Skip to main content
Log in

Compulsory Ethics Education and the Cognitive Moral Development of Salespeople: A Quasi-Experimental Assessment

  • Published:
Journal of Business Ethics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study investigated several basic research questions suggesting a positive relationship between education and cognitive moral development. More specifically, these research questions examined the relationship between government mandated ethics education and cognitive moral development by testing the efficacy of a compulsory ethics intervention. Kohlberg's (1969, 1984) Cognitive Moral Development Theory was applied to test the efficacy of compulsory ethics education on the moral development of real estate salespeople used comparative statistical measures of ethical reasoning ability.

The results of this research, while somewhat counterintuitive, suggest that the value of compulsory ethics education as an intervention to improve the moral reasoning of real estate salespeople is highly questionable. However, the results of the study do provide new insights into the relationship between ethics education and cognitive moral development.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alexander, Cheryl S. and H. Jay Becker: 1978, 'The Use of Vignettes in Survey Research', Public Opinion Quarterly, 93–104.

  • Bandura, Albert: 1977, Social Learning Theory(Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs,NJ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bentham, James: 1988, The Principle of Morals and Legislation(originally published in 1789).

  • Blasi, Augusto: 1980, 'Bridging Moral Cognition and Moral Action: A Critical Review of the Literature', Psychological Bulletin 88(1), 1–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chonko, Lawrence B. and Shelby D. Hunt: 1985, 'Ethics and Marketing Management', Journal of Business Research( July) 339–359.

  • Colby, Anne, Lawrence Kohlberg, John C. Gibbs and Marvin W. Berkowitz: 1983, 'A Longitudinal Study of Moral Judgment', Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 48, 1–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, Thomas D. and Donald T. Campbell: 1979, Quasi-experimentation: Design & Analysis Issues for Field Settings(Houghton-Mifflin, Boston).

    Google Scholar 

  • Deemer, D.: 1986, Life Experiences and Moral Development. An unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota.

  • Derry, Robin: 1987, 'Moral Reasoning in Workrelated Conflicts', in W. C. Fredrick and L. E. Preston (eds.), Research in Corporate Social Performance and Policy( JAI Press, Greenwich, CT).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubinsky, Alan J. and Barbara Loken: 1989, 'Analyzing Ethical Decision Making in Marketing', Journal of Business Research 19, 83–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dukerich, Janet M., Mary Lippitt Nichols, Dawn R. Elm and David A. Vollrath: 1986, 'Moral Reasoning in Groups: Leaders Make a Difference', Human Relations 45(5), 473–493.

    Google Scholar 

  • Durkheim, Emil: 1961, Moral Education(The Free Press, Glencoe, IL).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferrell, O. C. and Larry G. Gresham: 1985, 'A Contingency Framework for Understanding Ethical Decision Making in Marketing', Journal of Marketing, 87–96.

  • Finn, David W., Lawrence B. Chonko and Shelby D. Hunt: 1988, 'Ethical Problems in Public Accounting: A View From The Top', Journal of Business Ethics 7, 605–615.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fraedrich, John, Debbie M. Thorne and O. C. Ferrell: 1994, 'Assessing the Application of Cognitive Moral Development Theory to Business Ethics', Journal of Business Ethics 13, 829–838.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilligan, Carol: 1977, 'In a Different Voice: Women's Conception of Self and of Morality', Harvard Educational Review 47(4), 481–517.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goolsby, Jerry and Shelby Hunt: 1992, 'Cognitive Moral Development and Marketing', Journal of Marketing( January), 55–68.

  • Harder, John W.: 1992, 'Play for Pay: Effects of Inequity in a Pay-for-Performance Context', Administrative Science Quarterly 37(2), 321–355.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrington, Susan: 1991, 'What Corporate America Is Teaching About Ethics', Academy of Management Executives 5(1), 21–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hensel, Paul and Alan J. Dubinsky: 1986, 'Ethical Dilemmas in Marketing: A Rationale', Journal of Business Ethics 5(February), 63–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, Shelby D. and Scott J. Vitell: 1986, 'A General Theory of Marketing Ethics', Journal of Macromarketing 6(1), 5–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Izzo, George: 1997, Assessing the Relationship Between Compulsory Ethics Education and the Cognitive Development of Real Estate Practitioners. An unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Mississippi.

  • Jensen, Michael C. and William H. Meckling: 1976, 'The Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Theory and Ownership Structure', Journal of Financial Economics 3, 305–360.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, Sandy W., O. C. Ferrell and S. J. Skinner: 1990, 'Ethical Behavior Among Marketing Researchers', Journal of Business Ethics 9(8), 681–688.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohlberg, Lawrence: 1969, Stage and Sequence: The Cognitive Developmental Approach to Socialization(Rand McNally, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohlberg, Lawrence: 1984, The Psychology of Moral Development: Essays on Moral Development. 2(Harper & Row, San Francisco).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohlberg, Lawrence and Elliot Turiel: 1973, Moralization, the Cognitive Development Approach(Holt Rinehart and Winston, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurland, Nancy: 1996, 'Sales Agents and Clients: Ethics, Incentives, and a Modified Theory of Planned Behavior', Human Relations 49(1), 51–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurtines, William M. and Esther B. Greif: 1974, 'The Development of Moral Thought: Review Evaluation of Kohlberg's Approach', Psychological Bulletin 81, 453–470.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langdale, Sharry: 1983, Moral Orientations and Moral Development: The Analysis of Care and Justice Reasoning Across Different Dilemmas in Females and Males from Childhood Through Adulthood. Unpublished Doctoral; Dissertation, Harvard Graduate School of Education.

