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  1. Peter Mark Ainsworth (2008). Cosmic Inflation and the Past Hypothesis. Synthese 162 (2):157 - 165.
    The past hypothesis is that the entropy of the universe was very low in the distant past. It is put forward to explain the entropic arrow of time but it has been suggested (e.g. [Penrose, R. (1989a). The emperor’s new mind. London:Vintage Books; Penrose, R. (1989b). Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 571, 249–264; Price, H. (1995). In S. F. Savitt (Ed.), Times’s arrows today. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; Price, H. (1996). Time’s arrow and Archimedes’ point. Oxford: Oxford (...)
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  2. Frank Arntzenius (2004). Time Reversal Operations, Representations of the Lorentz Group, and the Direction of Time. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B 35 (1):31-43.
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  3. Frank Arntzenius (1997). Mirrors and the Direction of Time. Philosophy of Science 64 (4):222.
    The frequencies with which photons pass through half-silvered mirrors in the forward direction of time is always approximately 1/2, whereas the frequencies with which photons pass through mirrors in the backward direction in time can be highly time-dependent. I argue that whether one should infer from this time-asymmetric phenomenon that time has an objective direction will depend on one's interpretation of quantum mechanics.
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  4. Frank Arntzenius (1995). Indeterminism and the Direction of Time. Topoi 14 (1):67-81.
    Many phenomena in the world display a striking time-asymmetry: the forwards transition frequencies are approximately invariant while the backwards ones are not. I argue in this paper that theories of such phenomena will entail that time has a direction, and that quantum mechanics in particular entails that the future is objectively different from the past.
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  5. O. Costa De Beauregard (1977). Two Lectures on the Direction of Time. Synthese 35 (2):129 - 154.
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  6. Helen Beebee, Peter Menzies & Christopher Hitchcock (eds.) (2009). The Oxford Handbook of Causation. Oxford University Press.
    Causation is a central topic in many areas of philosophy, including metaphysics, epistemology, philosophy of mind, ethics, history of philosophy, and philosophy ...
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  7. Jonathan Bennett (1984). Counterfactuals and Temporal Direction. Philosophical Review 93 (1):57-91.
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  8. George Berger (1971). Earman on Temporal Anisotropy. Journal of Philosophy 68 (5):132-137.
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  9. Max Black (1959). The "Direction" of Time. Analysis 19 (3):54 - 63.
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  10. John Bowin (2009). Aristotle on the Order and Direction of Time. Apeiron 42 (1):49-78.
    In Book IV, Chapter 11 of the Physics, Aristotle claims that ‘the before and after’ exists in time because it also exists in change, and it exists in change because it also exists in magnitude, and, further, that ‘time follows change’ and ‘change follows magnitude’.1 This is usually taken to mean that moments of time correspond to momentary stages of changes, and that momentary stages of changes correspond to points in magnitudes, so that time derives its ‘before and after’ from (...)
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  11. Craig Callender, There is No Puzzle About the Low Entropy Past.
    Suppose that God or a demon informs you of the following future fact: despite recent cosmological evidence, the universe is indeed closed and it will have a ‘final’ instant of time; moreover, at that final moment, all 49 of the world’s Imperial Faberge eggs will be in your bedroom bureau’s sock drawer. You’re absolutely certain that this information is true. All of your other dealings with supernatural powers have demonstrated that they are a trustworthy lot.
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  12. Craig Callender (ed.) (2011). The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Time. Oxford University Press.
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  13. Craig Callender, Thermodynamic Asymmetry in Time. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
    Thermodynamics is the science that describes much of the time asymmetric behavior found in the world. This entry's first task, consequently, is to show how thermodynamics treats temporally ‘directed’ behavior. It then concentrates on the following two questions. (1) What is the origin of the thermodynamic asymmetry in time? In a world possibly governed by time symmetric laws, how should we understand the time asymmetric laws of thermodynamics? (2) Does the thermodynamic time asymmetry explain the other temporal asymmetries? Does it (...)
