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Rationality

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  1. N. Adams (2003). Review Articles : Recent Books in English by Jurgen Habermas: On the Pragmatics of Communication, Edited by Maeve Cooke. Cambridge: Polity, 1998. 454 Pp. Pb. ISBN 0-74563-047-2. The Inclusion of the Other: Studies in Political Theory, Edited by C. Cronin and P. De Grieff. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1998. 300 Pp. Pb. ISBN 0-26258-186-8. The Postnational Constellation: Political Essays, Trans. And Edited by M. Pensky. Cambridge: Polity, 2001. 190 Pp. Pb. ISBN 0-74562- 352-2. The Liberating Power of Symbols: Philosophical Essays, Trans. P. Dews. Cambridge: Polity, 2001. 130 Pp. Pb. ISBN 0-74562-552-5. Religion and Rationality: Essays on Reason, God, and Modernity, Edited by E. Mendieta. Cambridge: Polity, 2002.176 Pp. Pb. ISBN 0-74562- 487-. Studies in Christian Ethics 16 (1):72-79.
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  2. Jonathan E. Adler (2000). Three Fallacies. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23 (5):665-666.
    Three fallacies in the rationality debate obscure the possibility for reconciling the opposed camps. I focus on how these fallacies arise in the view that subjects interpret their task differently from the experimenters (owing to the influence of conversational expectations). The themes are: first, critical assessment must start from subjects' understanding; second, a modal fallacy; and third, fallacies of distribution.
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  3. Matthew D. Adler, Bounded Rationality and Legal Scholarship.
    Decision theory seems to offer a very attractive normative framework for individual and social choice under uncertainty. The decisionmaker should think of her choice situation, at any given moment, in terms of a set of possible outcomes, that is, specifications of the possible consequences of choice, described in light of the decisionmaker's goals; a set of possible actions; and a "state set" consisting of possible prior "states of the world." It is this framework for choice which provides the foundation for (...)
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  4. Joseph Agassi (1993). Rationality: A Comment on Raymond Boudon's Paper. International Studies in the Philosophy of Science 7 (1):21 – 23.
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  5. Joseph Agassi (1973). Rationality and the Tu Quoque Argument. Inquiry 16 (1-4):395 – 406.
    The tu quoque argument is the argument that since in the end rationalism rests on an irrational choice of and commitment to rationality, rationalism is as irrational as any other commitment. Popper's and Polanyi's philosophies of science both accept the argument, and have on that account many similarities; yet Popper manages to remain a rationalist whereas Polanyi decided for an irrationalist version of rationalism. This is more marked in works of their respective followers, W. W. Bartley III and Thomas S. (...)
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  6. Joseph Agassi & I. C. Jarvie (1980). The Rationality of Irrationalism. Metaphilosophy 11 (2):127–133.
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  7. Jan Ajzner (1994). Some Problems of Rationality, Understanding, and Universalistic Ethics in the Context of Habermas's Theory of Communicative Action. Philosophy of the Social Sciences 24 (4):466-484.
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  8. Robert Albin (2007). Journalists as Agents of Cultural Change: From Rationality Back to Nature. International Journal of Applied Philosophy 21 (2):265-274.
    The purpose of this paper is to examine the ways in which journalism—print and electronic—shapes our cultural fabric and modes of discourse. Journalists report facts and comment on them in a provocative style. They stimulate us with captivating images and colorful language, shifting our minds from a more intellectual contemplation of reality. Finally, journalists bring death into our lives through grim pictures of wars and natural disasters. I suggest that these relatively recent trends in journalism are responsible for a gradual (...)
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  9. Robert Alexy (2003). Constitutional Rights, Balancing, and Rationality. Ratio Juris 16 (2):131-140.
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  10. Robert Alexy & Aleksander Peczenik (1990). The Concept of Coherence and Its Significance for Discursive Rationality. Ratio Juris 3 (s1):130-147.
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  11. Mark Alfino & G. Randolph Mayes (2001). Rationality and the Right to Privacy. In Daniel Bonevac (ed.), Today's Moral Issues. Mayfield Publishing.
