Abstract
No one would deny that sustainability is necessary for individual, business, and national survival. How this goal is to be accomplished is a matter of great debate. In this article I will show that the United States and other developed countries have a duty to create sustainable cities, even if that is against a notion of private property rights considered as an absolute. Through eminent domain and regulation, developed countries can fulfill their obligations to current and future generations. To do so, the governments must reject perfectly competitive free market capitalism and the absolute right to private property, and more fully adopt social welfare capitalism as their economic system. The result will be a sustainable society that balances democracy, individual rights and individual flourishing with the community’s flourishing.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Babbitt, Secretary of the Interior v. Sweet home Chapter of Communities for a Great Oregon. 115 US. 2407: 1995, in T. Halbert and E. Ingulli (eds.), Law and Ethics in the Business Environment (Clifton Park, NY: West Thomson Learning), pp. 259–264
Bailey, M. J. (2002). ‹Approximate Optimality of Aboriginal Property Rights’. In D. Schmidtz & E. Willott (eds.), Environmental Ethics (pp. 341–347). New York, NY: Oxford University Press
Baxter, W. (2006). ‹A ‹Good’ Environment: Just One of the Set of Human Objectives’. In L. May, S. Collins-Sharratt & K. Wong (eds.), Applied Ethics, 4th edition (pp. 186–190). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall
Bayles, M. D. (1994). ‹Marriage, Love, and Procreation’. In R. Baker & Frederick Elliston (eds.), Philosophy and Sex (pp. 130–145). Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books
Birch, C., & Cobb, J. B., Jr. (1990). The Liberation of Life. Denton, TX: Environmental Ethics Books
Brown, L. R. (2001). Eco-Economy. New York, NY: W.W. Norton and Company
Brown v. Board of Education (II), 349 U.S. 294 (1955)
Cajete, G. (2006). ‹Look to the Mountain: Reflections on Indigenous Ecology’. In L. May, S Collins-Sharratt & K. Wong (eds.), Applied Ethics, 4th edition (pp. 191–199). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall
Cheng, C. (2006). ‹On the Environmental Ethics of the Tao and the Ch’i’. In L. May, S Collins-Sharratt & K. Wong (eds.), Applied Ethics, 4th edition (pp. 200–207). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall
China-U.S. Center for Sustainable Development: 2003, Jinan’s Tangye District Receives Endorsement from Expert Panel, www.chinauscenter.org, retrieved 6 February 2006
Construction Industry Association of Sonoma County v The City of Petaluma. 522 F.2d 897 (9th Cir. 1975)
Curtin, D. (2005). Environmental Ethics for a Postcolonial World. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc
Dukeminier, J., & Krier, J. E.(1993). Property. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company
Elkington, J. (2006). ‹Cannibals with Forks: The Triple Bottom Line of 21st Century Business’. In K. Gibson (ed.), Business Ethics: People, Profits, and the Planet (pp. 571–582). Boston, MA: McGraw Hill)
Epstein, R. A. (1994). ‹Lucas v South Carolina Coastal Council: A Tangled Web of Expectations’. In J. H. Garvey & T. A. Aleinikoff (eds.), Modern Constitutional Theory, 3rd edition (pp. 365–370). St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Company
European Commission Secretariat-General. (2007). A Sustainable Future in Our Hands. Brussels, Belgium: European Communities
Feinberg, J. (1980). Rights, Justice, and the Bounds of Liberty. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
Freeman, R. E., Pierce, J., & Dodd, R. (2006). ‹Shades of Green: Business, Ethics, and the Environment’. In K. Gibson (ed.), BusinessEthics: People, Profits, and the Planet (pp. 607–618). Boston, MA: McGraw Hill
Friedman, M. (1962). Capitalism and Freedom. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press
Galbraith, J. K. (1996). The Good Society. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Company
Guha, R. (1994). ‹Radical American Environmentalism and Wilderness Preservation: A Third World Critique’. In L. May, S. Collins-Sharratt & K. Wong (eds.), Applied Ethics, 4th edition (pp. 123–138). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall
Halbert, T., & Ingulli, E. (2000). Law and Ethics in the Business Environment. Clifton Park, NY: West Thomson Learning
Hardin, G. J. (1993). Living Within Limits. New York, NY: Oxford University Press
Hargrove, E. C. (1996). Foundations of Environmental Ethics. Denton, Texas: Environmental Ethics Books
Hart, J. (2006). Sacramental Commons: Christian Ecological Ethics. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc
Hill, T. E., Jr. (2002). ‹Ideals of Human Excellence and Preserving Natural Environments’. In D. Schmidtz & E. Willott (eds.), Environmental Ethics (pp. 189–199). New York, NY: Oxford University Press
Hoerner, J.A. (2000). ‹Life and Taxes’. In T. Halbert & E. Ingulli (eds.), Law and Ethics in the Business Environment (pp. 292–294). Clifton Park, NY: West Thomson Learning
Hoffman, W. M. (1998). ‹Business and Environmental Ethics’. In W. H. Shaw & V. Barry (eds.), Moral Issues in Business, 7th edition (pp. 554–561). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company
