“[I]t is in virtue of the form that the matter is some one definite thing, and this is the substance of the thing. What Aristotle means seems to be plain common sense: a “thing” must be bounded, and the boundary constitutes its form.” ….“We should not naturally say that it is the form that confers substantiality, but that is because the atomic hypothesis is ingrained in our imagination. Each atom, however, if it is a “thing”, is so in virtue of its being delimited from other atoms, and so having, in some sense, a “form”.” (Emphasis as in the original text).
Bertrand Russell (Russell 1945).
Abstract
The quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) uses physics to define an atom and its contribution to observable properties in a given system. It does so using the electron density and its flow in a magnetic field, the current density. These are the two fields that Schrödinger said should be used to explain and understand the properties of matter. It is the purpose of this paper to show how QTAIM bridges the conceptual gulf that separates the observations of chemistry from the realm of physics and do so in a manner that is both rigorous and conceptually simple. Since QTAIM employs real measurable fields, it enables one to present the findings of complex quantum mechanical calculations in a pictorial manner that isolates the essential physics. The time has arrived for a sea change in our attempts to predict and classify the observations of chemistry, time to replace the use of simplified and arbitrary models with the full predictive power of physics, as applied to an atom in a molecule.
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Acknowledgments
CFM will always remain deeply grateful to his friend, mentor, and former PhD advisor, Professor Richard F. W. Bader—to the memory of whom this last of his paper is dedicated. This work has been financially supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI), and Mount Saint Vincent University.
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Professor Richard F. W. Bader (1931–2012), the principal and the original corresponding author of this article, has passed away on 15 January 2012. This paper is now published posthumously and is dedicated to his memory. A tribute to Professor Bader (Matta et al. 2011), his autobiography (Bader 2011a), his list of publications (2011a), the last of his articles to be published during his lifetime that he has written in tribute of the great John C. Slater (Bader 2011b), and 80 invited papers in his honor can be all be found in a recent festschrift dedicated to him (2011b). It gives us some comfort to know that Professor Bader has seen his festschrift in December 2011, and was pleased by it, a month before he died from complications of a lung illness.
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Bader, R.F.W., Matta, C.F. Atoms in molecules as non-overlapping, bounded, space-filling open quantum systems. Found Chem 15, 253–276 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10698-012-9153-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10698-012-9153-1