    When tennis fan Jane Bronstein attended the 1995 U.S. Open she probably knew there was a remote chance her image would end up on television screens around the world. But she surely did not know she was at risk of becoming the object of worldwide attention on the David Letterman Show. As it happened, Letterman spotted an unflattering clip from the U.S. Open showing a heavyset Bronstein with peach juice dripping down her chin. Not only did he show the footage (...)
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  12. Michael J. Almeida (1994). Collective Rationality and Simple Utilitarian Theories. Dialogue 33 (03):363-.
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  13. S. M. Amadae (2004). Rationality and Freedom, by Amartya Sen. Harvard University Press 2003. Economics and Philosophy 20 (2):381-389.
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  14. S. E. N. Amartya (2005). Why Exactly is Commitment Important for Rationality? Economics and Philosophy 21 (1):5-14.
    Gary Becker and others have done important work to broaden the content of self interest, but have not departed from seeing rationality in terms of the exclusive pursuit of self-interest. One reason why committed behavior is important is that a person can have good reason to pursue objectives other than self interest maximization (no matter how broadly it is construed). Indeed, one can also follow rules of behavior that go beyond the pursuit of one's own goals, even if the goals (...)
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  15. D. Anderson (2002). Truth, Rationality, and Self-Control: Themes From Peirce. Philosophical Review 111 (2):288-291.
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  16. Elizabeth Anderson (2005). Rationality and Freedom. Philosophical Review 114 (2):253-271.
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  17. Gunnar Andersson (1986). II. Lakatos and Progress and Rationality in Science: A Reply to Agassi. Philosophia 16 (2):239-243.
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  18. D. Andler (1995). Facets of Rationality. Sage Publications.
    Scholars from various philosophical schools of thought, including cultural relativism, hermeneutics, and postmodernism, have recently critiqued rationalism in light of new developments in the cognitive sciences. Each of these new developments set into motion new inquiries in each school philosophical school of thought. Now, in Facets of Rationality, a distinguished team of scholars examines these new inquiries and bring rationality back into the mainstream of the social sciences. The unique feature of this book lies in its multidisciplinary exploration of rational (...)
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  19. C. Andreou (2010). Rationality and Commitment, Edited by Fabienne Peter and Hans Bernhard Schmid. Mind 119 (473):228-231.
    (No abstract is available for this citation).
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  20. C. Andreou (2005). Reasons and Purposes: Human Rationality and the Teleological Explanation of Action. Philosophical Review 114 (3):411-413.
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  21. David B. Annis (1979). Knowledge and Rationality — a Reply. Philosophical Studies 36 (1):111 - 112.
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  22. David B. Annis (1977). Knowledge, Belief, and Rationality. Journal of Philosophy 74 (4):217-225.
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  23. O'hear Anthony (1975). Rationality of Action and Theory-Testing in Popper. Mind 84 (1):273-276.
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  24. Gian Aldo Antonelli (1993). Paradoxes of Belief and Strategic Rationality, Koons Robert. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, Xii + 174 Pages. Economics and Philosophy 9 (02):305-.
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  25. Gian Aldo Antonelli & Cristina Bicchieri, Garne-Theoretic Axioms for Local Rationality and Bounded Knowledge~.
    We present an axiomatic approach for a class of finite, extensive form ganies of perfect information that makes use of notions like "rationality at a node" and "knowledge at a node." We show that, in general, a theory that is sufEcient to infer an equilibrium must be modular: for each subgame G' of a game G the theory of game G must contain just enough inforniation about the subgame G' to infer an equilibrium for G'. This means, in general, that (...)
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  26. Karl-Otto Apel (1979). The Common Presuppositions of Hermeneutics and Ethics: Types of Rationality Beyond Science and Technology. Research in Phenomenology 9 (1):35-53.
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  27. F. Appel (1990). Book Reviews : Alasdair MacIntyre, Whose Justice? Which Rationality? University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, Indiana, 1988. Pp. 410, $22.95. Philosophy of the Social Sciences 20 (1):135-138.
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  28. Michael W. Apple (1976). Rationality As Ideology. Educational Theory 26 (1):121-131.
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  29. Peter C. Appleby (1988). Reformed Epistemology, Rationality and Belief in God. International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 24 (3):129 - 141.
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  30. Robert Archibald (2000). Jon Elster and Ole‐Jorgen Skog, Getting Hooked: Rationality and Addiction:Getting Hooked: Rationality and Addiction. Ethics 110 (3):609-612.
