Nanoparticles have multifaceted advantages in drug administration as vaccine delivery and hence hold promises for improving protection of farmed fish against diseases caused by pathogens. However, there are concerns that the benefits associated with distribution of nanoparticles may also be accompanied with risks to the environment and health. The complexity of the natural and social systems involved implies that the information acquired in quantified risk assessments may be inadequate for evidence-based decisions. One controversial strategy for dealing with this kind of (...) uncertainty is the precautionary principle. A few years ago, an UNESCO expert group suggested a new approach for implementation of the principle. Here we compare the UNESCO principle with earlier versions and explore the advantages and disadvantages by employing the UNESCO version to the use of PLGA nanoparticles for delivery of vaccines in aquaculture. Finally, we discuss whether a combined scientific and ethical analysis that involves the concept of responsibility will enable approaches that can provide a supplement to the precautionary principle as basis for decision-making in areas of scientific uncertainty, such as the application of nanoparticles in the vaccination of farmed fish. (shrink)

Le principe de neutralité libéral est l’idée selon laquelle l’autorité publique d’une société libérale doit permettre à tous ses membres politiques de suivre leur conception personnelle, individuelle de la vie bonne. Cet article vise à démontrer la non neutralité morale du PNL et les limites politiques que celle-ci implique – considérée dans le cadre du PNL – au niveau environnemental. Dans cet objectif, les trois aspects de neutralité engagés par le PNL seront exposés, puis critiqués. Cette analyse en trois temps (...) visera à défendre la thèse selon laquelle le PNL ne permet pas au libéralisme politique de mettre en place des politiques environnementales qui seraient satisfaisantes d’un point de vue non- anthropocentré ni pour le moins « viables » écologiquement. (shrink)

Este trabajo versa sobre la aplicación del principio de precaución a un caso concreto: los organismos modificados genéticamente (OMG). Está estructurado del modo siguiente. En primer lugar, nos centramos en los OMG, intentando aclarar el significado de los términos “organismo modificado genéticamente” y “transgénico”, ofreciendo un breve recorrido por su historia y dibujando a grandes rasgos los riesgos y beneficios que pueden procurar. A continuación, nos ocupamos del tratamiento de los OMG en algunas de las regulaciones principales en las que (...) se apela al principio de precaución y las distintas opiniones que críticos y defensores de la nueva tecnología tienen sobre su aplicación. Tras argumentar que la diversidad de opiniones se debe, al menos en parte, a la ambigüedad del propio principio, analizamos las diversas variantes en las que este se presenta. Para concluir, intentamos establecer qué tipo de precaución resulta adecuada en el caso de los OMG. (shrink)

The article examines the so-called slippery slope argument (SSA) against the legalization of active voluntary euthanasia (AVE). According to the SSA, by legalizing AVE, the least morally controversial type of euthanasia, we will take the first step onto a slippery slope and inevitably end up in the moral abyss of widespread abuse and violations of the rights of the weakest and most vulnerable patients. In the first part of the paper, empirical evidence to the contrary is presented and analyzed: None (...) of the forecasted regrettable trends can be elicited from the body of existing statistical data. Accordingly, we have no good reason to believe either that we already are, or are sooner or later going to be, sliding into a moral abyss. A related question is then considered: Would it not be wiser and safer to stick to the status quo and preserve the existing legal ban on AVE even if the risk of its abuse is uncertain and may well turn out to be relatively low? It is argued that such an appeal to precautionary reasoning fails to justify an outright legal ban on AVE for at least two reasons: (i) it grossly underestimates the hidden moral costs of current legal arrangements (competent terminal patients suffer both disrespect for their autonomous will and deprivation of the good of a timely death) and (ii) the ban is both too inefficient and disproportionate to qualify as a reasonable measure of precaution. (shrink)