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Specific Expressions

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  1. Dorit Abusch (1997). Sequence of Tense and Temporal de Re. Linguistics and Philosophy 20 (1):1-50.
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  2. AlexOliver & TimothySmiley (2001). Strategies for a Logic of Plurals. Philosophical Quarterly 51 (204):289–306.
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  3. Luis Alonso-Ovalle, Spanish de-Clauses Are Not Always in the Right Mood.
    The benchmark theory of conditionals maintains that conditionals quantify over a contextually restricted domain of worlds (Kratzer 1991). They are modal statements. The antecedent contributes to the interpretation of the whole conditional a proposition, a set of worlds. Conditionals quantify over a contextually restricted domain of worlds in which the proposition that the antecedent expresses is true. This is all antecedents do. In particular, the semantic import of its tense and mood inflection is neglected: it is - at most - (...)
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  4. Ron Artstein (2005). Quantificational Arguments in Temporal Adjunct Clauses. Linguistics and Philosophy 28 (5):541 - 597.
    Quantificational arguments can take scope outside of temporal adjunct clauses, in an apparent violation of locality restrictions: the sentence few secretaries cried after each executive resigned allows the quantificational NP each executive to take scope above few secretaries. I show how this scope relation is the result of local operations: the adjunct clause is a temporal generalized quantifier which takes scope over the main clause (Pratt and Francez, Linguistic and Philosophy 24(2), 187–222. [2001]), and within the adjunct clause, the quantificational (...)
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  5. Ron Artstein & Nissim Francez (2006). Plurality and Temporal Modification. Linguistics and Philosophy 29 (3):251 - 276.
    A semantics with plural entitles and plural times accounts for cumulative relations between plural arguments and temporal expressions. The semantics equips nominal, verbal and sentential meanings with temporal context variables and treats temporal modifiers as temporal generalized quantifiers; cumulative conjunction, however, takes place at types lower than generalized quantifiers. The mediation of temporal context variables allows cumulative relations to percolate between an argument in a main clause and one in a temporal clause, in apparent violation of locality restrictions. Plural times (...)
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  6. Nicholas Asher, Ambiguity and Anaphora with Plurals in Discourse.
    We provide examples of plurals related to ambiguity and anaphora that pose problems or are counterexamples for current approaches to plurals. We then propose a dynamic semantics based on an extension of dynamic predicate logic (DPL+) to handle these examples. On our theory, different readings of sentences or discourses containing plurals don’t arise from a postulated ambiguity of plural terms or predicates applying to plural DPs, but follow rather from different types of dynamic transitions that manipulate inputs and outputs from (...)
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  7. Nicholas Asher & Daniel Bonevac (1987). Determiners and Resource Situations. Linguistics and Philosophy 10 (4):567 - 596.
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  8. Jay David Atlas (1977). Negation, Ambiguity, and Presupposition. Linguistics and Philosophy 1 (3):321 - 336.
    In this paper I argue for the Atlas-Kempson Thesis that sentences of the form The A is not B are not ambiguous but rather semantically general (Quine), non-specific (Zwicky and Sadock), or vague (G. Lakoff). This observation refutes the 1970 Davidson-Harman hypothesis that underlying structures, as full semantic representations, are logical forms. It undermines the conception of semantical presupposition, removes a support for the existence of truth-value gaps for presuppositional sentences (the remaining arguments for which are viciously circular), and lifts (...)
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  9. Johan Auwera (1993). 'Already' and 'Still': Beyond Duality. Linguistics and Philosophy 16 (6):613 - 653.
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  10. Edward W. Averill (1980). Why Are Colour Terms Primarily Used as Adjectives? Philosophical Quarterly 30 (January):19-33.
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  11. Mark Baker, On Gerunds and the Theory of Categories.
    Some recent theories of gerunds account for their hybrid properties by saying that the gerund is both a noun and a verb simultaneously. Such theories are inconsistent with the Reference-Predication Constraint (RPC), a cornerstone of Baker’s (2003) theory of lexical categories. In contrast, I defend the traditional idea that gerunds are fusions of a true verb and a syntactically distinct nominal Infl. Moreover, I give new evidence in favor of the RPC, showing how it explains the fact that nominal gerunds (...)
