Skip to main content
Log in

A Managerial In-Basket Study of the Impact of Trait Emotions on Ethical Choice

  • Published:
Journal of Business Ethics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper explores the relationship of various trait emotions to the ethical choices of 189 college students who completed a managerial decision-making task as part of an in-basket exercise in a laboratory setting. Prior research regarding emotion influences on ethical decision-making and linkages between emotions and cognition informed hypotheses about how different types of emotions impact ethical choices. Findings supported our expectations that positive and negative emotions classified as active would be more strongly related to interpersonally-directed ethical choices than to organizationally-directed ones, and that passive emotions would be less related to ethical choices than active emotions. Implications for ethical decision-making research and organizational practices are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alloy, L. B. and L. Y. Abramson: 1979, 'Judgment of Contingency in Depressed and Nondepressed Students: Sadder but Wiser?', Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 108, 441-485.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alloy, L. B. and L. Y. Abramson: 1982, 'Learned Helplessness, Depression, and the Illusion of Control', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 42, 1114-1126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alloy, L. B., L. Y. Abramson and D. Viscusi: 1981, 'Induced Mood and the Illusion of Control', Journal of Personality & Social Psychology 41, 1129-1140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anastasi, A.: 1988, Psychological Testing, 6th Ed. (Macmillan Publishing Co, Inc., New York, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, L. J. and R. G. Jones: 2000, 'Affective, Behavioral, and Cognitive Acceptance of Feedback: Individual Difference Moderators', in N. M. Ashkanasy, C. E. J. Hartel and W. J. Zerbe (eds.), Emotions in the Workplace: Research, Theory and Practice (Quorum Books, Westport, CT), pp. 130-140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Archer, N. P., M. M. Head and Y. Yuan: 1996, 'Patterns in Information Search for Decision-Making: the Effects of Information Abstraction', International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 45, 599-616.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ashkanasy, N. M.: In press, 'Emotions in Organizations: A Multilevel Perspective', in F. Dansereau and F. J. Yammarino (eds.), Research in Multi-Level Issues, Vol. 2 (JAI Press, Greenwich, CT).

  • Ashkanasy, N. M. and B. Tse: 2000, 'Transformational Leadership as Management of Emotion: A Conceptual View', in N. M. Ashkanasy, C. E. J. Hartel and W. J. Zerbe (eds.), Emotions in the Workplace: Research, Theory and Practice (Quorum Books, Westport, CT), pp. 221-235.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ball, G. A., L. K. Trevino and H. P. Sims: 1992, 'Understanding Subordinate Reactions to Punishment Incidents: Perspectives from Justice and Social affect', Leadership Quarterly 3, 307-333.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basch, J. and C. D. Fisher: 2000, 'Affective Events-Emotions Matrix: A Classification of Work Events and Associated Emotions', in N. M. Ashkanasy, C. E. J. Hartel and W. J. Zerbe (eds.), Emotions in the Workplace: Research, Theory and Practice (Quorum Books, Westport, CT), pp. 36-48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bass, B.: 2002, 'Cognitive, Social, and Emotional Intelligence of Transformational Leaders', in R. E. Riggio, S. E. Murphy, et al. (eds.), Multiple Intelligences and Leadership (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: Mahway, NJ), pp. 105-118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borman, W. and S. Motowidlo: 1993, 'Expanding the Criterion Domain to Include Elements of Contextual Performance', in N. Schmitt and W. Borman (eds.), Personnel Selection in Organizations (Jossey-Bass, San Francisco), pp. 71-98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bower, G. H.: 1981, 'Mood and Memory', American Psychologist 36, 129-148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradburn, N. M.: 1969, The Structure of Psychological Well-Being (Aldine, Chicago, IL), xvi, 318 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cacioppo, J. T. and G. G. Berntson: 1999, 'The Affect System: Architecture and Operating Characteristics', Current Directions in Psychological Science 8, 133-137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cacioppo, J. T., W. L. Gardner and G. G. Berntson: 1999, 'The Affect System Has Parallel and Integrative Processing Components: Form Follows Function', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76, 839-855.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caruso, D. R., J. D. Mayer and P. Salovey: 2002, 'Emotional Intelligence and Emotional Leadership', in R. E. Riggio, S. E. Murphy, et al. (eds.), Multiple Intelligences and Leadership (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ), pp. 55-74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Connelly, M. S., W. B. Helton, R. Schultz, J. R. Van Doorn, J. Benavidez, H. Thompson and M. D. Mumford: 2000, Assessment Tool Report: Review of Existing tools and Development of New Tools (Vols. 1 and 2). Technical Report for the Department of Defense (contract No. 1999*I033800*000). Norman, OK, University of Oklahoma, Department of Psychology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Connelly, M. S., R. Reiter-Palmon, T. C. Clifton and M. D. Mumford: 1991, Exploring the C&I Division Regional Manager Position: Summary of Subject Matter Expert Meetings (Technical Report CBCS 91-6 for General Electric Corp.). Fairfax, VA, George Mason University, Center for Behavioral and Cognitive Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Connelly, S., B. Gaddis and W. B. Helton-Fauth: 2002, 'A Closer Look at the Role of Emotions in Charismatic and Transformational Leadership', in B. Avolio and F. J. Yammarino (eds.), Transformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead (Elsevier Science, Oxford, U.K.), pp. 255–283.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crowne, D. P. and D. Marlow: 1964, The Approval Motive: Studies in Evaluative Dependence (Wiley, New York, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E, H. Smith and F. Fujita: 1995, 'The Personality Structure of Affect', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69(1), 130-141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubinsky, A. J. and B. Loken: 1989, 'Analyzing Ethical Decision Making in Marketing', Journal of Business Research 19, 83-107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunegan, K. J., D. Duchon and S. L. Barton: 1992, 'Affect, Risk, and Decision Criticality: Replication and Extension in a Business Setting', Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes 53, 335-351.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ekman, P.: 1972, 'Universals and Cultural Differences in Facial Expressions of Emotion', in J. Cole (ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, NE), pp. 207-283

