 (3).
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  31. P. Van Loocke (2001). The Physical Nature of Consciousness. John Benjamins.
    These views on the nature of consciousness are briefly discussed. The first view to be considered is the most widespread functionalist version of the ...
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  32. Kirk A. Ludwig (1995). Why the Difference Between Quantum and Classical Mechanics is Irrelevant to the Mind-Body Problem. Psyche 2 (16).
    I argue that the logical difference between classical and quantum mechanics that Stapp (1995) claims shows quantum mechanics is more amenable to an account of consciousness than is classical mechanics is irrelevant to the problem.
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  33. I. N. Marshall (1995). Some Phenomenological Implications of a Quantum Model of Consciousness. Minds and Machines 5 (4):609-20.
    We contrast person-centered categories with objective categories related to physics: consciousness vs. mechanism, observer vs. observed, agency vs. event causation. semantics vs. syntax, beliefs and desires vs. dispositions. How are these two sets of categories related? This talk will discuss just one such dichotomy: consciousness vs. mechanism. Two extreme views are dualism and reductionism. An intermediate view is emergence. Here, consciousness is part of the natural order (as against dualism), but consciousness is not definable only in terms of physical mass, (...)
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  34. W. L. Miranker (2002). A Quantum State Model of Consciousness. Journal Of Consciousness Studies 9 (3):3-14.
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  35. Ulrich Mohrhoff, Quantum Mechanics and Consciousness: Fact and Fiction.
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  36. Takeo Oku (2005). A Study on Consciousness and Life Energy Based on Quantum Holographic Cosmology. Journal of International Society of Life Information Science 23 (1):133-143.
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  37. Roger Penrose (2001). Consciousness, the Brain, and Spacetime Geometry: An Addendum: Some New Developments on the Orch OR Model for Consciousness. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 929:105-10.
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  38. Roger Penrose & Stuart Hameroff (1996). Orchestrated Objective Reduction of Quantum Coherence in Brain Microtubules: The "Orch OR" Model for Consciousness. Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 40:453-480.
    Features of consciousness difficult to understand in terms of conventional neuroscience have evoked application of quantum theory, which describes the fundamental behavior of matter and energy. In this paper we propose that aspects of quantum theory (e.g. quantum coherence) and of a newly proposed physical phenomenon of quantum wave function "self-collapse"(objective reduction: OR -Penrose, 1994) are essential for consciousness, and occur in cytoskeletal microtubules and other structures within each of the brain's neurons. The particular characteristics of microtubules suitable for quantum (...)
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  39. Roger Penrose & Stuart R. Hameroff (1995). What 'Gaps'? Reply to Grush and Churchland. Journal of Consciousness Studies 2 (2).
    Grush and Churchland (1995) attempt to address aspects of the proposal that we have been making concerning a possible physical mechanism underlying the phenomenon of consciousness. Unfortunately, they employ arguments that are highly misleading and, in some important respects, factually incorrect. Their article ‘Gaps in Penrose’s Toilings’ is addressed specifically at the writings of one of us (Penrose), but since the particular model they attack is one put forward by both of us (Hameroff and Penrose, 1995; 1996), it is appropriate (...)
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  40. Alfredo Pereira (2003). The Quantum Mind/Classical Brain Problem. Neuroquantology.
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  41. M. A. Persinger & S. A. Koren (2007). A Theory of Neurophysics and Quantum Neuroscience: Implications for Brain Function and the Limits of Consciousness. International Journal of Neuroscience 117 (2):157-175.
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  42. Eliano Pessa & Giuseppe Vitiello (2003). Quantum Noise, Entanglement and Chaos in the Quantum Field Theory of Mind/Brain States. Mind and Matter 1 (1):59-79.
    We review the dissipative quantum model of the brain and present recent developments related to the role of entanglement, quantum noise and chaos in the model.
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  43. Paavo Pylkkanen & Tere Vaden (2001). Dimensions of Conscious Experience. John Benjamins.
  44. A. C. Scott (2003). On Quantum Theories of the Mind. In Naoyuki Osaka (ed.), Neural Basis of Consciousness. John Benjamins.
