Skip to main content
Log in

An Ethics of Care or an Ethics of Justice

  • Published:
Journal of Business Ethics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A conflict within the community of those investigating business ethics is whether decision makers are motivated by an ethics of justice or an ethics of caring. The proposition put forward in this paper is that ethical orientations are strongly related to cultural backgrounds. Specifically, Hofstede's cultural stereotyping using his masculine-feminine dimension may well match a culture's reliance on justice or caring when decisions are made. A study of college graduates from six countries showed that Hofstede's dimension was remarkably accurate in predicating a justice or caring orientation for decision makers from five of the six countries.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Reference

  • Baier, A. C.: 1987, ‘Hume, The Women's Moral Theorist’, in E. J. Kittay and D. T. Meyers (eds.), Women and Moral Theory (Rowman and Littlefield, Totowa, NJ).

  • Baier, K.: 1965, The Moral Point of View (Random House, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, U.: 1998, ‘—Kinder der Freiheit: Wider das Lamento über den Werteverfall’, in Ulrich Beck (eds.), Kinder der Freiheit (Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt am Main).

  • Bhatia, S.: 1997, ‘Arjuna's Dilemma: Can Voices of Justice Speak to Hindu Morality?’, AME Conference, Emory University, Atlanta.

  • Cavannagh, G. F.: 1976, American Business Values in Transition (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chakrobarty, S. K.: 1991, Management by Values (Oxford University Press, Delhi).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dasgupta, S.: 1965, Development of Moral Philosophy in India (Frederick Ungar Publishing, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Darendorf, R.: 1997, After 1989 (St. Martin's Press, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • DeMente, B.: 1989, Chinese Etiquette and Ethics in Business (NTC Business Books, Lincolnwood, IL).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dini, H.: Turkish Culture for Americans (International Concepts, Boulder).

  • Doenhoff, M. Graefin: 1998, Die neue Mittwochsgesellschaft-Gespraeche über Probleme von Buerger und Staat (Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart).

  • England, G. W., O. P. Dhingra and C. A. Naresh: 1974, The Manager and the Man (Kent University Press, Ohio).

    Google Scholar 

  • French, W. and B. Mühlfriedel: 1996, ‘Discourse Instead of Recourse: Is It Worth Using a Guided Approach to Negotiation When Working Across Cultures?’, in H. Lange, A. Löhr and H. Steinmann (eds.), Working Across Cultures (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gannon, M. J.: 1994, Understanding Global Cultures: Metaphorical Journeys Through 17 Countries (Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilligan, C.: 1982, In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development (Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Goele, N.: 1997, ‘The Quest for the Islamic Self within the Context of Modernity’, in Sibel Bozdogan and Resat Kasaba (eds.), Rethinking Modernity and National Identity in Turkey (University of Washington Press, Seattle).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, S. K.: 1994, ‘Ethics and Industry’, in T. A. Mathias (ed.), Corporate Ethics (Allied Publishers, New Delhi), pp. 123–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Habermas, J.: 1990, Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action, translated by Christian Lenhardt and Shierry Weber Nicholsen (The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, E. T.: 1981, Beyond Culture (Anchor-Doubleday, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, E. T. and M. R. Hall: 1990, Understanding Cultural Differences (Intercultural Press, Yarmouth, ME).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G.: 1980, Cultural Consequences (Sage, Beverly Hills).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hume, D.: 1978, A Treatise of Human Nature, 2nd edn. (Oxford University Press, Oxford).

    Google Scholar 

  • Josephson, M.: 1995, Ethics, Issue 29, p. 50.

  • Kadioglu, A.: 1996, ‘The Paradox of Turkish Nationalism and the Construction of Official Identity’, in Sylvia Kedourie (ed.), Turkey: Identity, Democracy, Politics (Frank Cass, Portland, OR).

  • Kurtines, W. M.: 1989, The Communicative Functioning Scale: Moral Dilemmas, Unpublished Manuscript (Florida International University Department of Psychology, Miami).

  • Kurtines, W. M. and S. R. Pollard: 1984, The Communicative Competence Scale-Critical Discussion Manual, Unpublished Paper (Florida International University Department of Psychology, Miami).

  • Lyons, N.: 1988, ‘Two Perspectives: On Self, Relationships, and Morality’, in Carol Gilligan, Janie Victoria Ward and Jill McLean Taylor, with Betty Bardige (eds.), Mapping the Moral Domain: A Contribution of Women's Thinking to Psychology and Education (Harvard University Graduate School of Education, Cambridge), pp. 21–48.

  • Ma, H. K.: 1998, ‘The Chinese Perspectives on Moral Judgment Development’, International Journal of Psychology 23, 201–227.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacIntyre, A.: 1984, After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory, 2nd edn. (University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, IN).

    Google Scholar 

  • Metzger, T. A.: 1981, ‘The Question of Moral Development and the Concept of Culture’, in Richard W. Wilson, Sidney L. Greenblatt and Amy A. Wilson (eds.), Moral Behavior in Chinese Society (Praeger, New York), pp. ix-xxv.

  • Meulemann, H.: 1996, Werte und Wertewandel ( Juventa-Verlag, Muenchen).

  • Narasimhan, R. 1994, ‘A Practical View of Business Ethics’, in T. A. Mathias (ed.), Corporate Ethics (Allied Publishers, New Delhi), pp. 128–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohmae, K.: 1990, The Borderless World: Power and Strategy in the Interlinked Economy (Harper Business, New York).

  • Pan, Z., S. H. Chaffee, G. C. Chu and Y. Ju: 1994, To See Ourselves (Westview Press, Boulder, CO).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rawls, J.: 1971, A Theory of Justice (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Reiter, S. A.: 1996, ‘The Koblberg-Gilligan Controversy: Lessons For Accounting Ethics Education’, Critical Perspectives on Accounting 7(1), 33–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rest, James R. 1983, ‘Morality’, in P. Mussen (ed.), Carmichael's Manual of Child Psychology, Vol. 3: Cognitive Development ( John Wiley and Sons, New York), pp. 556–629.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rest, J. R.: 1986, Moral Development: Advances in Research and Theory (Praeger, New York).

  • Siegfried, C. Haddock 1989, ‘Pragmatism, Feminism, and Sensitivity to Context’, in Mary M. Brabeck (ed.), Who Cares? (Praeger, New York).

  • Thoma, S. J.: 1984, Estimating Gender Differences in the Comprehension and Preference of Moral Issues, Unpublished Manuscript (University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN).

  • Tronto, J. C.: 1993, Moral Boundaries (Routledge, New York).

  • Van Es, R. 1996, Negotiating Ethics (Eburon, Delft).

  • Worthe, M. E.: 1989, ‘Twenty-three Hundred Years of Women Philosophers: Toward a Gender Undifferentiated Moral Theory’, in Mary M. Brabeck (ed.), Who Cares? (Praeger, New York), pp. 3–18.

  • Walzer, M.: 1983, Spheres of Justice: A Defense of Pluralism and Equality (Basic Books, New York).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

French, W., Weis, A. An Ethics of Care or an Ethics of Justice. Journal of Business Ethics 27, 125–136 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006466520477

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006466520477

Navigation