    Google Scholar 

  • Endler, N. S., L. Kantor and J. D. A. Parker: 1994, 'State-Trait Coping, State-Trait Anxiety and Academic Performance', Personality and Individual Differences 16, 663-670.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forgays, D. G., D. K. Forgays and C. D. Speilberger: 1998, 'Factor Structure of the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory', Journal of Personality Assessment 69, 497-507.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forgays, D. K., C. D. Speilberger, S. A. Ottaway and D. G. Forgays: 1997, 'Factor Structure of the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory for Middle-Aged Men and Women', Assessment 5, 141-155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frijda, N. H.: 1986, The Emotions (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England).

    Google Scholar 

  • Frijda, N. H.: 1993, 'Moods, Emotions Episodes, and Emotions', in M. Lewis and J. M. Haviland (eds.), Handbook of Emotions (The Guilford Press, New York, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaudine, A. and L. Thorne: 2001, 'Emotion and Ethical Decision-Making in Organizations', Journal of Business Ethics 31, 175-187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • George, J.: 2000, 'Emotions and Leadership: The Role of Emotional Intelligence', Human Relations 53, 1027-1055.

    Google Scholar 

  • George, J. M., and K. Bettenhausen: 1990, 'Understanding Prosocial Behavior, Sales Performance, and Turnover: A Group-Level Analysis in a Service Context', Journal of Applied Psychology 75, 698-709.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ginsberg, A. and N. Venkatraman: 1992, 'Investing in New Information Technology: The Role of Competitive Posture and Issue Diagnosis', Strategic Management Journal 13, 37-54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gross, J. J.: 1998, 'Sharpening the Focus: Emotion Regulation, Arousal, and Social Competence', Psychological Inquiry 9, 287-290.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammer, A. L.: 1992, 'Test Evaluation and Quality', in M. Zeidner and R. Most (eds.), Psychological Testing: An Inside View (Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, CA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrington, S. J.: 1997, 'A Test of a Person-Issue Contingent Model of Ethical Decision Making in Organizations', Journal of Business Ethics 16, 363-375.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Helton, W. B., J. E. Benavidez and M. S. Connelly: 2000, Emotion and Emotional Processes: A Review and Some New Theoretical Considerations. Technical Report for the Department of Defense (contract No. 1999*I033800*000). Norman, OK, University of Oklahoma, Department of Psychology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hickson, D. J., R. J. Butler, D. Cray, G. R. Mallory and D. C. Wilson: 1986, Top Decisions: Strategic Decision Making in Organizations (Basil Blackwell, Oxford).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, S. D. and S. Vitell: 1986, 'A General Theory of Marketing Ethics', Journal of Macromarketing 6, 5-16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Isen, A. M.: 1993, 'Positive Affect and Decision-Making', in M. Lewis and J. M. Haviland (eds.), Handbook of Emotions (The Guilford Press, New York, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Isen, A. M. and R. A. Baron: 1991, 'Positive Affect as a Factor in Organizational Behavior', Research in Organizational Behavior 13, 1-53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Isen, A. M. and K. A. Daubman: 1984, 'The Influence of Affect on Categorization', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 47, 1206-1217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Isen, A. M., K. A. Daubman and G. P. Nowicki: 1987, 'Positive Affect Facilitates Creative Problem Solving', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52, 1122-1131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Isen, A. M. and N. Geva: 1987, 'The Influence of Positive Affect on Acceptable Level of Risk: The Person with a Large Canoe Has a Large Worry', Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 39, 145-154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Isen, A. M., M. M. S. Johnson, E. Mertz and G. F. Robinson: 1985, 'The Influence of Positive Affect on the Unusualness of Word Associations', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 48, 1413-1426.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Isen, A. M. and B. Means: 1983, 'The Influence of Positive Affect on Decision-Making Strategy', Social Cognition 2, 18-31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Isen, A. M. and R. Patrick: 1983, 'The Effect of Positive Feelings on Risk-Taking: When the Chips are Down', Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 31, 194-202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Izard, C. E.: 1971, The Face of Emotion (Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Izard, C. E.: 1977, Human Emotions (Plenum, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Izard, C. E.: 1989, 'The Structure and Functions of Emotions: Implications for Cognition, Motivation, and personality', in I. S. Cohen (ed.), The G. Stanley Hall Lecture Series, Vol. 9 (American Psychological Association, Washington, DC), pp. 35-73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Izard, C. E.: 1993, 'Organizational and Motivational Functions of Discrete Emotions', in M. Lewis and J. M. Haviland (eds.), Handbook of Emotions (The Guilford Press, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, T. M.: 1991, Ethical Decision Making by Individuals in Organizations: An Issue-Contingent Model', Academy of Management 16, 366-395.