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  31. Claire Armon-jones (1992). Affect, Objects and Rationality. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 22 (2):129–143.
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  32. Leslie Armour (1963). Rationality, Goodness and Immortality. Theoria 29 (1):1-11.
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  33. Donald Arnstine & Barbara Arnstine (1993). Rationality and Democracy: A Critical Appreciation of Israel Scheffler's Philosophy of Education. Synthese 94 (1):25 - 41.
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  34. Catherine Atherton (2007). Reductionism, Rationality and Responsibility: A Discussion of Tim O'Keefe, Epicurus on Freedom. Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie 89 (2):192-230.
    O'Keefe's contention that Epicurus devised the atomic swerve to counter a threat to the efficacy of reason posed by the thesis that the future is fixed regardless of what we do, is not supported by the evidence he adduces. Epicurus' own words in On nature XXV, and testimony from Lucretius and Cicero, tell far more strongly in favour of the traditional view, that Epicurus' concerns were causal determinism and its threat to moral responsiblity for our actions and characters.
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  35. Margaret Atherton (1978). The Relationship Between Autonomy and Rationality in Education. Educational Theory 28 (2):96-101.
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  36. Gary Atkinson (1973). Rationality and Induction. Southwestern Journal of Philosophy 4 (1):93-100.
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  37. Robert Audi (1991). Faith, Belief, and Rationality. Philosophical Perspectives 5:213-239.
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  38. Robert Audi (1985). Rationalization and Rationality. Synthese 65 (2):159 - 184.
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  39. Robert Audi (1983). An Epistemic Conception of Rationality. Social Theory and Practice 9 (2/3):311-334.
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  40. William H. Austin (1972). Paradigms, Rationality, and Partial Communication. Journal for General Philosophy of Science 3 (2):203-218.
    Summary Critics have said that Kuhn's account of scientific revolutions represents them as subjective and irrational processes, in which mystical conversions and community pressures rather than good reasons determine choices between theories. Kuhn rejects the charge, insisting that there is partial communication among proponents of competing paradigm candidates and their arguments are rational though not coercive. The critics reply that in fact Kuhn's position entails total non-communication and irrationality. A Kuhnian account of partial communication is thus necessary. Kuhn's attempt to (...)
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  41. Rod Aya (2001). The Third Man; or, Agency in History; or, Rationality in Revolution. History and Theory 40 (4):143–152.
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  42. Wayne Backman (1983). Practical and Scientific Rationality: A Difficulty for Levi's Epistemology. Synthese 57 (3):269 - 276.
    Traditionally scientific rationality has been distinguished from mere practical rationality. It has seemed that it is sometimes rational to accept statements for the purposes of particular practical deliberations even though it would not be rational to count them as having been confirmed by science. Isaac Levi contends that this traditional view is mistaken. He thinks that there should be a single standard of acceptance for all purposes, scientific and practical. The author contends that Levi has given no good reason for (...)
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  43. Kurt Baier (1988). Rationality, Value, and Preference. Social Philosophy and Policy 5 (02):17-.
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  44. Kurt Baier (1982). The Conceptual Link Between Morality and Rationality. Noûs 16 (1):78-88.
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  45. Kurt Baier (1977). Rationality and Morality. Erkenntnis 11 (1):197 - 223.
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  46. Brian S. Baigrie (1988). Siegel on the Rationality of Science. Philosophy of Science 55 (3):435-441.
    Harvey Siegel's (1985) attempts to revive the traditional epistemological formulation of the rationality of science. Contending that "a general commitment to evidence" is constitutive of method and rationality in science, Siegel advances its compatibility with specific, historically attuned formulations of principles of evidential support as a virtue of his aprioristic candidate for science's rationality. In point of fact, this account is compatible with virtually any formulation of evidential support, which runs afoul of Siegel's claim that scientific beliefs must be evaluated (...)
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  47. Judith Baker (2008). Rationality Without Reasons. Mind 117 (468):763-782.
    This paper challenges the assumption that reasons are intrinsic to rational action. A great many actions are not best understood as ones in which the agent acted for reasons--and yet they can be understood as rational, and as open to rational criticism. The relative paucity of explicit reason-giving, practical arguments in daily life presents a general philosophical problem. It reflects the existence of a class of ways in which reason can regulate action, which goes far beyond producing reasons or applying (...)
