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  • Scott Aaronson, Evolution of Mutating Software.
    We propose using random walks in software space as abstract formal models of biological evolution. The goal is to shed light on biological creativity using toy models of evolution that are simple enough to prove theorems about them. We consider two models: a single mutating piece of software, and a population of mutating software. The fitness function is taken from a well known problem in computability theory that requires an unlimited amount of creativity, the Busy Beaver problem. (Talk given Friday (...)
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  • Andoni Alonso & Carl Mitcham (2004). Software Libre 2004. Ethics and Information Technology 6 (1).
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  • Kanika Tandon Bhal & Nivedita D. Leekha (2008). Exploring Cognitive Moral Logics Using Grounded Theory: The Case of Software Piracy. Journal of Business Ethics 81 (3).
    The article reports findings of a study conducted to explore the cognitive moral logics used for considering software piracy as ethical or unethical. Since the objective was to elicit the moral logics from the respondents, semi-structured in-depth interviews of 38 software professionals of India were conducted. The content of the interviews was analyzed using the grounded theory framework which does not begin with constructs and their interlinkages and then seek proof instead it begins with an area of study and allows (...)
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  • Ned Block (1995). The Mind as the Software of the Brain. In Daniel N. Osherson, Lila Gleitman, Stephen M. Kosslyn, S. Smith & Saadya Sternberg (eds.), An Invitation to Cognitive Science. MIT Press.
    In this section, we will start with an influential attempt to define `intelligence', and then we will move to a consideration of how human intelligence is to be investigated on the machine model. The last part of the section will discuss the relation between the mental and the biological.
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  • Selmer Bringsjord, The Irrationality of the Free Software Movement.
    Approximately 48 hours ago, knowing that I would, Lord willing, be stand- ing here on this podium two days hence, I tapped http://www.fsf.org into Safari in order to begin learning at least something about the Free Software Movement (FSM). My online education has been augmented by many propo- nents of FSM in attendance at this conference, including Richard Stallman. What I have learned is that this movement is populated by a lot of seem- ingly well-intentioned people who are, at least (...)
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  • Mei-Fang Chen, Ching-Ti Pan & Ming-Chuan Pan (2009). The Joint Moderating Impact of Moral Intensity and Moral Judgment on Consumer's Use Intention of Pirated Software. Journal of Business Ethics 90 (3).
    Moral issues have been included in the studies of consumer misbehavior research, but little is known about the joint moderating effect of moral intensity and moral judgment on the consumer’s use intention of pirated software. This study aims to understand the consumer’s use intention of pirated software in Taiwan based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) proposed by Ajzen (Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179, 1991). In addition, moral intensity and moral judgment are adopted as a joint (...)
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  • Hung-Chang Chiu, Yi-Ching Hsieh & Mei-Chien Wang (2008). How to Encourage Customers to Use Legal Software. Journal of Business Ethics 80 (3).
    This study attempts to identify customer retention strategies for legal software and discusses their effectiveness for three consumer groups (stayers, dissatisfied switchers, and satisfied switchers). Although previous studies propose several antipirating strategies, they do not discuss how to enhance customer intentions to use legal software, which is crucial for software companies. The authors provide four generic retention strategies developed from both antipiracy and customer loyalty literature. The results indicate lower-pricing, legal, communication, and product strategies all enhance customer purchase intentions toward (...)
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  • Chong Ju Choi, Sae Won Kim & Shui Yu (2009). Global Ethics of Collective Internet Governance: Intrinsic Motivation and Open Source Software. Journal of Business Ethics 90 (4).
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  • Samir Chopra, A Comparative Ethical Assessment of Free Software Licensing Schemes.
    Software is much more than sequences of instructions for a computing machine: it can be an enabler (or disabler) of political imperatives and policies. Hence, it is subject to the same assessment in a normative dimension as other political and social phenomena. The core distinction between free software and its proprietary counterpart is that free software makes available to its user the knowledge and innovation contributed by the creator(s) of the software, in the form of the created source code. From (...)
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  • Samir Chopra & Scott Dexter, Decoding Liberation: The Promise of Free and Open Source Software.
    Routledge (New Media and Cyberculture Series), July 2007.
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  • Samir Chopra & Scott Dexter (2009). The Freedoms of Software and its Ethical Uses. Ethics and Information Technology 11 (4).