    Google Scholar 

  • Judge, T. A, and R. D. Bretz: 1992, 'The Effects of Work Values on Job Choice Decisions', Journal of Applied Psychology 77, 261-271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keltner, D.: 1996, 'Facial Expressions of Emotion and Personality', in C. Malatesta-Magai and S. S. H. McFadden (eds.), Handbook of Emotion, Adult Development, and Aging (Academic Press, New York), pp. 385-401.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keltner, D., P. C. Ellsworth and K. Edwards: 1993, 'Beyond Simple Pessimism: Effects of Sadness and Anger on Social Perception', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 64, 740-752.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kline, P.: 1986, A Handbook of Test Construction: Introduction to Psychometric Design (Methuen, New York, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kline, S. B., L. Cosmides, J. Tooby and S. Chance: 2002, 'Decisions and the Evolution of Memory: Multiple Systems, Multiple Functions', Psychological Review 109, 306-329.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, K. and J. N. Allen: 2002, 'Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Workplace Deviance: The Role of Affect and Cognitions', Journal of Applied Psychology 87, 131-142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lerner, J. S. and D. Keltner: 2000, 'Beyond Valence: Toward a Model of Emotion-Specific Influences on Judgment and Choice', Cognition and Emotion 14, 473-493.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, K.: 2000, 'When Leaders Display Emotion: How Followers Respond to Negative Emotional Expression of Male and Female Leaders', Journal of Organizational Behavior 21, 221-234.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loevinger, J.: 1957, 'Objective Tests as Instruments of Psychological Theory', Psychological Reports 3, 635-694.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malhotra, N. K. and G. L. Miller: 1998, 'An Integrated Model for Ethical Decisions in Marketing Research', Journal of Business Ethics 17, 263-280.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McColl-Kennedy, J. R. and R. D. Anderson: 2002, 'Impact of Leadership Style and Emotions on Subordinate Performance', The Leadership Quarterly 13, 545-559.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Megerian, L. E. and J. J. Sosik: 1996, 'An Affair of the Heart: Emotional Intelligence and Transformational Leadership', Journal of Leadership Studies 3, 31-48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mesquita, B. and N. H. Frijda: 1992, 'Cultural Variations in Emotions: A Review', Psychological Bulletin 112, 179-204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mittal, B. and W. T. Ross: 1998, 'The Impact of Positive and Negative Affect and Issue Framing on Issue Interpretation and Risk Taking', Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 76, 298-324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mumford, M. D., M. S. Connelly, W. B. Helton, J. R. VanDoorn and H. K. Osburn: 2001, 'Alternative Approaches for Measuring Values: Direct and Indirect Assessments in Performance Prediction', Journal of Vocational Behavior 61, 348-373.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mumford, M. D., T. L. Gessner, M. S. Connelly, J. A. O'Connor and T. Clifton: 1993, 'Leadership and Destructive Acts: Individual and Situational Influences', Leadership Quarterly 4, 115-147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newcombe, M. and N. M. Ashkanasy: 2002, 'The Role of Affect and Affective Congruence in Perceptions of Leaders: An Experimental Study', The Leadership Quarterly 13, 601-614.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nunnally, J. C.: 1978, Psychometric Theory (McGraw-Hill, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Oatley, K.: 1993, 'Social Construction in Emotions', in M. Lewis and J. M. Haviland (eds.), Handbook of Emotions (The Guilford Press, New York, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Organ, D.: 1988, Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Good Soldier Syndrome (Lexington Books, Lexington, MA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Organ D. W.: 1997, 'Organizational Citizenship Behavior: It's Construct Clean-Up Time', Human Performance 10, 85-97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pratt, M. G. and J. E. Dutton: 2000, 'Owning Up or Opting Out: The Role of Emotions and Identities in Issue Ownership', in N. M. Ashkanasy, C. E. J. Hartel and W. J. Zerbe (eds.), Emotions in the Workplace: Research, Theory and Practice (Quorum Books, Westport, Connecticut), pp; 103-129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ravlin, E. C. and B. M. Meglino: 1987, 'Effects of Values on Perception and Decision Making: A Study of Alternative Work Value Measures', Journal of Applied Psychology 72, 666-673.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reidenbach, R. E. and D. P. and Robin: 1988, 'Some Initial Steps Toward Improving the Measurement of Ethical Evaluations of Marketing Activities', Journal of Business Ethics 7, 871-879.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rest, J.: 1994, 'Background Theory and Research', in J. Rest and D. Narvaez (eds.), Moral Development in the Professions (Erlbaum and Associates).