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  12. Stephen J. Barker (1994). The Consequent-Entailment Problem Foreven If. Linguistics and Philosophy 17 (3):249 - 260.
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  13. Sigrid Beck (2000). The Semantics of Different: Comparison Operator and Relational Adjective. Linguistics and Philosophy 23 (2):101-139.
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  14. Jonathan Bennett (1994). The “Namely” Analysis of the “by”-Locution. Linguistics and Philosophy 17 (1):29 - 51.
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  15. Jonathan Bennett (1982). Even If. Linguistics and Philosophy 5 (3):403 - 418.
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  16. Paul Berckmans (1993). The Quantifier Theory Ofeven. Linguistics and Philosophy 16 (6):589 - 611.
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  17. Andrea Bonomi (2002). Peter Ludlow, Semantics, Tense and Time, an Essay in the Metaphysics of Natural Language. Linguistics and Philosophy 25 (1):81-95.
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  18. Denis Bouchard (1987). A Few Remarks on Past Participle Agreement. Linguistics and Philosophy 10 (4):449 - 474.
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  19. Martin D. S. Braine (1979). On Some Claims Aboutif-Then. Linguistics and Philosophy 3 (1):35 - 47.
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  20. Michael K. Brame (1977). Alternatives to the Tensed S and Specified Subject Conditions. Linguistics and Philosophy 1 (3):381 - 411.
    The original evidence advanced to support the Tensed S Condition (TSC) and the Specified Subject Condition (SSC) in Chomsky's Conditions on Transformations is reconsidered and viable alternatives to these constraints are provided. It is shown that TSC and SSC, in some instances, lead to a loss of linguistically significant generalization. Satisfactory alternatives can account for the relevant range of data and provide a more general account of additional data. Finally, counterevidence to Subjacency and Superiority is adduced, but explicit alternatives to (...)
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  21. C. Brisson (2003). Plurals, All, and the Nonuniformity of Collective Predication. Linguistics and Philosophy 26 (2):129-184.
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  22. Berit Brogaard (2008). The Trivial Argument for Epistemic Value Pluralism. Or How I Learned to Stop Caring About Truth. In Adrian Haddock, Alan Millar & D. Pritchard (eds.), Epistemic Value. Oxford University Press.
    Relativism offers a nifty way of accommodating most of our intuitions about epistemic modals, predicates of personal taste, color expressions, future contingents, and conditionals. But in spite of its manifest merits relativism is squarely at odds with epistemic value monism: the view that truth is the highest epistemic goal. I will call the argument from relativism to epistemic value pluralism the trivial argument for epistemic value pluralism. After formulating the argument, I will look at three possible ways to refute it. (...)
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  23. Berit Brogaard (2007). Number Words and Ontological Commitment. Philosophical Quarterly 57 (226):1–20.
    With the aid of some results from current linguistic theory I examine a recent anti-Fregean line with respect to hybrid talk of numbers and ordinary things, such as ‘the number of moons of Jupiter is four’. I conclude that the anti-Fregean line with respect to these sentences is indefensible.
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  24. Noel Burton-Roberts (1984). Modality and Implicature. Linguistics and Philosophy 7 (2):181 - 206.
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  25. Elisabeth Camp & John Hawthorne (2008). Sarcastic 'Like': A Case Study in the Interface of Syntax and Semantics. Noûs 42 (1):1 - 21.
    The expression ‘Like’ has a wide variety of uses among English and American speakers. It may describe preference, as in (1) She likes mint chip ice cream. It may be used as a vehicle of comparison, as in (2) Trieste is like Minsk on steroids.
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  26. Greg N. Carlson (1979). Generics and Atemporalwhen. Linguistics and Philosophy 3 (1):49 - 98.
    Beginning with analyses of English generic sentences and English plural indefinite noun phrases (e.g.dogs), we proceed to apply mechanisms there motivated to a characterization of atemporalwhen, a sense ofwhen which does not appear to involve time. Dealt with are such examples as Dogs are intelligent when they have blue eyes, and their relationships to examples like Dogs that have blue eyes are intelligent. The proposed treatment of atemporalwhen helps motivate the existence of a generic verb phrase operator in English, as (...)