    The “free” in “free software” refers to a cluster of four specific freedoms identified by the Free Software Definition. The first freedom, termed “Freedom Zero,” intends to protect the right of the user to deploy software in whatever fashion, towards whatever end, he or she sees fit. But software may be used to achieve ethically questionable ends. This highlights a tension in the provision of software freedoms: while the definition explicitly forbids direct restrictions on users’ freedoms, it does not address (...)
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  • L. Jonathan Cohen (1987). A Note on the Evolutionary Theory of Software Development. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 38 (3):381-384.
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  • Timothy R. Colburn (1998). Information Modeling Aspects of Software Development. Minds and Machines 8 (3).
    The distinction between the modeling of information and the modeling of data in the creation of automated systems has historically been important because the development tools available to programmers have been wedded to machine oriented data types and processes. However, advances in software engineering, particularly the move toward data abstraction in software design, allow activities reasonably described as information modeling to be performed in the software creation process. An examination of the evolution of programming languages and development of general programming (...)
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  • Timothy Paul Cronan & Sulaiman Al-Rafee (2008). Factors That Influence the Intention to Pirate Software and Media. Journal of Business Ethics 78 (4).
    This study focuses on one of the newer forms of software piracy, known as digital piracy, and uses the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) as a framework to attempt to determine factors that influence digital piracy (the illegal copying/downloading of copyrighted software and media files). This study examines factors, which could determine an individual’s intention to pirate digital material (software, media, etc.). Past piracy behavior and moral obligation, in addition to the prevailing theories of behavior (Theory of Planned Behavior), were (...)
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  • Jan De Winter (forthcoming). Explanations in Software Engineering: The Pragmatic Point of View. Minds and Machines.
    This article reveals that explanatory practice in software engineering is in accordance with pragmatic explanatory pluralism, which states that explanations should at least partially be evaluated by their practical use. More specifically, I offer a defense of the idea that several explanation-types are legitimate in software engineering, and that the appropriateness of an explanation-type depends on (a) the engineer’s interests, and (b) the format of the explanation-seeking question he asks, with this format depending on his interests. This idea is defended (...)
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  • Behrouz Homayoun Far & Romi Satria Wahono (2003). Cognitive-Decision-Making Issues for Software Agents. Brain and Mind 4 (2).
    Rational decision making depends on what one believes, what one desires, and what one knows. In conventional decision models, beliefs are represented by probabilities and desires are represented by utilities. Software agents are knowledgeable entities capable of managing their own set of beliefs and desires, and they can decide upon the next operation to execute autonomously. They are also interactive entities capable of filtering communications and managing dialogues. Knowledgeability includes representing knowledge about the external world, reasoning with it, and sharing (...)
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  • Gene Fendt (2003). Hippias Major, Version 1.0: Software for Post-Colonial, Multicultural Technology Systems. Journal of Philosophy of Education 37 (1):89–99.
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  • Stan Franklin, Conscious Software: A Computational View of Mind.
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  • Stan Franklin, Action Selection and Language Generation in "Conscious" Software Agents.
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  • Stan Franklin & Art Graesser (1999). A Software Agent Model of Consciousness. Consciousness And Cognition 8 (3):285-301.
    Baars (1988, 1997) has proposed a psychological theory of consciousness, called global workspace theory. The present study describes a software agent implementation of that theory, called ''Conscious'' Mattie (CMattie). CMattie operates in a clerical domain from within a UNIX operating system, sending messages and interpreting messages in natural language that organize seminars at a university. CMattie fleshes out global workspace theory with a detailed computational model that integrates contemporary architectures in cognitive science and artificial intelligence. Baars (1997) lists the psychological (...)
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  • Don Gotterbarn (1999). Not All Codes Are Created Equal: The Software Engineering Code of Ethics, a Success Story. Journal of Business Ethics 22 (1).
    There has been a transition in the way software developers work. Mistakes in software have been treated as "normal" occurrences. "All software has bugs." However, software engineering is an emerging profession which as a profession has now said that a caviler approach to software errors is unacceptable. They have asserted a very strong ethical position in the Software Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional Practice, a position which mandates concern for all those affected by their work. The Code has several (...)
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  • Don Gotterbarn (1998). The Uniqueness of Software Errors and Their Impact on Global Policy. Science and Engineering Ethics 4 (3).
    The types of errors that emerge in the development and maintenance of software are essentially different from the types of errors that emerge in the development and maintenance of engineered hardware products. There is a set of standard responses to actual and potential hardware errors, including: engineering ethics codes, engineering practices, corporate policies and laws. The essential characteristics of software errors require new ethical, policy, and legal approaches to the development of software in the global arena.
