Skip to main content
Log in

Post-Communist Consumer Ethics: The Case of Romania

  • Published:
Journal of Business Ethics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this paper we theorize that cognitive ethical orientations play an influential role in the beliefs of consumers when faced with different ranges of moral dilemmas. We examine this proposition in transitional Eastern Europe and results from a sample of 210 Romanian consumers suggest that Romanians are faced with a moral situation where low levels of Machiavellianism and high levels of idealism appear to relate to a higher ethical concern about passively benefiting at the expense of others.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Akaah, I. P.: 1990, 'Attitudes of Marketing Professionals Toward Ethics in Marketing Research: A Cross-National Comparison', Journal of Business Ethics 9, 45–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Khatib, J. A., K. Dobie and S. J. Vitell: 1995, 'Consumer Ethics in Developing Countries: An Empirical Investigation', Journal of Euro-Marketing 4(1), 87–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Khatib, J. A., S. J. Vitell and M. Y. A. Rawwas: 1997, 'Consumer Ethics: A Cross-Cultural Investigation', European Journal of Marketing 31(11/12), 750–767.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Khatib, J. A., A. Stanton and S. J. Vitell: 2001, 'Business Ethics in the Arab Gulf States: A Three Country Study', International Business Review 11, 97–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Khatib, J. A., S. J. Vitell and M. Y. A. Rawwas: 2004, 'Organizational Ethics in Developing Countries: A Comparative Analysis', Unpublished Research Report.

  • Alreck, P. and R. Settle: 1995, The Survey Research Handbook, 2nd Edition (Irwin, Homewood, IL).

    Google Scholar 

  • Barclays Economic Review: 2000, 'International Economy: Central & East Europe', Third Quarter, p. 19.

  • Barnett, T., K. Bass and G. Brown: 1994, 'Ethical Ideologies and Ethical Judgment Regarding Ethical Issues in Business', Journal of Business Ethics 13(6), 469–480.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnett, T.,K. Bass and G. Brown: 1996, 'Religiosity, Ethical Ideology and Intentions to Report a Peer'sWrongdoing', Journal of Business Ethics 15(11), 1161–1174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnett, T., K. Bass and G. Brown: 1998, 'Ethical Ideology and Ethical Judgments of Marketing Professionals', Journal of Business Ethics 17(7), 715–723.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bass, K., T. Barnett and G. Brown: 1999, 'Individual Difference Variables, Ethical Judgments, and Ethical Behavioral Intentions', Business Ethics Quarterly 9, 183–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumhart, R. S.: 1961, 'How Ethical Are Businessmen?' Harvard Business Review 39, 6–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beltramini, R., R. Peterson and G. Kozmetsky: 1984, 'Concerns of College Students Regarding Business Ethics', Journal of Business Ethics 3, 24–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brenner, S. N. and E. A. Molander: 1977, 'Is the Ethics of Business Executives Changing?' Harvard Business Review, 55, 57–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chan, A., S. Wong and P. Leung: 1998, 'Ethical Beliefs of Chinese Consumers in Hong Kong', Journal of Business Ethics 17, 1163–1170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chonko, L. B.: 1982, 'Are Purchasing Agents Machiavellian?', Journal of Purchasing and Materials Management 18(Winter), 15–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chonko, L. B. and S. D. Hunt: 1985, 'Ethics and Marketing Management: An Empirical Examination', Journal of Business Research 13, 339–359. </del>

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chonko, L. B. and S. D. Hunt: 2000, 'Ethics and Marketing Management: A Retrospective and Prospective Commentary', Journal of Business Research 50(3).

  • Christie, R. and F. L. Geis: 1970, Studies in Machiavellianism (Academic Press, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, R.M.: 1979, 'Comparison of Consumer Acceptance of Rights and Responsibilities' in N.M. Ackerman (ed.), Ethics and the Consumer Interest, pp. 68–70

  • Delery, J. and D. Doty: 1996, 'Modes of Theorizing in Strategic Human Resource Management: Tests of Universalistic, Contingency, and Configurational Performance Predictions', Academy of Management Journal 39(4), 802–835.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Paulo, P.J.: 1986, 'Ethical Perceptions of Deceptive Bargaining Tactics Used by Salespersons and Customers: A Double Standard,' in Joel G. Sagert (ed.), Proceedings of the Division of Consumer Psychology, American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C.

