Skip to main content
Log in

Rights, Responsibilities, and Respect: A Balanced Citizenship Model for Schools of Business

  • Published:
Journal of Academic Ethics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In a world increasingly described as turbulent and chaotic, management scholars have acknowledged the importance of a virtue-based set of criteria to serve as a moral rubric for the stakeholders that an organization serves. Business schools play a unique role in helping their students to understand the ethical issues facing business. Business schools can also model the way for creating a clear statement of values and principles, by creating a bill of rights for business schools that recognizes the importance of rights and responsibilities and articulates the important ethical issues that apply not only to business but to the business school context. Four models for creating a bill of rights in schools of business are presented and a framework of a bill of rights is provided. The advantages of a virtue ethics model for a bill of rights are explained as the most practical approach for business faculty to consider.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Anderson, A. J., & Schubart, M. P. (1993). Who speaks for the library? Library Journal, 118(21), 88–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beer, M. (1987). Revitalizing organizations—Change process and emergent model. Academy of Management Executive, 1(1), 51–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Block, P. (1996). Stewardship: Choosing service over self-interest. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyer Commission on Educating Undergraduates in the Research University (1998). Reinventing undergraduate education: A blueprint for America’s research universities. Stoney Brook, N. Y.

  • Caldwell, C. (2004). Examining corporate citizenship: Balancing duties and opportunities in the modern organization. Business Ethics Quarterly, 14(4), 775–780.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, C., Antonacopoulou, E. P., Matula, T., Karri, R., Watson, C., & Naegle, D. (2005). Practicing what we teach—Three ethical frameworks for schools of business. Paper presented at the Eastern Academy of Management Conference, “Managing Ethically in Times of Change,” on May 13, 2005.

  • Caldwell, C., Bischoff, S. J., & Karri, R. (2002). The four umpires: A paradigm for ethical leadership. Journal of Business Ethics, 36, 153–163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, C., & Clapham, S. E. (2003). Organizational trustworthiness: An international perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 47, 349–364.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, C., & Karri, R. J. (2005). Organizational governance and ethical systems: A covenantal approach to building trust. Journal of Business Ethics, 58(1), 249–259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cameron, K. S. (2003a). Organizational virtuousness and performance. In K. S. Cameron, J. E. Dutton, & R. E. Quinn (Eds.) Positive organizational scholarship: Foundations of a new discipline pp. 48–65. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cameron, K. S. (2003b). Ethics, virtuousness, and constant change. In N. M. Tichy, & A. R. McGill (Eds.) The ethical challenge: How to lead with unyielding integrity (pp. 185–194). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cameron, K. S., Dutton, J. E., & Quinn, R. E. (2003). Positive organizational scholarship: Foundations of a new discipline. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, A. B., & Buccholtz, A. K. (2005). Business and society: Ethics and stakeholder management. South-Western Publishing.