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  27. Greg N. Carlson (1977). A Unified Analysis of the English Bare Plural. Linguistics and Philosophy 1 (3):413 - 456.
    It is argued that the English bare plural (an NP with plural head that lacks a determiner), in spite of its apparently diverse possibilities of interpretation, is optimally represented in the grammar as a unified phenomenon. The chief distinction to be dealt with is that between the generic use of the bare plural (as in Dogs bark) and its existential or indefinite plural use (as in He threw oranges at Alice). The difference between these uses is not to be accounted (...)
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  28. Mary Dalrymple, Makoto Kanazawa, Yookyung Kim, Sam McHombo & Stanley Peters (1998). Reciprocal Expressions and the Concept of Reciprocity. Linguistics and Philosophy 21 (2):159-210.
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  29. Veneeta Dayal (1998). Any as Inherently Modal. Linguistics and Philosophy 21 (5):433-476.
    The primary theoretical focus of this paper is on Free Choice uses of any, in particular on two phenomena that have remained largely unstudied. One involves the ability of any phrases to occur in affirmative episodic statements when aided by suitable noun modifiers. The other involves the difference between modals of necessity and possibility with respect to licensing of any. The central thesis advanced here is that FC any is a universal determiner whose domain of quantification is not a set (...)
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  30. Renaat Declerck (1988). Restrictivewhen-Clauses. Linguistics and Philosophy 11 (2):131 - 168.
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  31. Renaat Declerck (1979). On the Progressive and the 'Imperfective Paradox'. Linguistics and Philosophy 3 (2):267 - 272.
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  32. Imogen Dickie (forthcoming). Negation, Anti-Realism, and the Denial Defence. Philosophical Studies.
    Here is one argument against realism. (1) Realists are committed to the classical rules for negation. But (2) legitimate rules of inference must conserve evidence. And (3) the classical rules for negation do not conserve evidence. So (4) realism is wrong. Most realists reject 2. But it has recently been argued that if we allow denied sentences as premisses and conclusions in inferences we will be able to reject 3. And this new argument against 3 generates a new response to (...)
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  33. Jaap Does (1991). A Generalized Quantifier Logic for Naked Infinitives. Linguistics and Philosophy 14 (3):241 - 294.
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  34. Per Durst-Andersen (1995). Imperative Frames and Modality. Linguistics and Philosophy 18 (6):611 - 653.
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  35. Donka F. Farkas & Yoko Sugioka (1983). Restrictive If/When Clauses. Linguistics and Philosophy 6 (2):225 - 258.
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  36. Jean Mark Gawron (1995). Comparatives, Superlatives, and Resolution. Linguistics and Philosophy 18 (4):333 - 380.
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  37. Tamar S. Gendler & John Hawthorne (2002). Conceivability and Possibility. Oxford University Press.
    The capacity to represent things to ourselves as possible plays a crucial role both in everyday thinking and in philosophical reasoning; this volume offers much-needed philosophical illumination of conceivability, possibility, and the relations between them.
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  38. Bart Geurts (1998). Presuppositions and Anaphors in Attitude Contexts. Linguistics and Philosophy 21 (6):545-601.
    This paper consists of two main parts and a coda. In the first part I present the ''binding theory'' of presupposition projection, which is the framework that I adopt in this paper (Section 1.1). I outline the main problems that arise in the interplay between presuppositions and anaphors on the one hand and attitude reports on the other (Section 1.2), and discuss Heim''s theory of presuppositions in attitude contexts (Section 1.3).In the second part of the paper I present my own (...)
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  39. Adrian Haddock, Alan Millar & Duncan Pritchard (2009). Epistemic Value. Oxford University Press.
    Recent epistemology has reflected a growing interest in issues about the value of knowledge and the values informing epistemic appraisal. Is knowledge more valuable that merely true belief or even justified true belief? Is truth the central value informing epistemic appraisal or do other values enter the picture? Epistemic Value is a collection of previously unpublished articles on such issues by leading philosophers in the field. It will stimulate discussion of the nature of knowledge and of directions that might be (...)
