Skip to main content
Log in

Learning Concepts by Arranging Appropriate Training Order

  • Published:
Minds and Machines Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Machine learning has been proven useful for solving the bottlenecks in building expert systems. Noise in the training instances will, however, confuse a learning mechanism. Two main steps are adopted here to solve this problem. The first step is to appropriately arrange the training order of the instances. It is well known from Psychology that different orders of presentation of the same set of training instances to a human may cause different learning results. This idea is used here for machine learning and an order arrangement scheme is proposed. The second step is to modify a conventional noise-free learning algorithm, thus making it suitable for noisy environment. The generalized version space learning algorithm is then adopted to process the training instances for deriving good concepts. Finally, experiments on the Iris Flower problem show that the new scheme can produce a good training order, allowing the generalized version space algorithm to have a satisfactory learning result.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Atkinson, R.L., Atkinson, R.C., Smith, E.E. and Bem, D.J. (1990), Introduction to Psychology, Tenth Edition, Harcount Brace Jovanovich, Inc.

  • Baddeley, A. (1990), Human Memory Theory and Practice. MA: Allyn and Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breiman, L., Friedman, J.H., Olshen, R.A. and Stone, C.J. (1984), Classification and Regression Trees. CA: Wadsworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang, F. (1992), 'From artificial intelligence to cognitive science,' Science Monthly 23(2), pp. 108–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang, K.C., Hong, T.P. and Tseng, S.S. (1996), 'Machine Learning by Imitating Human Learning,' Minds and Machines 6(2), pp. 203–228.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, P. and Niblett, T. (1989), 'The CN2 induction algorithm,' Machine Learning 3, pp. 261–283.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dasarathy, B.V. (1980), 'Noise around the neighborhood: a new system structure and classification rule for recognition in partially exposed environments,' IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 2(1), pp. 67–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feigenbaum, E.A. (1977), 'The art of artificial intelligence: themes and case studies of knowledge engineering,' Proceedings of the Fifth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Cambridge, MA, pp. 1014–1029.

  • Fisher, G.H. (1967), 'Preparation of ambiguous stimulus materials,' Perception and Psychophysics 2, pp. 421–422.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, R.A. (1936), 'The use of multiple measurements in taxonomic problems,' Annual Eugenics 7, pp. 179–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, J.F. (1989), Learning and Memory. MA: Allyn and Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirsh, H. (1989), Incremental Version-Space Merging: A general Framework for Concept Learning. Ph.D. Thesis, Stanford University.

  • Hirsh, H. (1994), 'Generalizing version space,' Machine Learning 17, pp. 5–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hong, T.P. (1992), A Study of Parallel Processing and Noise Management on Machine Learning. Ph.D. Thesis, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hong, T.P. and Tseng, S.S. (1994) 'Learning concepts in parallel based upon the strategy of version space,' IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering 6(6), pp. 857–867.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hong, T.P. and Tseng, S.S. (1997), 'A generalized version space learning algorithm for noisy and uncertain data,' IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering 9(2), pp. 336–340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hong, T.P. and Chen, J.B. 'Finding relevant attributes and membership functions,' accepted and to appear in Fuzzy Set and Systems.

  • Kibler, D. and Langley, P. (1988), 'Machine learning as an experimental science,' Proceedings of the European Working Session on Learning, pp. 87–92.

  • Kodratoff, Y., Manago, M.V. and Blythe, J. (1987), 'Generalization and noise,' International Journal of Man-Machine Studies 27, pp. 181–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mingers, J. (1989), 'An empirical comparison of pruning methods for decision tree,' Machine Learning 4, pp. 319–342.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, T.M. (1978), Version Space: an Approach to Concept Learning. Ph.D. Thesis, Stanford University.

  • Mitchell, T.M. (1982), 'Generalization as search,' Artificial Intelligence 18, pp. 203–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quinlan, J.R. (1983), 'Learning efficient classification procedures and their application to chess end games,' in R.S. Michalski, J.G. Carbonell and T.M. Mitchell, eds., Machine Learning: An Artjficial Intelligence Approach, Vol. 1, Morgan Kaufmann, pp. 463–482.

  • Quinlan, J.R. (1986), 'The effect of noise on concept learning,' in R.S. Michalski, J.G. Carbonell and T.M. Mitchell, eds., Machine Learning: An Artificial Intelligence Approach, Vol. 2, Morgan Kaufmann, pp. 463–482.

  • Quinlan, J.R. (1986), 'Induction of decision trees,' Machine Learning 1(1), pp. 81–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quinlan, J.R. (1987), 'Simplifying decision trees,' International Journal of Man-Machine Studies 27(4), pp. 221–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quinlan, J.R. (1992), C4.5 Programs for Machine Learning. San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Solso, R.L. (1988), Cognitive Psychology. MA: Allyn and Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Hsu, YT., Hong, TP. & Tseng, SS. Learning Concepts by Arranging Appropriate Training Order. Minds and Machines 11, 399–415 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017599000794

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017599000794

Navigation