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  48. David Bakhurst (2011). The Formation of Reason. Wiley-Blackwell.
    Inspired by the work of the influential philosopher John McDowell, Bakhurst maintains that the distinctive character of human psychological powers resides in ...
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  49. Stephen W. Ball (2003). Robert Audi, The Architecture of Reason: The Structure and Substance of Rationality, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2001, Pp. Vii + 286. Utilitas 15 (01):109-.
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  50. Stephen W. Ball (1995). Gibbard's Evolutionary Theory of Rationality and its Ethical Implications. Biology and Philosophy 10 (2).
    Gibbard''s theory of rationality is evolutionary in terms of its result as well as its underpinning argument. The result is that judgments about what is rational are analyzed as being similar to judgments of morality — in view of what Darwin suggests concerning the latter. According to the Darwinian theory, moral judgments are based on sentiments which evolve to promote the survival and welfare of human societies. On Gibbard''s theory, rationality judgments should be similarly regarded as expressing emotional attachments to (...)
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  51. Nathan Ballantyne & E. J. Coffman (2011). Uniqueness, Evidence, and Rationality. Philosophers' Imprint 11 (18).
    Two theses figure centrally in work on the epistemology of disagreement: Equal Weight (‘EW’) and Uniqueness (‘U’). According to EW, you should give precisely as much weight to the attitude of a disagreeing epistemic peer as you give to your own attitude. U has it that, for any given proposition and total body of evidence, some doxastic attitude is the one the evidence makes rational (justifies) toward that proposition. Although EW has received considerable discussion, the case for U has not (...)
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  52. Alexandru Baltag, Sonja Smets & Jonathan Alexander Zvesper (2009). Keep 'Hoping' for Rationality: A Solution to the Backward Induction Paradox. Synthese 169 (2):301 - 333.
    We formalise a notion of dynamic rationality in terms of a logic of conditional beliefs on (doxastic) plausibility models. Similarly to other epistemic statements (e.g. negations of Moore sentences and of Muddy Children announcements), dynamic rationality changes its meaning after every act of learning, and it may become true after players learn it is false. Applying this to extensive games, we “simulate” the play of a game as a succession of dynamic updates of the original plausibility model: the epistemic situation (...)
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  53. Johannes Balthasar (1985). Critique of Rationality and New Mythologies. Philosophy and History 18 (1):12-13.
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  54. Maya Bar-Hillel & Avishai Margalit (1985). Gideon's Paradox — a Paradox of Rationality. Synthese 63 (2):139 - 155.
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  55. Aron K. Barbey & Steven A. Sloman (2007). Base-Rate Respect: From Ecological Rationality to Dual Processes. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 30 (3):241-254.
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  56. Michael H. Barnes (1997). Mikael Stenmark, Rationality in Science, Religion and Everyday Life: A Critical Evaluation of Four Models of Rationality. International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 42 (3):190-192.
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  57. R. Eric Barnes (1997). Rationality, Dispositions, and the Newcomb Paradox. Philosophical Studies 88 (1):1-28.
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  58. R. Eric Barnes (1997). Constraint Games and the Orthodox Theory of Rationality. Utilitas 9 (03):329-.
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  59. S. B. Barnes (1976). Natural Rationality: A Neglected Concept in the Social Sciences. Philosophy of the Social Sciences 6 (2):115-126.
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  60. David Barnett, Vagueness and Rationality.
    The two standard theories of vagueness—vagueness-as-ignorance and vagueness-asindeterminacy—agree on the following principle: if you are certain that it is clearly vague whether p, then you clearly should not believe p and you clearly should not believe not-p. I argue against the principle, and thus against the two standard theories. I offer an explanation of the initial appeal of the principle. And I show how a rival principle helps to better explain a recalcitrant trio of widely accepted data.
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  61. Jonathan Baron (2002). Rationality and Illusion. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25 (2):252-253.
    Commitment to a pattern of altruism or self-control may indeed be learnable and sometimes rational. Commitment may also result from illusions. In one illusion, people think that their present behavior causes their future behavior, or causes the behavior of others, when really only correlation is present. Another happy illusion is that morality and self-interest coincide, so that altruism appears self-interested.