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  • Pola B. Gupta, Stephen J. Gould & Bharath Pola (2004). “To Pirate or Not to Pirate”: A Comparative Study of the Ethical Versus Other Influences on the Consumer's Software Acquisition-Mode Decision. Journal of Business Ethics 55 (3).
    Consumers of software often face an acquisition-mode decision, namely whether to purchase or pirate that software. In terms of consumer welfare, consumers who pirate software may stand in opposition to those who purchase it. Marketers also face a decision whether to attempt to thwart that piracy or to ignore, if not encourage it as an aid to their softwares diffusion, and policymakers face the decision whether to adopt interventionist policies, which are government-centric, or laissez faire policies, which are marketer-centric. Here (...)
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  • Vincent Hendricks, Axioms of Distinction in Social Software.
    ‘Over a ten year period starting in the mid 90’s I became convinced that all these topics –game theory, economic design, voting theory –belonged to a common area which I called Social Software.’ — Rohit Parikh, [Parikh 05]: p. 252..
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  • Benjamin Mako Hill (2008). Samir Chopra, Scott D. Dexter, Decoding Liberation: The Promise of Free and Open Source Software. Minds and Machines 18 (2).
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  • Jane L. Hsu & Charlene W. Shiue (2008). Consumers' Willingness to Pay for Non-Pirated Software. Journal of Business Ethics 81 (4).
    This study analyzed consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for non-pirated computer software and examined how attitudes toward intellectual property rights and perceived risk affect WTPs. Two commonly used software products, Microsoft Windows and Microsoft Office, were used in the study as objects to reveal consumer assessed values. A consumer survey was administered in Taiwan and the total valid samples were 799. Respondents in this study included students from senior high schools, colleges, and graduate schools, and general consumers who were no (...)
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  • Gordon Hull (2009). Overblocking Autonomy: The Case of Mandatory Library Filtering Software. Continental Philosophy Review 42 (1).
    In U.S. v. American Library Association (2003), the Supreme Court upheld the Child Internet Protection Act (CIPA), which mandated that libraries receiving federal funding for public Internet access install content-filtering programs on computers which provide that access. These programs analyze incoming content, and block the receipt of objectionable material, in particular pornography. Thus, patrons at public libraries are protected from unintentionally (or intentionally) accessing objectionable material, and, in the case of minors, from accessing potentially damaging material. At least, that is (...)
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  • Bryan W. Husted (2000). The Impact of National Culture on Software Piracy. Journal of Business Ethics 26 (3).
    This paper examines the impact of the level of economic development, income inequality, and five cultural variables on the rate of software piracy at the country level. The study finds that software piracy is significantly correlated to GNP per capita, income inequality, and individualism. Implications for anti-piracy programs and suggestions for future research are developed.
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  • Lucas D. Introna (2007). Singular Justice and Software Piracy. Business Ethics 16 (3):264–277.
    This paper assumes that the purpose of ethics is to open up a space for the possibility of moral conduct in the flow of everyday life. If this is the case then we can legitimately ask: "How then do we do ethics"? To attempt an answer to this important question, the paper presents some suggestions from the work of Emmanuel Levinas and Jacques Derrida. With Levinas, it is argued that ethics happens in the singularity of the face of the Other (...)
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  • Michael Kohlhase, Towards Mkm in the Large: Modular Representation and Scalable Software Architecture.
    MKM has been defined as the quest for technologies to manage mathematical knowledge. MKM “in the small” is well-studied, so the real problem is to scale up to large, highly interconnected corpora: “MKM in the large”. We contend that advances in two areas are needed to reach this goal. We need representation languages that support incremental processing of all primitive MKM operations, and we need software architectures and implementations that implement these operations scalably on large knowledge bases. We present instances (...)
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  • Nicholas Kushmerick (1997). Software Agents and Their Bodies. Minds and Machines 7 (2):227-247.
    Within artificial intelligence and the philosophy of mind,there is considerable disagreement over the relationship between anagent's body and its capacity for intelligent behavior. Some treatthe body as peripheral and tangential to intelligence; others arguethat embodiment and intelligence are inextricably linked. Softwareagents–-computer programs that interact with software environmentssuch as the Internet–-provide an ideal context in which to studythis tension. I develop a computational framework for analyzingembodiment. The framework generalizes the notion of a body beyondmerely having a physical presence. My analysis sheds (...)