  • Dorfman, P. and J. Howell: 1988, 'Dimensions of National Culture and Effective Leadership Patterns: Hofstede revisited', in R. N. Farmer and E. G. McGoun (eds.), Advances in International Comparative Management (JAI Press), pp. 127–150.

  • Erffmeyer, R. C., B. D. Keillor and D. Thorne Le Clair: 1999, 'An Empirical Investigation of Japanese Consumer Ethics', Journal of Business Ethics 18, 35–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrell, O. C. and L. Gresham: 1985, 'A Contingency Framework for Understanding Ethical Decision Making in Marketing', Journal of Marketing (Summer), 87–96.

  • Ferrell, O. C., L. Gresham and J. Fraedrich: 1989, 'A Synthesis of Ethical Decision Models for Marketing', Journal of Macromarketing (Fall), 55–64.

  • Forsyth, D. R. 1980, 'A Taxonomy of Ethical Ideologies', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 39(1), 175–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forsyth, D. R.: 1992, 'Judging the Morality of Business Practices: The Influence of Personal Moral Philosophies', Journal of Business Ethics 11 May.

  • Forsyth, D. R. and W. R. Pope: 1984, 'Ethical Ideology and Judgements of Social Psychology Research: Multidimensional Analysis', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 46(6), 1365–1375.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fritzsche, D.: 1995, 'Personal Values: Potential Keys to Ethical Decision Making', Journal of Business Ethics 14, 909–922.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fulop, Gyula, and Robert D. Hisrich: 2000, 'Business Ethics and Social Responsibility in Transition Economies', Journal of Management Development 19(1), 213–221.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fulop, G., R. Hisrich and K. Szegedi: 2000, 'Business Ethics and Social Responsibility in Transition Economies', Journal of Management Development 19(1), 5–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ger, G. and R. W. Belk: 1996, 'Cross-Cultural Differences in Materialism', Journal of Economic Psychology 17(1), 55–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ger, G., R. W. Belk and D. N. Lascu: 1993, 'The Development of Consumer Desire in Marketizing and Developing Economies: The Cases of Romania and Turkey', in L. McAllister and M. L. Rothchild (eds.), Advances in Consumer Research 20, Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research, pp. 102–107.

  • Hair, J. F. Jr., R. Bush and D. J. Ortinau: 2000, Marketing Research: A Practical Approach for the New Millennium (Irwin/McGraw-Hill).

  • Hegarty, W. H. and H. P. Sims Jr.: 1978, 'Some Determinants of Unethical Decision Behavior: An Experiment', Journal of Applied Psychology 63(August), 451–457.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hisrich R. and M. Grachev: 1994, 'The Russian Entrepreneur: A Prescription for Mangers', Journal of Managerial Psychology 10(2), 3–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, S. D. and L. Chonko: 1984, 'Marketing and Machiavellianism', Journal of Marketing (Summer), 30–42.

  • Hunt, S. D. and S. J. Vitell: 1986, 'A General Theory of Marketing Ethics', Journal of Macromarketing (Spring), 5–16.

  • Hunt, S. D. and S. J. Vitell: 1992, 'The General Theory of Marketing Ethics: A Retrospective and Revision', in Quelch and Smith (eds.), Ethics in Marketing Richard D. Irwin, Chicago, Illinois.

  • Husted, B.: 2002, 'Culture and International AntiCorruption Agreements in Latin America', Journal of Business Ethics 37, 413–422.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lascu, D.-N., L. A. Manrai and A. K. Manrai: 1993, 'Marketing in Romania: The Challenges of Transition from a Centrally-Planned Economy to a Consumer-Oriented Economy', European Journal of Marketing 27(11-12), 102–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manrai, L. A., A. K. Manrai and D.-N. Lascu: 1998, 'Marketing Support Services and Facilities in Eastern and Central Europe', in World Business Congress, June, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.

  • Manrai, L. A., D.-N. Lascu and A. K. Manrai: 1999, 'How the Fall of the Iron Curtain Has Affected Consumers' Perceptions of Urban and Rural Quality of Life in Romania', Journal of East-West Business 5(1/2), 145–172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manrai, L. A., D.-N. Lasu, A. K. Manrai and H. W. Babb: 2001, 'A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Style in Eastern European Emerging Markets', International Marketing Review.

  • Muncy, J. A. and S. J. Vitell: 1989, 'Consumer Ethics: An Empirical Investigation of the Ethical Beliefs of the Final Consumer', working paper.