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  62. Richard Barrett (1994). On Emotion as a Lapse From Rationality. Journal of Moral Education 23 (2):135-143.
    Abstract Robert Solomon, a philosopher noted for arguing the conciliation of reason and emotion, holds that emotions which are a lapse from rationality are unimportant. Their importance is supported here. Emotional habits of discourse, as well as of action, are discussed, unlike in most treatments of reason and emotion. The implication for cognitive and moral education is that the ability to engage in rational discussion, and the discipline to maintain application to difficult tasks, are seen as potentially curtailed by emotional (...)
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  63. W. W. Bartley (1982). The Philosophy of Karl Popper Part III. Rationality, Criticism, and Logic. Philosophia 11 (1-2):121-221.
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  64. Pierfrancesco Basile (2007). Subjectivity, Process, and Rationality (Process Thought, Volume 14). Heusenstamm Bei Frankfurt: Ontos Verlag.
    PROCESS THOUGHT Edited by Nicholas Rescher • Johanna Seibt • Michel Weber Advisory Board Mark Bickhard • Jaime Nubiola • Roberto Poli Volume 14 ...
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  65. David Basinger (1986). The Rationality of Belief in God. The New Scholasticism 60 (2):163-185.
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  66. Margaret P. Battin (1994). Going Early, Going Late: The Rationality of Decisions About Suicide in Aids. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 19 (6).
    Where assistance in suicide is readily available to those dying of AIDS, as in the west coast gay communities of the United States and in the Netherlands, we must examine the different roles of physicians and friends (including lovers, spouses, family members, religious advisors, members of support groups, and intimate others) in helping a person with AIDS decide about and carry out suicide. This paper makes a central assumption: that where assistance in suicide is available, it is the moral obligation (...)
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  67. Robert W. Beard (1967). James and the Rationality of Determinism. Journal of the History of Philosophy 5 (2).
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  68. Monroe Curtis Beardsley (1944). "Rationality" in Conduct: Wallas and Pareto. Ethics 54 (2):79-95.
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  69. Joseph Beatty (1983). The Rationality of the "Original Position": A Defense. Ethics 93 (3):484-495.
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  70. Ansgar Beckermann, Value-Rationality and the Distinction Between Goal-Oriented and Value-Oriented Behavior in Weber.
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  71. Volkert Beekman (2006). Feeling Food: The Rationality of Perception. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 19 (3).
    Regulatory bodies tend to treat people’s emotional responses towards foods as a nuisance for rational opinion-formation and decision-making. This position is thought to be supported by such evidence as: (1) people showing negative emotional responses to the idea of eating meat products from vaccinated livestock; and (2) people showing positive emotional responses to Magnum’s “7 sins” marketing campaign. Such cases are thought to support the idea that regulatory communication about foods should abstract from people’s emotional perceptions and that corporate marketing (...)
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  72. S. I. Benn & G. W. Mortimore (1979). Rationality and the Social Sciences—a Reply to John Kekes. Philosophy of the Social Sciences 9 (2):175-180.
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  73. Patricia Benner (2000). The Roles of Embodiment, Emotion and Lifeworld for Rationality and Agency in Nursing Practice. Nursing Philosophy 1 (1):5-19.
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  74. Bruce Berman (1990). Perfecting the Machine: Instrumental Rationality and the Bureaucratic Ideologies of the State. World Futures 28 (1):141-161.
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  75. José Luis Bermúdez (2000). Rationality, Logic, and Fast and Frugal Heuristics. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23 (5):744-745.
    Gigerenzer and his co-workers make some bold and striking claims about the relation between the fast and frugal heuristics discussed in their book and the traditional norms of rationality provided by deductive logic and probability theory. We are told, for example, that fast and frugal heuristics such as “Take the Best” replace “the multiple coherence criteria stemming from the laws of logic and probability with multiple correspondence criteria relating to real-world decision performance.” This commentary explores just how we should interpret (...)
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  76. José Luis Bermúdez (1999). Rationality and the Backwards Induction Argument. Analysis 59 (4):243–248.
