Abstract
The primary purpose of this research was to investigate whether verbal and imaginal encoding interact with stimulus codability and exposure either to enhance or to retard recognition memory for shapes. The secondary purpose was to test the conceptual coding hypothesis (Ellis, 1972). Two multivariate factorial experiments were conducted. In the first study, encoding was a between-groups factor; in the second study, encoding was a within-subjects factor. The other within-subjects factors investigated in both experiments were codability, encoding exposure, and recognition exposure. It was found that the interaction of encoding and codability was significant. The conceptual coding hypothesis was somewhat substantiated by these results.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bahrick, H. P., & Boucher, B. Retention of visual and verbal codes of the same stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1968,78,417–422.
Clark, H. J. Recognition memory for random shapes as a function of complexity, association value, and delay. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1965, 69, 590–595.
Daniel, T. C., & Elllis, H. C. Stimulus codability and long-term recognition memory for visual form. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1911, 93, 83–89.
Ellis, H. C. Verbal processes in the encoding of visual pattern information: An approach to language, perception, and memory. In M. E. Meyer (Ed.), Symposium on cognitive learning. Bellingham: Western Washington State College Press, 1972.
Ellis, H. C, & Daniel, T. C. Verbal processes in long-term stimulus recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1971,90,18–26.
Ellis, H. C, & Homan, L. E. Implicit verbal responses and the transfer of stimulus predifferentiation. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1968, 76, 486–489.
Ellis, H. C., & Muller, D. G. Transfer in perceptual learning following stimulus predifferentiation. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1964, 68, 388–395.
Ellis, H. C, & Shumate, E. C. Encoding effects of response belongingness and stimulus meaningfulness on recognition memory of trigram stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1973, 98, 70–78.
Federico, P-A., & Montague, W. E. Recognition memory as a function of encoding strategy and stimulus codability. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 1975,1,680–688.
Hake, H. W., & Eriksen, C. W. Role of response variables in recognition and identification of complex visual forms. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1956, 52, 235–243.
Kelly, R. T., & Martin, D. W. Memory for random shapes: A dual-task analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1974, 103, 224–229.
Nicosia, G. J., & Santa, J. L. Words and the reproduction of nonsense things. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 1975,104, 369–375.
Paivio, A. Imagery and verbal processes. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston, 1971.
Posner, M. I., & Konick, A. F. Short-term retention of visual kinesthetic information. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 1966,1, 71–86.
Prentice, W. C. H. Visual recognition of verbally labeled figures. American Journal of Psychology, 1954, 67, 315–320.
Price, R. H., & Slive, A. B. Verbal Processes in shape recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1970, 83, 373–379.
Ranken, H. B. Effects of name learning on serial learning, position learning, and recognition learning with random shapes. Psychological Reports, 1963,13, 663–678.
Santa, J. L. Verbal coding and redintegrative memory for shapes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 1975,104, 286–294.
Santa, J. L., & Ranken, H. B. Language and memory: Redintegrative memory for shapes facilitated by naming. Psychonomic Science, 1968,13, 109–110.
Santa, J. L., & Ranken, H. B. Effects of verbal coding on recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1972,93,268–278.
ScheffÉ, H. The analysis of variance. New York: Wiley, 1959.
Vanderplas, J. M., & Garvin, E. A. The association value of random shapes. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1959, 57, 147–154. (a)
Vanderplas, J. M., & Garvin, E. A. Complexity, association value, and practice as factors in shape recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1959, 57, 155–163. (b)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Opinions or assertions contained herein are those of the author and are not to be construed as official or reflecting the views of the Department of the Navy.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Federico, PA. Some effects of encoding, codability, and exposure upon recognition memory. Bull. Psychon. Soc. 16, 89–92 (1980). https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03334447
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03334447