  • Roseman, I. J.: 1984, 'Cognitive Determinants of Emotions: A Structural Theory', Review of Personality and Social Psychology 5, 11-36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruch, F. L. and W. W. Ruch: 1980, Employee Aptitude Survey (Technical Report). Los Angeles, CA: Psychological Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaver, P., J. Schwartz, D. Kirson and C. O'Conner: 1987, 'Emotion Knowledge: Further Exploration of a Prototype Approach', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52, 1061-1086.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Staw, B. M. and S. G. Barsade: 1993, 'Affect and Managerial Performance: A Test of the Sadder-but-Wiser vs. Happier-and-Smarter Hypotheses', Administrative Science Quarterly 38, 304-331.

    Google Scholar 

  • Termine, N. T. and C. E. Izard: 1988, 'Infants' Responses to Their Mothers' Expressions of Joy and Sadness', Developmental Psychology 24, 223-229.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, W. C., C. L. Cowan and D. L. Rosenhan: 1980, 'Focus of Attention Mediates the Impact of Negative Affect on Altruism', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 38, 291-300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tomkins, S. S.: 1962, Affect, Imagery, and Consciousness (Springer, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Totterdell, P.: 2000, 'Catching Moods and Hitting Runs: Mood Linkage and Subjective Performance in Professional Sports Teams', Journal of Applied Psychology 85(6), 848-859.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Totterdell, P., S. Kellett, K. Teuchmann and R. B. Briner: 1998, 'Evidence of Mood Linkage in Work Groups', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74, 1504-1515.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Townsend, J. T., K. M. Silva J. Spencer-Smith and M. J. Wegner: 2000, 'Exploring the Relations between Categorization and Decision-Making with Regard to Realistic Fact Stimuli', Pragmatics and Cognition 8, 83-105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trevino, L. K.: 1986, 'Ethical Decision Making in Organizations: A Person-Situation Interactionist Model', Academy of Management Review 11, 601-617.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tversky, A. and G. R. Fox: 1995, 'Weighing Risk and Uncertainty', Psychological Review 102, 269-283.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tversky, A. and D. Kahneman: 1981, 'The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice', American Association for the Advancement of Science 211(4481), 453-458.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, D. and A. Tellegen: 1985, 'Toward a Consensual Structure of Mood', Psychological Bulletin 98, 219-235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, H. M. and R. Cropanzano: 1996, 'Affective Events Theory: A Theoretical Discussion of the Structure, Causes, and Consequences of Affective Experiences at Work', in R. I. Sutton and B. M. Staw (eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior 18, 1-74.

  • Weiss, H. M., K. Suckow and R. Cropanzano: 1999, 'Effects of Justice Conditions on Discrete Emotions', Journal of Applied Psychology 84, 786-794.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zerbe, W. J. and C. E. J. Härtel: 2000, 'Commentary: Emotions as Mediators and Moderators', in N. M. Ashkanasy, C. E. J. Hartel and W. J. Zerbe (eds.), Emotions in the Workplace: Research, Theory and Practice (Quorum Books: Westport, Connecticut), pp. 156-162.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Connelly, S., Helton-Fauth, W. & Mumford, M.D. A Managerial In-Basket Study of the Impact of Trait Emotions on Ethical Choice. Journal of Business Ethics 51, 245–267 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BUSI.0000032494.51162.d3

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BUSI.0000032494.51162.d3

Navigation