    Many philosophers and game theorists have been struck by the thought that the backward induction argument (BIA) for the finite iterated pris- oner’s dilemma (FIPD) recommends a course of action which is grossly counter-intuitive and certainly contrary to the way in which people behave in real-life FIPD-situations (Luce and Raiffa 1957, Pettit and Sugden 1989, Bovens 1997).1 Yet the backwards induction argument puts itself forward as binding upon rational agents. What are we to conclude from this? Is it that people (...)
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  77. Jose Luis Bermudez (1999). Rationality and the Backwards Induction Argument. Analysis 59 (264):243-248.
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  78. José Luis Bermúdez & Alan Millar (2002). Reason and Nature: Essays in the Theory of Rationality. Oxford University Press.
    The essays in this volume investigate the norms of reason--the standards which contribute to determining whether beliefs, inferences, and actions are rational. Nine philosophers and two psychologists discuss what kinds of things these norms are, how they can be situated within the natural world, and what role they play in the psychological explanation of belief and action. Current work in the theory of rationality is subject to very diverse influences ranging from experimental and theoretical psychology, through philosophy of logic and (...)
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  79. Edward Berryman (2005). Belief, Apparitions, and Rationality: The Social Scientific Study of Religion After Wittgenstein. Human Studies 28 (1):15 - 39.
    The goal I pursue is to redefine the study of religious epistemology on the basis of an ethnomethodological extension of Wittgenstein. This approach shows that the nature of religious belief and its relation to facts, proofs, and empirical reality are matters that are dealt with by ordinary members of society. The examination of this lay epistemology reveals that – far from being a settled and established entity – religious belief is a polymorphous phenomenon. Religious belief is a pragmatic resource whose (...)
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  80. Enrico Berti (2003). Practical Rationality and Technical Rationality. Poznan Studies in the Philosophy of the Sciences and the Humanities 81 (1):249-254.
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  81. Ryan Bevan (2009). Expanding Rationality: The Relation Between Epistemic Virtue and Critical Thinking. Educational Theory 59 (2):167-179.
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  82. V. K. Bharadwaja (1984). Rationality, Argumentation and Embarrassment: A Study of Four Logical Alternatives (Catuṣkoṭi) in Buddhist Logic. Philosophy East and West 34 (3):303-319.
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  83. Nikhil Bhattacharya (1978). Popper's Theory of Rationality in Science. Southern Journal of Philosophy 16 (3):139-153.
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  84. Cristina Bicchieri (1990). Paradoxes of Rationality. Midwest Studies in Philosophy 15 (1):65-79.
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  85. Cristina Bicchieri (1987). Rationality and Predictability in Economics. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 38 (4):501-513.
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  86. Cristina Bicchieri & Gian Aldo Antonelli (1995). Game-Theoretic Axioms for Local Rationality and Bounded Knowledge. Journal of Logic, Language and Information 4 (2).
    We present an axiomatic approach for a class of finite, extensive form games of perfect information that makes use of notions like rationality at a node and knowledge at a node. We distinguish between the game theorist's and the players' own theory of the game. The latter is a theory that is sufficient for each player to infer a certain sequence of moves, whereas the former is intended as a justification of such a sequence of moves. While in general the (...)
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  87. Shlomo Biderman & Ben-Ami Scharfstein (1989). Rationality in Question: On Eastern and Western Views of Rationality. E.J. Brill.
    Rationality and Logic J. Kekes i It is a basic assumption of the Western intellectual and moral tradition that rationality is a central value. ...
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  88. Jacques Bidet (2007). Foucault and Liberalism: Rationality, Revolution, Resistance. Critical Horizons 8 (1):78-95.
    In 1978 and 1979, the concept of governmentality was introduced by Foucault in his lectures at the Collège de France. Foucault finds the genealogical origin of this concept in the Christian figure of the shepherd. From this starting-point, he then embarks on a eulogy of liberalism, in stark contrast to the Marxist critique of political economy. These two grand narratives of modern liberalism differ markedly in their political and philosophical presuppositions. The latter, rooted in the tradition of natural law, is (...)
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  89. Stefan Bird-Pollan (2011). Rousseau's Theodicy of Self-Love: Evil, Rationality, and the Drive for Recognition. Journal of Moral Philosophy 8 (2):293-295.
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  90. Fernando Birman (2009). On the Rationality of Decisions with Unreliable Probabilities. Disputatio 26 (3):97-116.