Holmes, R. L. (2003). Basic Moral Philosophy, 3rd edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth
Hvistendahl, M.: 2006, ‹Green Dawn’, Harper’s Magazine, February, 52–53
Lagan, C. and J. McKenzie: 2003, ‹Sustainable Cities, Sustainable Transportation’, Earth Trends, no. (2003), earthtrends.wri.org, retrieved 6 February 2006
Landsburg, S. E. (2000). ‹Why I Am Not An Environmentalist’. In T. Halbert & E. Ingulli. (eds.), Law and Ethics in the Business Environment (pp. 275–277). Clifton Park, NY: West Thomson Learning
Leopold, A. (2006). ‹The Land Ethic’. In L. May, S. Collins-Sharratt & K. Wong (eds.), Applied Ethics, 4th edition (pp. 165–175). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall)
Locke, J. (1982). Second Treatise of Government. Wheeling, IL: Harlan Davidson, Inc
Lyons, D. (1994). Rights, Welfare, and Mill’s Moral Theory. New York, NY: Oxford University Press
Mathews, F. (2002). ‹Letting the World Grow Old: An Ethos of Countermodernity’. In D. Schmidtz & E. Willott (eds.), Environmental Ethics (pp. 221–230). New York, NY: Oxford University Press
McCaffery, E. J. (2001). ‹Must We Have the Right to Waste?’. In S. R. Munzer (ed.), New Essays in the Legal and Political Theory of Property (pp. 76–105). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press
Merrill, T. W. (1994). ‹The Economies of Public Use’. In J. H. Garvey & T. A. Aleinikoff (eds.), Modern Constitutional Theory, 3rd edition (pp. 388–395). St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Company
Milbrath, L. W. (2002). ‹Redefining the Good Life in a Sustainable Society’. In D. Schmidtz & E. Willott (eds.), Environmental Ethics (pp. 199–205). New York, NY: Oxford University Press
Mill, J. S. (1988). ‹On Liberty’. In H. B. Acton (ed.), Utilitarianism, on Liberty, and Consideration on Representative Government (pp. 69–187). London, GB: J.M. Dent and Sons Ltd
Mill, J. S. (1988). ‹Utilitarianism’. In H. B. Acton (ed.), Utilitarianism, on Liberty, and Consideration on Representative Government (pp. 1–68). London, GB: J.M. Dent and Sons Ltd
Newton, L. H. (2005). Business Ethics and The Natural Environment. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing
Nozick, R. (1974). Anarchy, State, and Utopia. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell
Reilly, W. K. (1994). ‹The Green Thumb of Capitalism’. In L. May, S. Collins-Sharratt & K. Wong (eds.), Applied Ethics, 4th edition (pp. 85–94). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall
Rescher, N. (1983). Risk, Lanham, MD: University Press of America
Rollin, B. E. (1994). ‹Environmental Ethics and International Justice’. In L. May, S. Collins-Sharratt & K. Wong (eds.), Applied Ethics, 4th edition (pp. 75–84). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall
Rolston, H., III. (1994). Conserving Natural Value. New York, NY: Columbia University Press
Rose, J. G. (1983). Legal Foundations of Environmental Planning. Camden, NJ: Center for Urban Policy Research
Rose, C. (2002). ‹Environmental Lessons’. In D. Schmidtz & E. Willott (eds.), Environmental Ethics (pp. 348–360). New York, NY: Oxford University Press
Sagoff, M. (2002). ‹Do We Consume Too Much?’. In D. Schmidtz & E. Willott (eds.), Environmental Ethics (pp. 205–221). New York, NY: Oxford University Press
Sagoff, M. (2004). Price, Principle, and the Environment. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
Sagoff, M. (2006). ‹At the Monument to General Meade or On the Difference Between Beliefs and Benefits’. In K. Gibson (ed.), Business Ethics: People, Profits, and the Planet (pp. 583–594). Boston, MA: McGraw Hill
Sagoff, M. (2008). The Economy of the Earth 2nd edition. Cambridge. UK: Cambridge University Press
Shaw, W. H., & Barry, V. (1998). Moral Issues in Business, 7th edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company
Shaw, W. H., & Barry, V. (2007). Moral Issues in Business, 10th edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company
Solomon, R. C. (1993). Ethics and Excellence - Cooperation and Integrity in Business. New York, NY: Oxford University Press
Solomon, R. C. (1999). A Better Way to Think About Business: How Personal Integrity Leads to Corporate Success. New York, NY: Oxford University Press
Susette Kelo, et al. v. City of New London, Connecticut, et al. 545 U.S. 04-108 (2005)
Swedish Environmental Code: 1999, http://www.regeringen.se/content/1/c4/13/48/385ef12a.pdf, accessed 17 November 2008
Tahoe-Sierra Preservation Council, Inc., et al., v Tahoe Regional Planning Agency et al. 535 U.S. 1167 (2002)
United Nations Committee on Environment and Development (U.N. Commission). 1987. Our Common Future. New York, NY: Oxford University Press
Velasquez, M. G. (1998). Business Ethics - Concepts and Cases. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall
Volk, T. (2003). Gaia’s Body. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank the Journal of Business Ethics’ two reviewers and the editor for their very helpful comments in improving this paper.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Cooley, D.R. Understanding Social Welfare Capitalism, Private Property, and the Government’s Duty to Create a Sustainable Environment. J Bus Ethics 89, 351–369 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-0004-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-0004-x