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  40. Jaakko Hintikka (2002). Negation in Logic and in Natural Language. Linguistics and Philosophy 25 (5-6):585-600.
    In game-theoretical semantics, perfectlyclassical rules yield a strong negation thatviolates tertium non datur when informationalindependence is allowed. Contradictorynegation can be introduced only by a metalogicalstipulation, not by game rules. Accordingly, it mayoccur (without further stipulations) onlysentence-initially. The resulting logic (extendedindependence-friendly logic) explains several regularitiesin natural languages, e.g., why contradictory negation is abarrier to anaphase. In natural language, contradictory negationsometimes occurs nevertheless witin the scope of aquantifier. Such sentences require a secondary interpretationresembling the so-called substitutionalinterpretation of quantifiers.This interpretation is sometimes impossible,and (...)
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  41. Jaakko Hintikka (1997). No Scope for Scope? Linguistics and Philosophy 20 (5):515-544.
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  42. Gerhard Jäger (2003). Towards an Explanation of Copula Effects. Linguistics and Philosophy 26 (5):557-593.
    This paper deals with a series of semantic contrasts between the copula be and the preposition as, two functional elements that both head elementary predication structures. It will be argued that the meaning of as is a type lowering device shifting the meaning of its complement NP from the type of generalized quantifiers to the type of properties (where properties are conceived as relations between individuals and situations), while the copula be induces a type coercion from (partial) situations to (total) (...)
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  43. Eva-Maria Jung & Albert Newen (2010). Knowledge and Abilities: The Need for a New Understanding of Knowing-How. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 9 (1).
    Stanley and Williamson (The Journal of Philosophy 98(8), 411–444 2001 ) reject the fundamental distinction between what Ryle once called ‘knowing-how’ and ‘knowing-that’. They claim that knowledge-how is just a species of knowledge-that, i.e. propositional knowledge, and try to establish their claim relying on the standard semantic analysis of ‘knowing-how’ sentences. We will undermine their strategy by arguing that ‘knowing-how’ phrases are under-determined such that there is not only one semantic analysis and by critically discussing and refuting the positive account (...)
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  44. Nirit Kadmon & Fred Landman (1993). Any. Linguistics and Philosophy 16 (4):353 - 422.
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  45. Paul Kay (1990). Even. Linguistics and Philosophy 13 (1):59 - 111.
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  46. Christopher Kennedy & Jason Stanley (2009). On 'Average'. Mind 118 (471):583-646.
    This article investigates the semantics of sentences that express numerical averages, focusing initially on cases such as ‘The average American has 2.3 children’. Such sentences have been used both by linguists and philosophers to argue for a disjuncture between semantics and ontology. For example, Noam Chomsky and Norbert Hornstein have used them to provide evidence against the hypothesis that natural language semantics includes a reference relation holding between words and objects in the world, whereas metaphysicians such as Joseph Melia and (...)
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  47. Ewan Klein (1980). A Semantics for Positive and Comparative Adjectives. Linguistics and Philosophy 4 (1):1--45.
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  48. Jean-Pierre Koenig & Anthony R. Davis (2001). Sublexical Modality and the Structure of Lexical Semantic Representations. Linguistics and Philosophy 24 (1):71-124.
    This paper argues for a largely unnoted distinction between relational and modal components in the lexical semantics of verbs. Wehypothesize that many verbs encode two kinds of semantic information:a relationship among participants in a situation and a subset ofcircumstances or time indices at which this relationship isevaluated. The latter we term sublexical modality.We show that linking regularities between semantic arguments andsyntactic functions provide corroborating evidence in favor of thissemantic distinction, noting cases in which the semantic groundingof linking through participant-role properties (...)
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  49. Marcus Kracht (2002). On the Semantics of Locatives. Linguistics and Philosophy 25 (2):157-232.
    The present paper deals with the semantics of locative expressions. Our approach is essentially model-theoretic, using basic geometrical properties of the space-time continuum. We shall demonstrate that locatives consist of two layers: the first layer defines a location and the second a type of movement with respect to that location. The elements defining these layers, called localisersand modalisers, tend to form a unit, which is typically either an adposition or a case marker. It will be seen that this layering is (...)