    The standard Bayesian recipe for selecting the rational choice is presented. A familiar example in which the recipe fails to produce any definite result is introduced. It is argued that a generalization of Gärdenfors’ and Sahlin’s theory of unreliable probabilities — which itself does not guarantee a solution to the problem — offers the best available approach. But a number of challenges to this approach are also presented and discussed.
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  91. Jeffrey P. Bishop (2004). Modern Liberalism, Female Circumcision, and the Rationality of Traditions. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 29 (4):473 – 497.
    Tolerance is at the heart of Western liberalism, permitting mutually exclusive ideas and practices to coexist peacefully with one another, without the proponents of the differing ideas and practices killing one another. Yet, nothing challenges tolerance like the practice of sunna, female circumcision, clitorectomy, or genital mutilation. In this essay, I critique the Western critics of the practices, not in order to defend these practices, but rather to show that Western liberalism itself does not offer transcultural and transtemporal principles, for (...)
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  92. Oliver Black (1994). Ends, Desires, and Rationality. International Philosophical Quarterly 34 (1):75-88.
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  93. Kathryn Blackmond Laskey, Bruce D'Ambrosio, Tod S. Levitt & Suzanne Mahoney (2000). Limited Rationality in Action: Decision Support for Military Situation Assessment. Minds and Machines 10 (1):53-77.
    Information is a force multiplier. Knowledge of the enemy's capability and intentions may be of far more value to a military force than additional troops or firepower. Situation assessment is the ongoing process of inferring relevant information about the forces of concern in a military situation. Relevant information can include force types, firepower, location, and past, present and future course of action. Situation assessment involves the incorporation of uncertain evidence from diverse sources. These include photographs, radar scans, and other forms (...)
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  94. Jeffrey Bloechl (1998). The Virtue of History: Alasdair Maclntyre and the Rationality of Narrative. Philosophy and Social Criticism 24 (1):43-61.
    Maclntyre's critique of modern moral theory is supported by a theory of narrative in turn premised on a discontinuous reading of history. Thought through to the end, historical discontinuity redefines objectivity according to the rules of the particular context in which it appears. This claim both founds Maclntyre's intervention in moral debate and troubles that intervention from within. Against his opponents, he claims to have the argument most in accord with the rules of our context; Maclntyre's narra tivity is thus (...)
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  95. Fred H. Blum (1959). Max Weber: The Man of Politics and the Man Dedicated to Objectivity and Rationality. Ethics 70 (1):1-20.
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  96. James Bohman (2000). "When Water Chokes": Ideology, Communication, and Practical Rationality. Constellations 7 (3):382-392.
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  97. James Bohman & Terrence Kelly (1996). Intelligibility, Rationality and Comparison: The Rationality Debates Revisited. Philosophy and Social Criticism 22 (1):81-100.
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  98. Friedel Bolle (1981). Comments on Dynamic Decision-Making: Is There a Conflict Between Rationality and Efficiency? Erkenntnis 16 (1):131 - 136.
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  99. Giacomo Bonanno (2008). A Syntactic Approach to Rationality in Games with Ordinal Payoffs. In Giacomo Bonanno, Wiebe van der Hoek & Michael Wooldridge (eds.), Logic and the Foundations of Game and Decision Theory. Amsterdam University Press.
    We consider strategic-form games with ordinal payoffs and provide a syntactic analysis of common belief/knowledge of rationality, which we define axiomatically. Two axioms are considered. The first says that a player is irrational if she chooses a particular strategy while believing that another strategy is better. We show that common belief of this weak notion of rationality characterizes the iterated deletion of pure strategies that are strictly dominated by pure strategies. The second axiom says that a player is irrational if (...)
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  100. Giacomo Bonanno (1995). Review of Cristina Bicchieri's Rationality and Coordination. Economics and Philosophy 11 (2):359-366.
    In her book Rationality and coordination (Cambridge University Press, 1994) Cristina Bicchieri brings together (and adds to) her own contributions to game theory and the philosophy of economics published in various journals in the period 1987-1992. The book, however, is not a collection of separate articles but rather a homogeneous unit organized around some central themes in the foundations of non-cooperative game theory. Bicchieri’s exposition is admirably clear and well organized. Somebody with a good knowledge of game theory would probably (...)
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