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  14. Craig Callender (1997). What is 'the Problem of the Direction of Time'? Philosophy of Science 64 (4):234.
    This paper searches for an explicit expression of the so-called problem of the direction of time. I argue that the traditional version of the problem is an artifact of a mistaken view in the foundations of statistical mechanics, and that to the degree it is a problem, it is really one general to all the special sciences. I then search the residue of the traditional problem for any remaining difficulty particular to time's arrow and find that there is a special (...)
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  15. Mario Castagnino & Olimpia Lombardi (2009). The Global Non-Entropic Arrow of Time: From Global Geometrical Asymmetry to Local Energy Flow. Synthese 169 (1):1 - 25.
    Since the nineteenth century, the problem of the arrow of time has been traditionally analyzed in terms of entropy by relating the direction past-to-future to the gradient of the entropy function of the universe. In this paper, we reject this traditional perspective and argue for a global and non-entropic approach to the problem, according to which the arrow of time can be defined in terms of the geometrical properties of spacetime. In particular, we show how the global non-entropic arrow can (...)
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  16. Tobias Chapman (1973). The Direction of Time. By Hans Reichenbach. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1972. Pp. Vii, 280. Paper, $4.50. [REVIEW] Dialogue 12 (04):717-721.
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  17. Ferrel Christensen (1987). Time's Error: Is Time's Asymmetry Extrinsic? Erkenntnis 26 (2):231 - 248.
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  18. J. Collier (1997). Review. Time's Arrow's Today: Recent Physical and Philosophical Work on the Direction of Time. SF Savitt (Ed). British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 48 (2):287-289.
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  19. Gabriele Contessa (2006). On the Supposed Temporal Asymmetry of Counterfactual Dependence; Or: It Wouldn't Have Taken a Miracle! Dialectica 60 (4):461–473.
    The thesis that a temporal asymmetry of counterfactual dependence characterizes our world plays a central role in Lewis’s philosophy, as. among other things, it underpins one of Lewis most renowned theses—that causation can be analyzed in terms of counterfactual dependence. To maintain that a temporal asymmetry of counterfactual dependence characterizes our world, Lewis committed himself to two other theses. The first is that the closest possible worlds at which the antecedent of a counterfactual conditional is true is one in which (...)
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  20. William Lane Craig (1999). Temporal Becoming and the Direction of Time. Philosophy and Theology 11 (2):349-366.
    The impression is frequently given that the static description of the 4-dimensional world given by a tenseless theory of time adequately accounts for the world and that a tensed theory of time has nothing to offer. In fact, the tenseless theory of time leaves us incapable of specifying the direction of time, whereas a tensed theory of time enables us to do so. Thus, the tensed theory enjoys a considerable advantage over the tenseless view.
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  21. O. Costa de Beauregard (1977). Two Lectures on the Direction of Time. Synthese 35 (2).
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  22. Kenneth G. Denbigh (1996). Time's Arrows Today: Recent Physical and Philosophical Work on the Direction of Time. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B 27 (2):221-227.
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  23. Phil Dowe (1992). Process Causality and Asymmetry. Erkenntnis 37 (2):179-196.
    Process theories of causality seek to explicate causality as a property of individual causal processes. This paper examines the capacity of such theories to account for the asymmetry of causation. Three types of theories of asymmetry are discussed; the subjective, the temporal, and the physical, the third of these being the preferred approach. Asymmetric features of the world, namely the entropic and Kaon arrows, are considered as possible sources of causal asymmetry and a physical theory of asymmetry is subsequently developed (...)
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  24. Fred I. Dretske (1962). Moving Backward in Time. Philosophical Review 71 (1):94-98.
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  25. John Earman (1974). An Attempt to Add a Little Direction to "the Problem of the Direction of Time". Philosophy of Science 41 (1):15-47.
    It is argued that the main problem with "the problem of the direction of time" is to figure out what the problem is or is supposed to be. Towards this end, an attempt is made to disentangle and to classify some of the many issues which have been discussed under the label of 'the direction of time'. Secondly, some technical apparatus is introduced in the hope of producing a sharper formulation of the issues than they have received in the philosophical (...)