  • Clapham, S. E., & Cooper, R. W. (2005). Essential factors for employees to participate in corporate governance. Journal of Management and Governance, 9(3–4), 287–313.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, J. (2001). Good to great — Why some companies make the leap... and others don’t. New York: Harper Collins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, J., & Porras, J. (1994). Built to last — Successful habits of visionary companies. New York: Harper Collins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colquitt, J. A., Conlon, D. E., Wesson, M. J., Porter, C. O. L. H., & Ng, K. Y. (2001). Justice at the millennium: A meta analytic review of 25 years of justice research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 424–445.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crane, F. G. (2004). The teaching of business ethics, imperatives at business schools. Journal of Education for Business, 79, 149–152 (January/February).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Danzinger, D., & Gillingham, J. (2003). 1215: The year of the magna carta. London, England: Hodder and Stroughton Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • DePree, M. (1989). Leadership is an art. New York: Currency Doubleday.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donaldson, T., & Dunfee, T. W. (1999). Ties that bind: A social contracts approach to business. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donnelly, S. J. M. (2005). Reflecting on the rule of law, its reciprocal relations with rights, legitimacy, and other concepts and institutions. Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce, 32(2), 233–1269.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donohoo, J. (1991). IRS interviews may be recorded. Business Forum, 16(1), 29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Earley, C. E., & Kelly, P. T., (2004). A note on ethics educational interventions in an undergraduate auditing course: Is there an “Enron effect”? Issues in Accounting Education, 19(1), 53–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elson, C. (2004). Getting back to basics. BizEd, 3(3), 36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, F. J., & Marcal, L. E. (2005). Educating for ethics: Business Deans’ perspectives. Business & Society Review, 110(3), 233–248.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flood, C. M., & Epps, T. (2004). Waiting for health care: What role for a patients’ bill of rights? McGill Law Journal, 49(3), 515–554.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galford, R., & Drapeau, A. S. (2003a). The enemies of trust. Harvard Business Review, 81(2), 12–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galford, R., & Drapeau, A. S. (2003b). The trusted leader—Bringing out the best in your people and your company. New York: The Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gioia, D. A. (2002). Business education’s role in the crisis of corporate confidence. Academy of Management Executive, 16, 142–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gioia, D. A., & Korley, K. G. (2002). Being good vs. looking good: Business school rankings and the Circian transformation from substance to image. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 1(1), 107–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorlick, A. (2005). Integrity’ leads online dictionary’s list of top searches. The Des Moines Register, 4A, Dec. 11, 2005.

  • Greenberg, J. (1990). Organizational justice: Yesterday, today, and tomorrow. Journal of Management, 16, 399–432.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, J. (1993). Stealing in the name of justice: Informational and interpersonal moderators of theft reactions to underpayment inequity. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Making Processes, 54, 81–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenleaf, R. K. (1977). Servant leadership: A journey into the nature of legitimate power and greatness. New York: Paulist Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartman, S. J., Yrle, A. C., & Galle W. P. Jr., (1999). Procedural and distributive justice: Examining equity in a university setting. Journal of Business Ethics, 20(4), 337–351.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harvard University (1970). Tentative recommendations concerning rights and responsibilities. [Report of the University Committee on Governance.]. Cambridge, MA.

  • Hegarty, W. H., & Sims, H. P. (1979). Organizational philosophy, policies, and objectives related to unethical decision behavior: A laboratory experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 64(3), 331–338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G. (1992). Cultural dimensions in people management—The socialization perspective. In V., Pucik, N. M., Tichy, C. K., & Barnett (Eds.) Globalizing management: Creating and leading the competitive organization (pp. 139–158). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horowitz, D. (2004). In defense of intellectual diversity. Chronicle of Higher Education, 51, B12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hosmer, L. T. (1990). Why a majority of our business schools do not offer a course in business ethics. In C. A. Nelson, & R. D. Cavey (Eds.) Ethics leadership and the bottom line. Croton-on-Hudson, NY: North River Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohlberg, L. (1981). Moral stages and the aims of education. In L. Kohlberg (Ed.) The philosophy of moral development: Moral stages and the idea of justice (pp. 1–28). New York: Harper and Row Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koltai, L., Rifkin, T., & Byrnes, N. (1991). Existing administrator and faculty ethics policies. The UCLA/Irvine Group Research Project on the Status of Ethics in American Higher Education. Paper presented at the Irvine Group Meeting, Carnegie Foundation, Princeton, NJ (March, 1991)

  • Leventhal, G. S., Karuza, J., & Fry, W. R. (1980). Beyond fairness: A theory of allocation preferences. In G. Mikula (Ed.) Justice and Social Interaction. New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, C. S. (1952). Mere Christianity. San Francisco: Harper Collins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindop, E. (1989). The Bill of Rights and landmark cases. New York: Franklin Watts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Long, N. E. (1962). The administrative organization as a political system. In S. Mailick, & E. H. Van Ness (Eds.) Concepts and issues in administrative behavior (pp. 110–121). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manville, B., & Ober, J. (2003). A company of citizens: What the world’s first democracy teaches leaders about creating great organizations. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mishra, A. K., & Mishra, K. E. (1994). The role of mutual trust in effective downsizing strategies. Human Resource Management, 33(2), 261–279.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moriarty, D. (1992) From administrative theory and practice to sport and lifestyle management: past, present, and future.