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  50. Marcus Kracht (1995). Is There a Genuine Modal Perspective on Feature Structures? Linguistics and Philosophy 18 (4):401 - 458.
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  51. Saul A. Kripke (1971). Identity and Necessity. In Milton K. Munitz (ed.), Identity and Individuation. New York University Press.
    are synthetic a priori judgements possible?" In both cases, i~thas usually been t'aken for granted in fife one case by Kant that synthetic a priori judgements were possible, and in the other case in contemporary,'d-". philosophical literature that contingent statements of identity are ppss. ible. I do not intend to deal with the Kantian question except to mention:ssj~",.
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  52. Shalom Lappin (1982). On the Pragmatics of Mood. Linguistics and Philosophy 4 (4):559 - 578.
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  53. Peter Lasersohn (1990). Group Action and Spatio-Temporal Proximity. Linguistics and Philosophy 13 (2):179 - 206.
    Presents a unified semantics for various readings of 'together', using event mereology.
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  54. Sebastian Löbner (1999). Why German Schon and Noch Are Still Duals: A Reply to Van der Auwera. Linguistics and Philosophy 22 (1):45-107.
    The paper takes up the objections raised in van der Auwera (1993) against the joint analysis of the German particles schon, noch and erst published in Löbner (1989). Central to my analysis is the claim that the particles are organized in duality groups of four to which essentially the same type of analysis applies. Van der Auwera (1993) claims that already/schon, in its basic use, is different from the other three particles in having a more complex meaning which results in (...)
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  55. Sebastian Löbner (1989). Germanschon - Erst - Noch: An Integrated Analysis. Linguistics and Philosophy 12 (2):167 - 212.
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  56. William G. Lycan (1991). Even and Even If. Linguistics and Philosophy 14 (2):115 - 150.
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  57. Joan Maling (1984). Non-Clause-Bounded Reflexives in Modern Icelandic. Linguistics and Philosophy 7 (3):211 - 241.
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  58. Luisa Martí (2006). Unarticulated Constituents Revisited. Linguistics and Philosophy 29 (2):135 - 166.
    An important debate in the current literature is whether “all truth-conditional effects of extra-linguistic context can be traced to [a variable at; LM] logical form” (Stanley, ‘Context and Logical Form’, Linguistics and Philosophy, 23 (2000) 391). That is, according to Stanley, the only truth-conditional effects that extra-linguistic context has are localizable in (potentially silent) variable-denoting pronouns or pronoun-like items, which are represented in the syntax/at logical form (pure indexicals like I or today are put aside in this discussion). According to (...)
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  59. Eric McCready (2008). What Man Does. Linguistics and Philosophy 31 (6):671-724.
    This paper considers the meaning and use of the English particle man . It is shown that the particle does quite different things when it appears in sentence-initial and sentence-final position; the first use involves expression of an emotional attitude as well as, on a particular intonation, intensification; this use is analyzed using a semantics for degree predicates along with a separate dimension for the expressive aspect. Further restrictions on modification with the sentence-initial particle involving monotonicity and evidence are introduced (...)
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  60. Cécile Meier, A Comparative Analysis for Resemblance.
    This paper contains a new semantic analysis for the verbal expression resemble. It is argued that resemble is best conceived as a degree predicate, very much in analogy to (transparent) gradable adjectives like close to (see Mador-Haim & Winter 2007). This move can explain why resemble happily combines with the traditional positive, comparative and superlative operators, degree intensifiers and the like, and it meets the philosophical tradition that resemblance is a 4-place comparative relation (Lewis 1986; Williamson 1988). Nevertheless, resemble is (...)
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  61. Laura A. Michaelis (1996). On the Use and Meaning Ofalready. Linguistics and Philosophy 19 (5):477 - 502.
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  62. Friederike Moltmann (1991). Measure Adverbials. Linguistics and Philosophy 14 (6):629 - 660.
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  63. Stanley Munsat (1986). Wh-Complementizers. Linguistics and Philosophy 9 (2):191 - 217.
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  64. Reinhard Muskens, Existence Predicate.