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  26. John Earman (1969). The Anisotropy of Time. Australasian Journal of Philosophy 47 (3):273 – 295.
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  27. John Earman (1967). Irreversibility and Temporal Asymmetry. Journal of Philosophy 64 (18):543-549.
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  28. Matt Farr (2012). On A- and B-Theoretic Elements of Branching Spacetimes. Synthese 188 (1):85-116.
    This paper assesses branching spacetime theories in light of metaphysical considerations concerning time. I present the A, B, and C series in terms of the temporal structure they impose on sets of events, and raise problems for two elements of extant branching spacetime theories—McCall’s ‘branch attrition’, and the ‘no backward branching’ feature of Belnap’s ‘branching space-time’—in terms of their respective A- and B-theoretic nature. I argue that McCall’s presentation of branch attrition can only be coherently formulated on a model with (...)
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  29. Jan Faye (2002). When Time Gets Off Track. Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 50:1-.
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  30. Gerald Feinberg, Shaughan Lavine & David Albert (1992). Knowledge of the Past and Future. Journal of Philosophy 89 (12):607-642.
  31. Mathias Frisch (2009). Philosophical Issues in Electromagnetism. Philosophy Compass 4 (1):255-270.
    This paper provides a survey of several philosophical issues arising in classical electrodynamics arguing that there is a philosophically rich set of problems in theories of classical physics that have not yet received the attention by philosophers that they deserve. One issue, which is connected to the philosophy of causation, concerns the temporal asymmetry exhibited by radiation fields in the presence of wave sources. Physicists and philosophers disagree on whether this asymmetry reflects a fundamental causal asymmetry or is due to (...)
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  32. Mathias Frisch (2006). A Tale of Two Arrows. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B 37 (3):542-558.
    In this paper I propose a reasonably sharp formulation of the temporal asymmetry of radiation. I criticize accounts that propose to derive the asymmetry from a low-entropy assumption characterizing the state of the early universe and argue that these accounts fail, since they presuppose the very asymmetry they are intended to derive. r 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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  33. Owen Goldin (1998). Plato and the Arrow of Time. Ancient Philosophy 18 (1):125-143.
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  34. John R. Gregg, Time Consciousness and the Specious Present.
    Roger Penrose, in _The Emperor's New Mind_ (1989), writes about the way Mozart perceived music. Mozart did not play a piece in his mind in real time, or even speeded up, but could hold it before him all at once. We all do this, although usually for much shorter riffs than entire symphonies. I have argued that the all-at-onceness of our thoughts and perceptions is at least as inexplicable as what it is like to see red; I think the aural/temporal (...)
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  35. Meir Hemmo (2003). Remarks on the Direction of Time in Quantum Mechanics. Philosophy of Science 70 (5):1458-1471.
    I argue that in the many worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics time has no fundamental direction. I further discuss a way to recover thermodynamics in this interpretation using decoherence theory (Zurek and Paz 1994). Albert's proposal to recover thermodynamics from the collapse theory of Ghirardi et al. (1986) is also considered.
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  36. Meir Hemmo (2003). Remarks on the Direction of Time in Quantum Mechanics. Philosophy of Science 70 (5):1458-1471.
    I consider the question of the direction of time in the context of the Everett interpretation of quantum mechanics. I focus on the special role of decoherence in the recovery of time asymmetric behaviour, such as the collapse of the quantum state and the thermodynamic regularities. The discussion is based on results in the consistent histories approach (Gell-Mann and Hartle 1993) and in decoherence theory (Zurek and Paz 1994). Finally, I compare the status of the direction of time in Everett (...)
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  37. Paul Horwich (1989). Asymmetries in Time: Problems in the Philosophy of Science. Bradford Books.
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  38. Nick Huggett, Draft the Past Hypothesis and the Knowledge Asymmetry.