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  45. A. C. Scott (1996). On Quantum Theories of the Mind. Journal of Consciousness Studies 3:484-91.
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  46. Gao Shan (2004). A Possible Connection Between Self-Consciousness and Quantum. Axiomathes 14 (4):295-305.
    We study the possible connection between self-consciousness and quantum process. It is shown that the self-consciousness function can help to measure the collapse time of wave function under some condition, while the usual physical device without self-consciousness can't. Furthermore, we show that the observer with self-consciousness can distinguish the definite state and the superposition of definite states under some stronger condition. This provides a practical physical method to differentiate man and machine, and will also help to find the possible existence (...)
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  47. Henry P. Stapp, Physics in Neuroscience.
    Classical physics is a theory of nature that originated with the work of Isaac Newton in the seventeenth century and was advanced by the contributions of James Clerk Maxwell and Albert Einstein. Newton based his theory on the work of Johannes Kepler, who found that the planets appeared to move in accordance with a simple mathematical law, and in ways wholly determined by their spatial relationships to other objects. Those motions were apparently independent of our human observations of them.
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  48. Henry P. Stapp, The Quest for Consciousness: A Quantum Neurobiological Approach.
    _ Theoretical Physics Group_ _ Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory_ _ University of California_ _ Berkeley, California 94720_.
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  49. Henry P. Stapp (2006). Quantum Interactive Dualism, II: The Libet and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Causal Anomalies. Erkenntnis 65 (1):117-142.
    b>: Replacing faulty nineteenth century physics by its orthodox quantum successor converts the earlier materialist conception of nature to a structure that does not enforce the principle of the causal closure of the physical. The quantum laws possess causal gaps, and these gaps are filled in actual scientific practice by inputs from our streams of consciousness. The form of the quantum laws permits and suggests the existence of an underlying reality that is built not on substances, but on psychophysical events, (...)
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  50. Henry P. Stapp (2005). Quantum Physics in Neuroscience and Psychology: A Neurophysical Model of Mind €“Brain Interaction. Philosophical Transactions-Royal Society of London. Biological Sciences 360 (1458):1309-1327.
    Neuropsychological research on the neural basis of behaviour generally posits that brain mechanisms will ultimately suffice to explain all psychologically described phenomena. This assumption stems from the idea that the brain is made up entirely of material particles and fields, and that all causal mechanisms relevant to neuroscience can therefore be formulated solely in terms of properties of these elements. Thus, terms having intrinsic mentalistic and/or experiential content (e.g. ‘feeling’, ‘knowing’ and ‘effort’) are not included as primary causal factors. This (...)
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  51. Henry P. Stapp (2005). Quantum Approaches to Consciousness. Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness.
    Quantum approaches to consciousness are sometimes said to be motivated simply by the idea that quantum theory is a mystery and consciousness is a mystery, so perhaps the two are related. That opinion betrays a profound misunderstanding of the nature of quantum mechanics, which consists fundamentally of a pragmatic scientific solution to the problem of the connection between mind and matter.
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  52. Henry P. Stapp (2004). Quantum Leaps in the Philosophy of Mind: Reply to Bourget's Critique. Journal of Consciousness Studies 11 (12):43-49.
    David Bourget has raised some conceptual and technical objections to my development of von Neumann’s treatment of the Copenhagen idea that the purely physical process described by the Schrödinger equation must be supplemented by a psychophysical process called the choice of the experiment by Bohr and Process 1 by von Neumann. I answer here each of Bourget’s objections.
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  53. Henry P. Stapp (1999). On Quantum Theories of the Mind. Journal of Consciousness Studies 6 (1):61-65.
    Replies are given to arguments advanced in this journal that claim to show that it is to nonlinear classical mechanics rather than quantum mechanics that one must look for the physical underpinnings of conscious ness..
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  54. Henry P. Stapp (1997). Science of Consciousness and the Hard Problem. Journal of Mind and Behavior 18 (2-3):171-93.