    Kant said that existence is not a predicate and Russell agreed, arguing that a sentence such as ‘The king of France exists’, which seems to attribute existence to the king of France, really has a logical form that is not reflected in the surface structure of the sentence at all. While the surface form of the sentence consists of a subject (the noun phrase ‘the king of France’) and a predicate (the verb phrase ‘exists’), the underlying logical form, according (...)
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  65. David Nicolas, Superplurals in English.
    It is now widely believed among philosophers and logicians that ordinary English contains plural terms that may refer to several things at once. But are there terms that stand to ordinary plural terms the way ordinary plural terms stand to singular terms? Let’s call such terms superplural. A superplural term would thus, loosely speaking, refer to several “pluralities” at once. It is reasonably straightforward to devise a formal logic of superplural terms, superplural predicates, and even superplural quantifiers (Rayo 2006). But (...)
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  66. Toshiyuki Ogihara (2004). Adjectival Relatives. Linguistics and Philosophy 27 (5):557-608.
    This article discusses what may be referred to as ``adjectival relatives''''in Japanese and related constructions in other languages (such asadjectival passives in English). The most intriguing characteristicof this construction is that the verb contained in it occurs in the pasttense form, but its primary role is to describe a state that obtains atthe local evaluation time, rather than the past event that producedthis state. In fact, in some cases, the putative event that presumablyproduced the target state is non-existent, and the (...)
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  67. Alex Oliver & Timothy Smiley (2006). A Modest Logic of Plurals. Journal of Philosophical Logic 35 (3):317 - 348.
    We present a plural logic that is as expressively strong as it can be without sacrificing axiomatisability, axiomatise it, and use it to chart the expressive limits set by axiomatisability. To the standard apparatus of quantification using singular variables our object-language adds plural variables, a predicate expressing inclusion (is/are/is one of/are among), and a plural definite description operator. Axiomatisability demands that plural variables only occur free, but they have a surprisingly important role. Plural description is not eliminable in favour of (...)
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  68. Alex Oliver & Timothy Smiley (2004). Multigrade Predicates. Mind 113 (452):609-681.
    The history of the idea of predicate is the history of its emancipation. The lesson of this paper is that there are two more steps to take. The first is to recognize that predicates need not have a fixed degree, the second that they can combine with plural terms. We begin by articulating the notion of a multigrade predicate: one that takes variably many arguments. We counter objections to the very idea posed by Peirce, Dummett's Frege, and Strawson. We show (...)
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  69. Peter Pagin (2000). Sensation Terms. Dialectica 54 (3):177-99.
    Are sensation ascriptions descriptive, even in the first person present tense? Do sensation terms refer to, denote, sensations, so that truth and falsity of sensation ascriptions depend on the properties of the denoted sensations? That is, do sensation terms have a denotational semantics? As I understand it, this is denied by Wittgenstein. Wittgenstein rejects the idea of a denotational semantics for public language sensation terms, such as.
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  70. Jeff Pelletier, A Formal Analysis of Relevance.
    We investigate the notion of relevance as it pertains to ‘commonsense’, subjunctive conditionals. Relevance is taken here as a relation between a property (such as having a broken wing) and a conditional (such as birds typically fly). Specifically, we explore a notion of ‘causative’ relevance, distinct from ‘evidential’ relevance found, for example, in probabilistic approaches. A series of postulates characterising a minimal, parsimonious concept of relevance is developed. Along the way we argue that no purely logical account of relevance (even (...)
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  71. Mark Richard (2001). Seeking a Centaur, Adoring Adonis: Intensional Transitives and Empty Terms. Midwest Studies in Philosophy 25 (1):103–127.
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  72. Mark Richard (1993). Articulated Terms. Philosophical Perspectives 7:207-230.
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  73. Komarine Romdenh-Romluc (2002). Now the French Are Invading England! Analysis 62 (1):34–41.
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  74. Nathan Salmon (1992). Reflections on Reflexivity. Linguistics and Philosophy 15 (1):53 - 63.
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  75. Marco Santambrogio (2006). On the Sameness of Thoughts. Substitutional Quantifiers, Tense, and Belief. Grazer Philosophische Studien 72 (1):111-140.