    Why is our knowledge of the past so much more ‘expansive’ (to pick a suitably vague term) than our knowledge of the future, and what is the best way to capture the difference(s) (i.e., in what sense is knowledge of the past more ‘expansive’)? One could reasonably approach these questions by giving necessary conditions for different kinds of knowledge, and showing how some were satisfied by certain propositions about the past, and not by corresponding propositions about the future. I take (...)
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  39. Ernest H. Hutten (1959). The Direction of Time. By H. Reichenbach. (The University of California Press 1956. Pp. Xi + 280. Price 41s. 6d. Net.). Philosophy 34 (128):65-.
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  40. W. R. Inge (1920). The Presidential Address: "Is the Time Series Reversible?". Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 21:1 - 12.
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  41. G. K. (1996). Time's Arrows Today: Recent Physical and Philosophical Work on the Direction of Time. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B 27 (2):221-227.
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  42. A. David Kline (1980). Screening-Off and the Temporal Asymmetry of Explanation. Analysis 40 (3):139 - 143.
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  43. H. Krips (1971). The Asymmetry of Time. Australasian Journal of Philosophy 49 (2):204 – 210.
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  44. Douglas Kutach, The Empirical Content of the Epistemic Asymmetry.
    I conduct an empirical analysis of the temporally asymmetric character of our epistemic access to the world by providing an experimental scheme whose results represent the core empirical content of the epistemic asymmetry. I augment this empirical content by formulating a gedanken experiment inspired by a proposal from David Albert. This second experiment cannot be conducted using any technology that is likely to be developed in the foreseeable future, but the expected results help us to state an important constraint on (...)
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  45. Douglas Kutach (forthcoming). Causation and Its Basis in Fundamental Physics. Oxford University Press.
    I provide a comprehensive metaphysics of causation based on the idea that fundamentally things are governed by the laws of physics, and that derivatively difference-making can be assessed in terms of what fundamental laws of physics imply for hypothesized events. Highlights include a general philosophical methodology, the fundamental/derivative distinction, and my mature account of causal asymmetry.
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  46. Douglas Kutach (2011). Backtracking Influence. International Studies in the Philosophy of Science 25 (1):55-71.
    Backtracking influence is influence that zigzags in time. For example, backtracking influence exists when an event E_1 makes an event E_2 more likely by way of a nomic connection that goes from E_1 back in time to an event C and then forward in time to E_2. I contend that in our local region of spacetime, at least, backtracking influence is redundant in the sense that any existing backtracking influence exerted by E_1 on E_2 is equivalent to E_1's temporally direct (...)
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  47. Douglas Kutach (2011). The Asymmetry of Influence. In Craig Callender (ed.), Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Time. Oxford University Press.
    An explanation of our seeming inability to influence the past.
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  48. David Lewis (1979). Counterfactual Dependence and Time's Arrow. Noûs 13 (4):455-476.
  49. Laureano Luna (2010). Ungrounded Causal Chains and Beginningless Time. Logic and Logical Philosophy 18 (3-4):297-307.
    We use two logical resources, namely, the notion of recursively defined function and the Benardete-Yablo paradox, together with some inherent features of causality and time, as usually conceived, to derive two results: that no ungrounded causal chain exists and that time has a beginning.
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  50. Laureano Luna (2009). Yablo's Paradox and Beginningless Time. Disputatio (26):89-96.
    The structure of Yablo’s paradox is analysed and generalised in order to show that beginningless step-by-step determination processes can be used to provoke antinomies, more concretely, to make our logical and our on-tological intuitions clash. The flow of time and the flow of causality are usually conceived of as intimately intertwined, so that temporal causation is the very paradigm of a step-by-step determination process. As a conse-quence, the paradoxical nature of beginningless step-by-step determina-tion processes concerns time and causality as usually (...)
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  51. Murray Macbeath (1983). Communication and Time Reversal. Synthese 56 (1):27 - 46.
  52. J. L. Mackie (1966). The Direction of Causation. Philosophical Review 75 (4):441-466.
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  53. Iain Martel, Probabilistic Empiricism: In Defence of a Reichenbachian Theory of Causation and the Direction of Time.