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  • Edward Lee (2005). The Ethics of Innovation: P2p Software Developers and Designing Substantial Noninfringing Uses Under the Sony Doctrine. Journal of Business Ethics 62 (2).
    This essay explores the controversy over peer-to-peer (p2p) software, examining the legal and ethical dimensions of allowing software companies to develop p2p technologies. It argues that, under the Supreme Court’s ruling in the Sony betamax case, technology developers must be accorded the freedom to innovate and develop technologies that are capable of substantial noninfringing uses. This doctrine, known as the Sony doctrine, provides an important safe harbor for technological development, including p2p. The safe harbor, however, does not immunize conduct beyond (...)
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  • Chechen Liao, Hong-Nan Lin & Yu-Ping Liu (2010). Predicting the Use of Pirated Software: A Contingency Model Integrating Perceived Risk with the Theory of Planned Behavior. Journal of Business Ethics 91 (2).
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  • Jeanne M. Logsdon, Judith Kenner Thompson & Richard A. Reid (1994). Software Piracy: Is It Related to Level of Moral Judgment? Journal of Business Ethics 13 (11).
    The possible relationship between widespread unauthorized copying of microcomputer software (also known as software piracy) and level of moral judgment is examined through analysis of over 350 survey questionnaires that included the Defining Issues Test as a measure of moral development. It is hypothesized that the higher one''s level of moral judgment, the less likely that one will approve of or engage in unauthorized copying. Analysis of the data indicate a high level of tolerance toward unauthorized copying and limited support (...)
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  • Derrick Mandy Northover, Andrew Boake G. Kourie & Alan Northover Stefan Gruner (2008). Towards a Philosophy of Software Development: 40 Years After the Birth of Software Engineering. Journal for General Philosophy of Science 39 (1).
    Over the past four decades, software engineering has emerged as a discipline in its own right, though it has roots both in computer science and in classical engineering. Its philosophical foundations and premises are not yet well understood. In recent times, members of the software engineering community have started to search for such foundations. In particular, the philosophies of Kuhn and Popper have been used by philosophically-minded software engineers in search of a deeper understanding of their discipline. It seems, however, (...)
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  • Keith Miller (1998). Software Informed Consent: Docete Emptorem, Not Caveat Emptor. Science and Engineering Ethics 4 (3).
    Should software be sold “as is”, totally guaranteed, or something else? This paper suggests that “informed consent”, used extensively in medical ethics, is an appropriate way to envision the buyer/developer relationship when software is sold. We review why the technical difficulties preclude delivering perfect software, but allow statistical predictions about reliability. Then we borrow principles refined by medical ethics and apply them to computer professionals.
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  • Carl Mitcham (2009). Convivial Software: An End-User Perspective on Free and Open Source Software. Ethics and Information Technology 11 (4).
    The free and open source software (Foss) movement deserves to be placed in an historico-ethical perspective that emphasizes the end user. Such an emphasis is able to enhance and support the Foss movement by arguing the ways it is heir to a tradition of professional ethical idealism and potentially related to important issues in the history of science, technology, and society relations. The focus on software from an end-user’s perspective also leads to the concept of program conviviality. From a non-technical (...)
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  • Trevor T. Moores (2008). An Analysis of the Impact of Economic Wealth and National Culture on the Rise and Fall of Software Piracy Rates. Journal of Business Ethics 81 (1).
    A number of studies have investigated and found a significant relationship among economic wealth, Hofstede’s national culture dimensions, and software piracy rates (SPR). No study, however, has examined the relationship between economic wealth, culture, and the fact that national SPRs have been declining steadily since 1994. Using a larger sample than has previously been available (57 countries), we confirm the expected negative relationship between economic wealth, culture (individualism and masculinity) and levels of software piracy. The rate of decline in software (...)
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  • Mandy Northover, Derrick G. Kourie, Andrew Boake, Stefan Gruner & Alan Northover (2008). Towards a Philosophy of Software Development: 40 Years After the Birth of Software Engineering. Journal for General Philosophy of Science 39 (1).
    Over the past four decades, software engineering has emerged as a discipline in its own right, though it has roots both in computer science and in classical engineering. Its philosophical foundations and premises are not yet well understood. In recent times, members of the software engineering community have started to search for such foundations. In particular, the philosophies of Kuhn and Popper have been used by philosophically-minded software engineers in search of a deeper understanding of their discipline. It seems, however, (...)
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  • Rohit Parikh (2002). Social Software. Synthese 132 (3).