    In order to know what a belief is, we need to know when it is appropriate to say that two subjects (or the same subject at two different times) believe(s) the same or entertain the same thought. This is not entirely straightforward. Consider for instance1. Tom thinks that he himself is the smartest and Tim believes the same2. In 2001, Bill believed that some action had to be taken to save the rain forest and today he believes the same.What does (...)
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  76. Philippe Schlenker, Properties, Plurals and Paradox.
    It has been argued that an objectual semantics for plurals falls victim to Russell’s paradox, and that a nominalistic semantics should therefore be preferred (Boolos 1984); similar considerations have sometimes been extended to other types of abstract reference, in particular to property talk. We suggest that this line of argument is mistaken: deeply entrenched features of ordinary language guarantee that property and plural talk do give rise to paradoxes. In the case of properties, the grammar of English is untyped, which (...)
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  77. Benjamin Schnieder (2008). By. Linguistics and Philosophy 31 (6):649-669.
    The paper has two main objectives: first, it presents a new argument against the so-called Anscombe Thesis (if x φ-s by ψ-ing, then x ’s φ-ing = x ’s ψ-ing). Second, it develops a proposal about the syntax and semantics of the ‘by’-locution.
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  78. Yael Sharvit & Penka Stateva (2002). Superlative Expressions, Context, and Focus. Linguistics and Philosophy 25 (4):453-504.
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  79. Carlota Smith (1986). A Speaker-Based Approach to Aspect. Linguistics and Philosophy 9 (1):97 - 115.
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  80. Arthur Francis Smullyan (1948). Modality and Description. Journal of Symbolic Logic 13 (1):31-37.
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  81. James Somerville (2001). Time and Interrogative Logical Form. Philosophy 76 (1):55-75.
    Despite some talk of ‘erotetic logic’ and ‘the logic of interrogatives’, logicians have hitherto completely overlooked the peculiar logical form of questions, also shared by interrogative clauses generally. Of relevance to an understanding of time are those interrogative clauses that are janus-like: sometimes raising a question, sometimes answering it—which can then no longer arise. Since a closed question can no longer arise, it might seem that simply the passing of time turns an open into a closed question. Instead, the passing (...)
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  82. Norman K. Sondheimer (1978). A Semantic Analysis of Reference to Spatial Properties. Linguistics and Philosophy 2 (2):235 - 280.
    A uniform analysis is offered for the source of the locations specified by all references in English to spatial properties including location and movement. This source is argued to be the location of events and states of affairs. These locations are specified by sets showing spaces momentarily occupied. Descriptions of motion are accounted for through a variety of ways of referencing these sets. Some classes of simple clauses are identified as requiring semantic analysis involving multiple events and states of affairs. (...)
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  83. Isidora Stojanovic (2007). Talking About Taste: Disagreement, Implicit Arguments, and Relative Truth. Linguistics and Philosophy 30 (6):691-706.
    In this paper, I take issue with an idea that has emerged from recent relativist proposals, and, in particular, from Lasersohn (Linguistics and Philosophy 28: 643–686, 2005), according to which the correct semantics for taste predicates must use contents that are functions of a judge parameter (in addition to a possible world parameter) rather than implicit arguments lexically associated with such predicates. I argue that the relativist account and the contextualist implicit argument-account are, from the viewpoint of semantics, not much (...)
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  84. Zoltán Gendler Szabó (2004). On the Progressive and the Perfective. Noûs 38 (1):29–59.
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  85. Kenneth A. Taylor (2001). Sex, Breakfast, and Descriptus Interruptus. Synthese 128 (1-2):45 - 61.
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  86. Kenneth A. Taylor (1988). We've Got You Coming and Going. Linguistics and Philosophy 11 (4):493 - 513.
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  87. Richmond H. Thomason (1985). Some Issues Concerning the Interpretation of Derived and Gerundive Nominals. Linguistics and Philosophy 8 (1):73 - 80.
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  88. Pavel Tichý (1985). Do We Need Interval Semantics? Linguistics and Philosophy 8 (2):263 - 282.
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  89. Joseph S. Ullian (1984). Relatively About: Loose Composites and Loose Ends. Linguistics and Philosophy 7 (1):83 - 100.