    A probabilistic theory of causation is a theory which holds that the central feature of causation is that causes (usually) raise the probability of their effects. In this dissertation, I defend Hans Reichenbach's original (1953) version of the probabilistic theory of causation, which analyses causal relations in terms of a three place statistical betweenness relation. Unlike most discussions of this theory, I hold that the statistical relation should be taken as a sufficient, but not as necessary, condition for causal betweenness. (...)
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  54. Bernard Mayo (1955). Professor Smart on Temporal Asymmetry. Australasian Journal of Philosophy 33 (1):38 – 44.
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  55. D. H. Mellor (2009). The Direction of Time. In Robin Le Poidevin (ed.), The Routledge Companion to Metaphysics. Routledge.
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  56. D. H. Mellor (1991). Causation and the Direction of Time. Erkenntnis 35 (1-3):191 - 203.
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  57. U. Meyer (2012). Explaining Causal Loops. Analysis 72 (2):259-264.
    This article argues that the causal loops that occur in some time-travel scenarios and in certain solutions of the theory of relativity are no more mysterious than the infinitely descending causal chains familiar from Newtonian mechanics.
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  58. J. M. Mozersky (2006). A Tenseless Account of the Presence of Experience. Philosophical Studies 129 (3):441 - 476.
    Tenseless theories of time entail that the only temporal properties exemplified by events are earlier than, simultaneous with, and later than. Such an account seems to conflict with our common experience of time, which suggests that the present moment is ontologically unique and that time flows. Some have argued that only a tensed account of time, one in which past, present and future are objective properties, can do justice to our experience. Any theory that claims that the world is different (...)
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  59. J. V. Narliker (1965). The Direction of Time. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 15 (60):281-285.
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  60. M. S. El Naschie (1997). Dimensional Symmetry Breaking, Information and the Arrow of Time in Cantorian Space. World Futures 49 (3):391-400.
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  61. Graham Nerlich (1979). Time and the Direction of Conditionship. Australasian Journal of Philosophy 57 (1):3 – 14.
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  62. Graham Nerlich (1979). Time and the Direction of Conditionship. Australasian Journal of Philosophy 57 (1):3-14.
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  63. W. Newton-Smith (1980). The Structure of Time. Routledge & Kegan Paul.
  64. Jill North (2011). Time in Thermodynamics. In Criag Callender (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Time. Oxford.
    Or better: time asymmetry in thermodynamics. Better still: time asymmetry in thermodynamic phenomena. “Time in thermodynamics” misleadingly suggests that thermodynamics will tell us about the fundamental nature of time. But we don’t think that thermodynamics is a fundamental theory. It is a theory of macroscopic behavior, often called a “phenomenological science.” And to the extent that physics can tell us about the fundamental features of the world, including such things as the nature of time, we generally think that only fundamental (...)
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  65. Graham Oddie (1990). Backwards Causation and the Permanence of the Past. Synthese 85 (1):71 - 93.
    Can a present or future event bring about a past event? An answer to this question is demanded by many other interesting questions. Can anybody, even a god, do anything about what has already occurred? Should we plan for the past, as well as for the future? Can anybody precognise the future in a way quite different from normal prediction? Do the causal laws and the past jointly preclude free action? Does current physical theory entail a consistent version of backwards (...)
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  66. H. C. Plaut (1960). Condition, Cause, Free Will, and the Direction of Time. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 11 (43):212-221.
  67. Huw Price, Brains in Spain.
    In 1963 a group of physicists, mathematicians and philosophers of science assembled in Cornell to discuss the arrow of time. One of them was Richard Feynman, who drew attention to his comments in the published discussions by insisting that they not be attributed to him. (They appeared as the remarks of "Mr. X".) Twenty-eight years later Feynman was gone, but the mysteries of time asymmetry in physics remained as deep as ever. At the end of September, 1991, forty-five physicists and (...)
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  68. Huw Price, Burbury's Last Case: The Mystery of the Entropic Arrow.