    Quantum theory can be regarded as a rationally coherent theory of the interaction of mind and matter and it allows our conscious thoughts to play a causally e cacious and necessary role in brain dynamics It therefore provides a natural basis created by scientists for the science of consciousness As an illustration it is explained how the interaction of brain and consciousness can speed up brain processing and thereby enhance the survival prospects of conscious organisms as compared to similar organisms (...)
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  55. Henry P. Stapp, Chance, Choice, and Consciousness: A Causal Quantum Theory of the Mind/Brain.
    Quantum mechanics unites epistemology and ontology: it brings human knowledge explicitly into physical theory, and ties this knowledge into brain dynamics in a causally efficacious way. This development in science provides the basis for a natural resolution of the dualist functionalist controversy, which arises within the classical approach to the mind brain system from the fact that the phenomenal aspects are not derivable from the principles of classical mechanics. A conceptually simple causal quantum mechanical theory of the mind/brain is described, (...)
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  56. Henry P. Stapp (1995). The Hard Problem: A Quantum Approach. Journal of Consciousness Studies 3 (3):194-210.
    This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. While this document is believed to contain correct information, neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor The Regents of the University of California, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe (...)
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  57. Henry P. Stapp (1985). Consciousness and Values in the Quantum Universe. Foundations of Physics 15:35-47.
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  58. Victor Stenger (1992). The Myth of Quantum Consciousness. The Humanist 53 (3).
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  59. Ian J. Thompson, Quantum Mechanics and Consciousness: A Causal Correspondence Theory.
    Physics Department, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 5XH, U.K October, 1990. We may suspect that quantum mechanics and consciousness are related, but the details are not at all clear. In this paper, I suggest how the mind and brain might fit together intimately while still maintaining distinct identities. The connection is based on the correspondence of similar functions in both the mind and the quantum-mechanical brain. Accompanying material for a talk at The Second Mind and Brain Symposium held at the (...)
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  60. T. Triffet & H. S. Green (1996). Consciousness: Computing the Uncomputable. Mathematical and Computational Modelling 24:37-56.
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  61. Giuseppe Vitiello (2001). My Double Unveiled: The Dissipative Quantum Model of Brain. John Benjamins.
    CHAPTER Structure and function In physical systems made by a large number of basic constituents one can observe collective properties which find their ...
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  62. P. Werbos (2002). What Do Neural Nets and Quantum Theory Tell Us About Mind and Reality? In Kunio Yasue, Marj Jibu & Tarcisio Della Senta (eds.), No Matter, Never Mind: Proceedings of Toward a Science of Consciousness: Fundamental Approaches (Tokyo '99). John Benjamins.
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  63. Nancy J. Woolf (1999). Dendritic Encoding: An Alternative to Temporal Synaptic Coding of Conscious Experience. Consciousness and Cognition 8 (4):447-454.
    In this commentary, arguments are made for a dendritic code being preferable to a temporal synaptic code as a model of conscious experience. A temporal firing pattern is a product of an ongoing neural computation; hence, it is based on a neural algorithm and an algorithm may not provide the most suitable model for conscious experience. Reiteration of a temporal firing code as suggested in a preceding article (Helekar, 1999) does not necessarily improve the situation. The alternative model presented here (...)
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  64. Kunio Yasue, Marj Jibu & Tarcisio Della Senta (2002). No Matter, Never Mind: Proceedings of Toward a Science of Consciousness: Fundamental Approaches (Tokyo '99). John Benjamins.
    For brain science, the binary code is embodied in the all or none characteristic of nerve impulses by which one part of the brain communicates with another. ...
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  65. D. Zohar (1995). A Quantum-Mechanical Model of Consciousness and the Emgerence of 'I'. Minds and Machines 5 (4):597-607.
    There have been suggestions that the unity of consciousness may be related to the kind of holism depicted only in quantum physics. This argument will be clarified and strengthened. It requires the brain to contain a quantum system with the right properties — a Bose-Einstein condensate. It probably does contain one such system, as both theory and experiment have indicated. In fact, we cannot pay full attention to a quantum whole and its parts simultaneously, though we may oscillate between the (...)
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