  • Leland, Hayne E. and David H. Pyle: 1977, 'Informational Asymmetries, Financial Structure and Financial Intermediation', Journal of Finance XXXII(3), 371–387.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lincoln, Douglas J., Milton M. Pressley and Taylor Little: 1982, 'Ethical Beliefs and Personal Values of Top Level Executives', Journal of Business Research 10(December), 475–487.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lord, Frank M.: 1963, 'Elementary Models for Measuring Change', in C. W. Harris (ed.), Problems in Measuring Change(University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyons, Nona: 1983, 'Two Perspectives: On Self, Relationships and Morality', Harvard Educational Review, 125–145.

  • Magidson, Joseph: 1977, 'Towards a Causal Model Approach for Adjusting for Pre-existing Differences in the Nonequivalent Group Situation', Evaluation Quarterly 1, 399–420.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mischel, Walter and Harriet N. Mischel: 1976, 'Cognitive Social Learning Approach to Morality and Self-Regulation', in T. Lickona (ed.), Moral Development and Behavior, Chapter 4 (Rinehart & Winston, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, Donald R. and Tom E. Obremski: 1990, 'Promoting Moral Growth Through Intra-Group Participation', Journal of Business Ethics 9(9), 731–739.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ponemon, Lawrence A. and David R. L. Gabhart: 1994, 'Ethical Reasoning Research in the Accounting and Auditing Professions', in J. Rest (ed.), Moral Development in the Professions(Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ), pp. 101–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Posner, G. and W. Schmidt: 1984, 'Values and the American Manager: An Update', California Management Review 24(3), 206–216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Purcell, Theodore V.: 1977, 'Do Courses in Business Ethics Pay Off?', Journal of Business Ethics 19, 50–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rawls, John: 1963, 1971, A Theory of Justice(Harvard University Press, Cambridge).

    Google Scholar 

  • Reidenbach, R. Eric and Lyndon E. Dawson: 1991, 'An Application and Extension of a Multidimensional Ethics Scale to Selected Marketing Practices and Marketing Groups', Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science19 (Spring), 83–92.

  • Rest, James: 1979, Development in Judging Moral Issues (University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rest, James: 1986, Moral Development: Advances in Research and Theory(Praeger, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rest, James, M. Davison and S. Robbins: 1978, 'Age Trends in Judging Moral Issues: A Review of Cross-sectional, Longitudinal and Sequential Studies of the Defining Issues Test', Child Development 49( June), 263–279.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rest, James and Darcia Narvaez: 1994, Moral Development in the Professions: Psychology and Applied Ethics(Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rest, James, Elliot Turiel and Lawrence Kohlberg: 1969, 'Relations Between Levels of Moral Judgment and Preference and Comprehension of the Moral Judgment of Others', Journal of Personality 37, 225–252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlafli, Arthur, James Rest and Stephen J. Thoma: 1985, 'Does Moral Education Improve Moral Judgment? A Meta-Analysis', Educational Research 55, 319–352.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schweder, Richard: 1982, 'Review of Lawrence Kohlberg's Essays in Moral Development', Contemporary Psychology, 421–424.

  • Simpson, Elizabeth L.: 1974, 'Moral Development Research', Human Development 17, 81–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snarey, John R.: 1985, 'Cross-Cultural Universality of Socio-Moral Development: Critical Review of Kohlberg's Research', Psychological Bulletin 97(2), 202–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snell, Robin: 1996, 'Complementing Kohlberg: Mapping the Ethical Reasoning Used by Managers for Their Own Dilemma Cases', Human Relations 49(1), 23–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, Edmund V.: 1977, 'A Study of Kohlberg's Structural Theory of Moral Development: A Critique of Liberal Social Science Ideology', Human Development 20, 352–376.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trevino, Linda K.: 1986, 'Ethical Decision Making in Organizations: A Person-Situation Interactionist Model', Academy of Management Review 11(3), 601–617.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trevino, Linda K. and Stuart A. Youngblood: 1990, 'Bad Apples in Bad Barrels: A Causal Analysis of Ethical Decision-Making Behavior', Journal of Applied Psychology 75(4), 378–385.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, Lawrence J.: 1982, 'Sex Differences in the Development of Moral Reasoning', Child Development 55, 677–691.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, Lawrence J., Brian de Vries and Sandra L. Bichard: 1984, 'The Hierarchical Nature of the Stages of Moral Development', Developmental Psychology 20(5), 960–966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, James: 1990, 'Managers' Moral Reasoning: Assessing Their Responses to Three Moral Dilemmas', Human Relations 43(7), 687–702.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zerbe, Wilfred J. and Delroy L. Paulhus: 1987, 'Socially Desirable Responding in Organizational Behavior: A Reconception', Academy of Management Review 12(2), 250–264.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Izzo, G. Compulsory Ethics Education and the Cognitive Moral Development of Salespeople: A Quasi-Experimental Assessment. Journal of Business Ethics 28, 223–241 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006206829583

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006206829583

Navigation