    Does not the theory of a general tendency of entropy to diminish [sic1] take too much for granted? To a certain extent it is supported by experimental evidence. We must accept such evidence as far as it goes and no further. We have no right to supplement it by a large draft of the scientific imagination. (Burbury 1904, 49).
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  69. Huw Price, The Thermodynamic Arrow: Puzzles and Pseudo-Puzzles.
    For more than a century, physics has known of a puzzling conflict between the T- asymmetry of thermodynamic phenomena and the T-symmetry of the underlying microphysics on which these phenomena depend. This paper provides a guide to the current status of this puzzle, distinguishing the central issue from various issues with which it may be confused. It is shown that there are two competing conceptions of what is needed to resolve the puzzle of the thermodynamic asymmetry, which differ with respect (...)
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  70. Huw Price, Chaos Theory and the Difference Between Past and Future.
    Summary: Contemporary writers often claim that chaos theory explains the thermodynamic arrow of time. This paper argues that such claims are mistaken, on two levels. First, they underestimate the difficulty of extracting asymmetric conclusions from symmetric theories. More important, however, they misunderstand the nature of the puzzle about the temporal asymmetry of thermodynamics, and simply address the wrong issue. Both of these are old mistakes, but mistakes which are poorly recognised, even today. This paper aims to lay bare the mistakes (...)
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  71. Huw Price, No Direction Known.
    Can physics explain the difference between past and future? The laws of physics seem to be time-symmetric. If they allow a process with one temporal orientation, they allow it in reverse. Yet many ordinary pro– cesses seem to be irreversible. Ilya Prigogine calls this the time paradox, and argues that the solution lies in chaos theory, and related methods pioneered by himself and his Brussells colleagues—a radical alternative, he thinks, to a tradition dating from Boltzmann.
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  72. Huw Price, Nature 348 Nature 350.
    The arrow of time is one of the big unclaimed prizes of modern physics. The problem is to reconcile the temporal asymmetry of thermodynamics with the apparent temporal symmetry of fundamental physical theories. Some major players have wrestled with the issue over the past century or so, but is still up for grabs--and very much in the air of late, having been discussed in recent books by Stephen Hawking..
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  73. Huw Price (2006). Recent Work on the Arrow of Radiation☆. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B 37 (3):498-527.
    In many physical systems, coupling forces provide a way of carrying the energy stored in adjacent harmonic oscillators from place to place, in the form of waves. The wave equations governing such phenomena are time-symmetric: they permit the opposite processes, in which energy arrives at a point in the form of incoming concentric waves, to be lost to some external system. But these processes seem rare in nature. What explains this temporal asymmetry, and how is it related to the thermodynamic (...)
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  74. Huw Price (2002). Boltzmann's Time Bomb. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 53 (1):83-119.
    Since the late nineteenth century, physics has been puzzled by the time-asymmetry of thermodynamic phenomena in the light of the apparent T-symmetry of the underlying laws of mechanics. However, a compelling solution to this puzzle has proved elusive. In part, I argue, this can be attributed to a failure to distinguish two conceptions of the problem. According to one, the main focus of our attention is a time-asymmetric lawlike generalisation. According to the other, it is a particular fact about the (...)
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  75. Huw Price (1997). Time Symmetry in Microphysics. Philosophy of Science 64 (4):244.
    Physics takes for granted that interacting physical systems with no common history are independent, before their interaction. This principle is time-asymmetric, for no such restriction applies to systems with no common future, after an interaction. The time-asymmetry is normally attributed to boundary conditions. I argue that there are two distinct independence principles of this kind at work in contemporary physics, one of which cannot be attributed to boundary conditions, and therefore conflicts with the assumed T (or CPT) symmetry of microphysics. (...)
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  76. Huw Price (1994). Reinterpreting the Wheeler--Feynman Absorber Theory: Reply to Leeds. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 45 (4):1023-1028.
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  77. Huw Price & Brad Weslake (2009). The Time-Asymmetry of Causation. In Helen Beebee, Peter Menzies & Christopher Hitchcock (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Causation. Oxford University Press.