  • Nelson, C. A., & Cavey, R. D. (Eds.). (1990). Ethics leadership and the bottom line. Croton-on-Hudson, NY: North River Press.

  • Nozick, R. (1974). Anarchy, State, and Utopia. New York: Blackwell Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pava, M. (2003). Leading with meaning: Using covenantal leadership to build a better organization. New York: Palgrave-Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfeffer, J. (1992). Understanding power in organizations. California Management Review, 34(2), 29–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfeffer, J. (1998). The human equation: Building profits by putting people first. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pope John Paul II (2005). Establishing his legacy. Vital speeches of the day, 71(12), 382–385.

  • Post, J. E., Preston, L. E., & Sachs, S. (2002). Redefining the corporation: Stakeholder management and organizational wealth. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Primeaux, P., Karri, R., & Caldwell, C. (2003). Cultural insights to organizational justice – A preliminary perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 46(2), 187–199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rich, A. J., Smith, S. S., & Mihalek, T. D. (1990). Are corporate codes of conduct effective. management accounting, 34–35, September.

  • Rifkin, T. (1993). Administrator and faculty ethics codes in community colleges. ERIC Digest.

  • Rossiter, C. (1987). 1787—The grand convention. New York: MacMillan Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rousseau, D. M. (1995). Psychological contracts in organizations—Understanding written and unwritten agreements. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roussseau, D. M. (2004). Research edge: Psychological contracts in the workplace: Understanding the ties that motivate. Academy of Management Executive, 28(1), 120–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rummler, G. A., & Rummler, M. E. (2003). Training and Development, 57(4), 27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutland, R. A. (1955). The birth of the Bill of Rights, 1776–1791. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, D. J. (1982). Companies need ‘Bill of Rights’ for employees—and themselves. Management Review, 71(8), 30–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schein, E. H. (2003). Organizational culture and leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlack, R. F. (1991). Plant closings: A community’s bill of rights. Journal of Economic Issues, 25(2), 511–518.

    Google Scholar 

  • Senge, P. (1990). The fifth discipline: The art and practice of the learning organization. New York: Doubleday.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon, H. A. (1976). Administrative behavior: A study of decision-making in administrative organization. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, R. C. (1992). Ethics and excellence: Cooperation and integrity in business. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trevinyo-Rodriguez, R. N. (2007). Integrity: A systems theory classification. Journal of Management History, 13(1), 74–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tyler, T. R., Degoey, P., & Smith, H. J. (1996). Understanding why the justice of group procedures matters. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 913–930.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • University of New Mexico (1971). Committee on university governance report to the regents of the University of New Mexico. Albuquerque, New Mexico.

  • Wanous, J. P., Reichers, A. E., & Austin, J. T. (2004). Cynicism about organizational change: An attribution process perspective. Psychological Reports, Part 2, 94(3), 1421–1434.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weaver, H. F. (2003). Industry to write code of conduct. Wireless News, 22(9), 1–2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiegand, S. A. (1996). The collision of rhetoric, rights, and reality and the library bill of rights. Library Trends, 45(1), 75–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, P., Kroll, M., Pray, B., & Lado, A. (1995). Strategic orientations, competitive advantage, and business performance. Journal of Business Research, 33(2), 143–151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Cam Caldwell.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Caldwell, C., Clapham, S.E. & Davis, B. Rights, Responsibilities, and Respect: A Balanced Citizenship Model for Schools of Business. J Acad Ethics 5, 105–120 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-007-9041-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-007-9041-9

Keywords

Navigation