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  90. H. J. Verkuyl (1989). Aspectual Classes and Aspectual Composition. Linguistics and Philosophy 12 (1):39 - 94.
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  91. H. J. Verkuyl & J. A. Loux-Schuringa (1985). Once Upon a Tense. Linguistics and Philosophy 8 (2):237 - 261.
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  92. Timothy Williamson (2009). Reference, Inference, and the Semantics of Pejoratives. In Joseph Almog & Paolo Leonardi (eds.), The Philosophy of David Kaplan. Oxford University Press.
    Two opposing tendencies in the philosophy of language go by the names of ‘referentialism’ and ‘inferentialism’ respectively. In the crudest version of the contrast, the referentialist account of meaning gives centre stage to the referential semantics for a language, which is then used to explain the inference rules for the language, perhaps as those which preserve truth on that semantics (since a referential semantics for a language determines the truth-conditions of its sentences). By contrast, the inferentialist account of meaning gives (...)
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  93. Yoad Winter, Distributivity and Dependency.
    Sentences with multiple occurrences of plural definites give rise to certain effects suggesting that distributivity should be modeled by polyadic operations. Yet, in this paper it is argued that the simpler treatment of distributivity using unary universal quantification should be retained. Seemingly polyadic effects are claimed to be restricted to definite NPs. This fact is accounted for by the special anaphoric (dependent) use of definites. Further evidence concerning various plurals, island constraints and cumulative quantification are shown to support this claim. (...)
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  94. Yoad Winter (1994). Contrast and Implication in Natural Language. Journal of Semantics 11 (4):365-406.
    In this paper we introduce a theoretical framework and a logical application for analyzing the semantics and pragmatics of contrastive conjunctions in natural language. It is shown how expressions like although, nevertheless, yet and but are semantically definable as connectives using an operator for implication in natural language and how similar pragmatic principles affect the behaviour of both contrastive conjunctions and indicative conditionals. Following previous proposals, conditions on contrast in a conjunction are analyzed as presuppositions of the conjunction. Further linguistic (...)
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  95. Stephen Yablo (2002). Coulda, Woulda, Shoulda. In Tamar S. Gendler & John Hawthorne (eds.), Conceivability and Possibility. Oxford University Press.
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Adverbs
  1. Jay David Atlas (1984). Comparative Adjectives and Adverbials of Degree: An Introduction to Radically Radical Pragmatics. Linguistics and Philosophy 7 (4):347 - 377.
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  2. Ariel Cohen (1999). Generics, Frequency Adverbs, and Probability. Linguistics and Philosophy 22 (3):221-253.
    Generics and frequency statements are puzzling phenomena: they are lawlike, yet contingent. They may be true even in the absence of any supporting instances, and extending the size of their domain does not change their truth conditions. Generics and frequency statements are parametric on time, but not on possible worlds; they cannot be applied to temporary generalizations, and yet are contingent. These constructions require a regular distribution of events along the time axis. Truth judgments of generics vary considerably across speakers, (...)
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  3. Charles B. Daniels (1997). The Genealogy of Disjunction R. E. Jennings New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994, X + 344 Pp., $66.95. Dialogue 36 (01):208-.
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  4. Fabio Del Prete (2008). A Non-Uniform Semantic Analysis of the Italian Temporal Connectives Prima and Dopo. Natural Language Semantics 16 (2):157-203.
    In this paper, I argue that the temporal connective prima (‘before’) is a comparative adverb. The argument is based on a number of grammatical facts from Italian, showing that there is an asymmetry between prima and dopo (‘after’). On the ground of their divergent behaviour, I suggest that dopo has a different grammatical status from prima. I propose a semantic treatment for prima that is based on an independently motivated analysis of comparatives which can be traced back to Seuren (in: (...)
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  5. Delia Graff Fara (2006). Descriptions with Adverbs of Quantification. Philosophical Issues 16 (1):65–87.
    In “Descriptions as Predicates” (Fara 2001) I argued that definite and indefinite descriptions should be given a uniform semantic treatment as predicates rather than as quantifier phrases. The aim of the current paper is to clarify and elaborate one of the arguments for the descriptions-aspredicates view, one that concerns the interaction of descriptions with adverbs of quantification.
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