    One of the most striking features of causation is that causes typically precede their effects – the causal arrow is strongly aligned with the temporal arrow. Why should this be so? We offer an opinionated guide to this problem, and to the solutions currently on offer. We conclude that the most promising strategy is to begin with the de facto asymmetry of human deliberation, characterised in epistemic terms, and to build out from there. More than any rival, this subjectivist approach (...)
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  78. Alexander R. Pruss, Causation and the Arrow of Time.
    “We are always already thrown into concrete factual circumstances, facing possibilities that we need to come to grips with. By choosing some we exclude others, thus making them no longer possible. What we are thrown into is the past and present, and the possibilities loom ahead of us, though we may try to turn our back on them. The future is the home of the possibilities while the present and past define the circumstances in which we make our choices, circumstances (...)
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  79. Alexander R. Pruss (2003). David Lewis's Counterfactual Arrow of Time. Noûs 37 (4):606–637.
    David Lewis (1979) has argued that according to his possible worlds analysis of counterfactuals, “backtracking” counterfactuals of the form “If event A were to happen at tA, then event B would happen at tB” where tB precedes tA, are usually false if B does not actually happen at tB. On the other..
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  80. Hans Reichenbach (1956/1999). The Direction of Time. Dover.
    The final work of a distinguished physicist, this remarkable volume examines the emotive significance of time, the time order of mechanics, the time direction of thermodynamics and microstatistics, the time direction of macrostatistics, and the time of quantum physics. Coherent discussions include accounts of analytic methods of scientific philosophy in the investigation of probability, quantum mechanics, the theory of relativity, and causality. "[Reichenbach’s] best by a good deal."—Physics Today. 1971 ed.
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  81. Rebecca Roache (2009). Bilking the Bilking Argument. Analysis 69 (4):605-611.
  82. R. A. P. Rogers (1905). The Meaning of the Time-Direction. Mind 14 (53):58-73.
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  83. David H. Sanford (1984). The Direction of Causation and the Direction of Time. Midwest Studies in Philosophy 9 (1):53-75.
    I revise J L Mackie's first account of casual direction by replacing his notion of "fixity" by a newly defined notion of "sufficing" that is designed to accommodate indeterminism. Keeping Mackie's distinction between casual order and casual direction, I then consider another revision that replaces "fixity" with "one-way conditionship". In response to the charge that all such accounts of casual priority beg the question by making an unjustified appeal to temporal priority, i maintain that one-way conditionship explains rather that assumes (...)
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  84. S. F. Savitt (1996). The Direction of Time. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 47 (3):347-370.
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  85. Steven F. Savitt (1996). The Direction of Time. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 47 (3):347-370.
    The aim of this essay is to introduce philosophers of science to some recent philosophical discussions of the nature and origin of the direction of time. The essay is organized around books by Hans Reichenbach, Paul Horwich, and Huw Price. I outline their major arguments and treat certain critical points in detail. I speculate at the end about the ways in which the subject may continue to develop and in which it may connect with other areas of philosophy.
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  86. Steven F. Savitt (1990). Epistemological Time Asymmetry. PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association 1990:317 - 324.
    In a recent book, Asymmetries in Time, Paul Horwich presents a systematic account of various temporal asymmetries, including a neo-Reichenbachian account of the (apparent) fact that we know more about the past than the future, the epistemological time asymmetry. I find some obscurities in Horwich's presentation, however, and I argue that when his view is understood in a way that I shall propose, it does represent an advance on Reichenbach's, but it fails to vindicate Horwich's "main point...that our special knowledge (...)
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  87. Steven Frederick Savitt (ed.) (1995). Time's Arrows Today: Recent Physical and Philosophical Work on the Direction of Time. Cambridge University Press.
    While experience tells us that time flows from the past to the present and into the future, a number of philosophical and physical objections exist to this commonsense view of dynamic time. In an attempt to make sense of this conundrum, philosophers and physicists are forced to confront fascinating questions, such as: Can effects precede causes? Can one travel in time? Can the expansion of the Universe or the process of measurement in quantum mechanics define a direction in time? In (...)