  • Muncy, J. A. and S. J. Vitell: 1992, 'Consumer Ethics: An Investigation of the Ethical Beliefs of the Final Consumer', Journal of Business Research 24(June), 297–311

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, P. and G.R. Laczniak: 1981, 'Marketing Ethics:A Reviewwith Implications for Managers, Educators, and Researchers', in Enis, B.M. and Roering, A.J. (eds), Review of Marketing, American Marketing Association, Chicago, II, pp. 251–266.

  • Naor, J.: 1990, 'Romania: Opportunities and Challenges', in V. H. Kirpalani (ed.), International Business Handbooks (Haworth Press, New York, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Puffer, S. and D. McCarthy: 1995, 'Finding the Common Ground in Russian and American Business Ethics', California Management Review 37(2), 29–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rallapalli, K. C.: 1994, 'Marketers' Norms: An Empirical Investigation of the Influence of Personal and Situational Factors on Marketers Deontological Norms', Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation (University of Mississippi. Oxford, MS).

  • Ramaswamy, K.: 1997, 'The Performance Impact of Strategic Similarity in Horizontal Mergers: Evidence from the U.S. Banking Industry', Academy of Management Journal 40(3), 697–715.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, C.P. and A. Singhapakdi: 1997, 'Marketing Ethics: A Comparison Between Services and Other Marketing Professionals,' Journal of Services Marketing, 11(6), 409–426.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rawwas, M. Y. A., S. J. Vitell and J. A. Al Khatib: 1994, 'Consumer Ethics: The Possible Effects of Terrorism and Civil Unrest on the Ethical Values of Consumers', Journal of Business Ethics 13(3), 223–231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sexty, R. W.: 1998, 'Teaching Business Ethics in Transitional Economies: Avoiding Ethical Missionary', Journal of Business Ethics 17(12), 1311–1317.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singhapakdi, A. and S. J. Vitell: 1990, 'Marketing Ethics: Factors Influencing Perceptions of Ethical Problems and Alternatives', Journal of Macromarketing 10(Spring), 4–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singhapakdi, A. S., J. Vitell and Leelakulthanit: 1990, 'A Cross-Cultural Study of Moral Philosophies, Ethical Perceptions and Judgments: A Comparison of American and ThaiMarketers', InternationalMarketing Review 11(5).

  • Singhapakdi, A., K. Kraft, S. J. Vitell, and K. Rallapalli: 1995, 'The Perceived Importance of Ethics and Social Responsibility on Organizational Effectiveness: A Survey of Marketers,' Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 23(1), 49–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singhapakdi, A., S. J. Vitell, C. P. Rao, and D. L. Kurtz: 1999, 'Ethics Gap: Comparing Marketers with Consumers on Important Determinants of Ethical Decision-Making', Journal of Business Ethics 21(4), 317–328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Su, Z. and A. Richelieu: 1999, 'Western Managers Working in Romania: Perception and Attitude Regarding Business Ethics', Journal of Business Ethics 20(2), 133–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tansey, R., G. Brown, and M. R. Hayman: 1994, 'Personal Moral Philosophies and Moral Judgments of Salespeople, Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management 15(1), 59–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vitell, S. J., and T. Festerrand: 1987, 'Business Ethics: Conflicts, Practices and Beliefs of Industrial Executives', Journal of Business Ethics 6(February), 111–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vitell, S. J. and J. A. Muncy: 1992, 'Consumer Ethics: An Empirical Investigation of Factors Influencing Ethical Judgments of the Final Consumer', Journal of Business Ethics ii, 753–760.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vitell, S. J., J. R. Lumpkin and M. Y. A. Rawwas: 1991, 'Consumer Ethics: An Investigation of the Ethical Beliefs of Elderly Consumers', Journal of Business Ethics (May), 365–375.

  • Vitell, S., S. Nwachukwa and J. Barnes: 1993, 'The Effects of Culture on Ethical Decision Making: An Application of Hofstede's Typology', Journal of Business Ethics 12, 753–760.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkes, R. E.: 1978, 'Fraudulent Behavior by Consumers', Journal of Marketing (October), 67–75.

  • Wilson, T. L.: 2000, 'Romania at a Cross-Road: The Business Situation in Romania-Spring 1999', Journal of East-West Business 6(3), 65–91.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Al-Khatib, J.A., Robertson, C.J. & Lascu, DN. Post-Communist Consumer Ethics: The Case of Romania. Journal of Business Ethics 54, 81–95 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BUSI.0000043502.51559.ca

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BUSI.0000043502.51559.ca

Navigation