    We suggest that the issue of constructing andverifying social procedures, which we suggestively call socialsoftware, be pursued as systematically as computer software is pursued by computer scientists. Certain complications do arise withsocial software which do not arise with computer software, but thesimilarities are nonetheless strong, and tools already exist which wouldenable us to start work on this important project. We give a variety ofsuggestive examples and indicate some theoretical work which alreadyexists.
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  • David Lorge Parnas (1995). A Logic for Describing, Not Verifying, Software. Erkenntnis 43 (3).
    An important perquisite for verification of the correctness of software is the ability to write mathematically precise documents that can be read by practitioners and advanced users. Without such documents, we won't know what properties we should verify. Tabular expressions, in which predicate expressions may appear, have been found useful for this purpose. We frequently use partial functions in our tabular documentation. Conventional interpretations of expressions that describe predicates are not appropriate for our application because they do not deal with (...)
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  • Ian Phau & James Ng (forthcoming). Predictors of Usage Intentions of Pirated Software. Journal of Business Ethics.
    The purpose of this study is to investigate the salient factors influencing consumers’ attitudes and usage intentions towards pirated software. Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour, this study investigates the relationships between three sets of factors, i.e. personal, social and perceived behavioural control onto attitudes towards pirated software. Through a multiple regression, only personal factors have shown significant relationship with attitudes towards software piracy. Further results from this study have supported that favourable attitudes towards pirated software is likely to result (...)
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  • Gualtiero Piccinini, The Mind as Neural Software.
    In this paper, I give a novel formulation of computational functionalism, based on the view that a piece of software is a particular component of a computer. (Specifically, a piece of software is a component whose function is to control the computer’s behavior.) I argue that my formulation of computational functionalism is philosophically more satisfactory than the standard formulation, because (i) it is faithful to our ordinary notions of hardware and software, thereby vindicating the original motivation of computational functionalism, and (...)
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  • Václav Rajlich (2003). Case Studies of Constructivist Comprehension in Software Engineering. Brain and Mind 4 (2).
    Program comprehension is an essential part of software engineering. The paper describes the constructivist theory of comprehension, a process based on assimilation and accommodation of knowledge. Assimilation means that the new facts are either added to the existing knowledge or rejected. Accommodation means that the existing knowledge is reorganized in order to absorb new facts. These processes are illustrated by case studies of knowledge-level reengineering of a legacy program and of incremental change. In both cases, we constructed preliminary knowledge from (...)
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  • Christopher Robertson, K. M. Gilley & William F. Crittenden (2008). Trade Liberalization, Corruption, and Software Piracy. Journal of Business Ethics 78 (4).
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  • Maribel Romero, The Penn Lambda Calculator: Pedagogical Software for Natural Language Semantics.
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  • Richard Rorty (2004). The Brain as Hardware, Culture as Software. Inquiry 47 (3):219-235.
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  • James F. Ross, The Fate of the Analysts: Aristotle's Revenge*: Software Everywhere.
    SUMMARY: If you think of analytic philosophy as disciplined argumentation, but with distinctive doctrinal commitments [to: positivism, logical atomism, ideal languages, verificationism, physicalistic reductionism, materialism, functionalism, connectivism, computational accounts of perception, and inductive accounts of language learning], then THAT analytic philosophy is fast going the way of acid rock and the plastic LP. Not because the method has betrayed the doctrines. Rather, the doctrines disintegrate under the method.
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  • Giovanni Sartor (2009). Cognitive Automata and the Law: Electronic Contracting and the Intentionality of Software Agents. Artificial Intelligence and Law 17 (4).
    I shall argue that software agents can be attributed cognitive states, since their behaviour can be best understood by adopting the intentional stance. These cognitive states are legally relevant when agents are delegated by their users to engage, without users’ review, in choices based on their the agents’ own knowledge. Consequently, both with regard to torts and to contracts, legal rules designed for humans can also be applied to software agents, even though the latter do not have rights and duties (...)
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  • Ronald R. Sims, Hsing K. Cheng & Hildy Teegen (1996). Toward a Profile of Student Software Piraters. Journal of Business Ethics 15 (8).
    Efforts to counter software piracy are an increasing focus of software publishers. This study attempts to develop a profile of those who illegally copy software by looking at undergraduate and graduate students and the extent to which they pirate software. The data indicate factors that can be used to profile the software pirater. In particular, males were found to pirate software more frequently than females and older students more than younger students, based on self-reporting.
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