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  88. Eliaz Segal (2004). The Mind's Direction of Time. Journal of Mind and Behavior 25 (3):227-235.
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  89. Lawrence Sklar (1986). The Elusive Object of Desire: In Pursuit of the Kinetic Equations and the Second Law. PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association 1986:209 - 225.
    Despite over one-hundred years of effort, the origin of temporal asymmetry in the physical world still eludes us. While much has been learned about the role played by fundamental instabilities in microdynamics, by the imperfect isolation of systems and by cosmological facts in the origin of the behavior described by kinetic theory and thermodynamics, important puzzles still remain which continue to make the origins of asymmetric thermal behavior out of dynamically time symmetric underlying laws mysterious to us.
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  90. Matthew H. Slater, How Necessary is the Past? Reply to Campbell.
    Joe Campbell has identified an apparent flaw in van Inwagen’s Consequence Argument. It apparently derives a metaphysically necessary conclusion from what Campbell argues is a contingent premise: that the past is in some sense necessary. I criticise Campbell’s examples attempting to show that this is not the case (in the requisite sense) and suggest some directions along which an incompatibilist could reconstruct her argument so as to remain immune to Campbell’s worries.
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  91. J. J. C. Smart (1969). Causal Theories of Time. The Monist 53 (3):385-395.
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  92. J. J. C. Smart (1955). Mr. Mayo on Temporal Asymmetry. Australasian Journal of Philosophy 33 (2):124 – 127.
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  93. J. J. C. Smart (1954). The Temporal Asymmetry of the World. Analysis 14 (4):79 - 83.
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  94. Elliott Sober (1993). Temporally Oriented Laws. Synthese 94 (2):171 - 189.
    A system whose expected state changes with time cannot have both a forward-directed translationally invariant probabilistic law and a backward-directed translationally invariant law. When faced with this choice, science seems to favor the former. An asymmetry between cause and effect may help to explain why temporally oriented laws are usually forward-directed.
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  95. Patrick Stokes (2010). Fearful Asymmetry: Kierkegaard's Search for the Direction of Time. Continental Philosophy Review 43 (4):485-507.
    The ancient problem of whether our asymmetrical attitudes towards time are justified (or normatively required) remains a live one in contemporary philosophy. Drawing on themes in the work of McTaggart, Parfit, and Heidegger, I argue that this problem is also a key concern of Kierkegaard’s Either/Or (1843). Part I of Either/Or presents the “aesthete” as living a temporally volatilized form of life, devoid of temporal location, sequence and direction. Like Parfit’s character “Timeless,” these aesthetes are indifferent to the direction of (...)
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  96. Erwin Tegtmeier (2009). Ontology of Time and Hyperdynamism. Metaphysica 10 (2):185-198.
     The three alternative ontological theories of time are introduced as well as the three basic temporal phenomena. The different ontological analyses by the different theories are compared and examined. A relational theory of time is advocated as a result of the examination, and an influential misrepresentation and emendation of it by McTaggart is criticized and diagnosed as hyperdynamism. Finally, the problem of the direction of time is addressed. The physicist’s solutions are rejected, and an ontological solution is offered.
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  97. Robert Weingard (1977). Space-Time and the Direction of Time. Noûs 11 (2):119-131.
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  98. Robert Weingard (1972). Berger on Earman on Temporal Anisotropy. Journal of Philosophy 64 (21):786-790.
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  99. Robert Weingard (1972). On Travelling Backward in Time. Synthese 24 (1-2):117 - 132.
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  100. Brad Weslake (2006). Common Causes and the Direction of Causation. Minds and Machines 16 (3).
    Is the common cause principle merely one of a set of useful heuristics for discovering causal relations, or is it rather a piece of heavy duty metaphysics, capable of grounding the direction of causation itself? Since the principle was introduced in Reichenbach’s groundbreaking work The Direction of Time (1956), there have been a series of attempts to pursue the latter program—to take the probabilistic relationships constitutive of the principle of the common cause and use them to ground the direction of (...)
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