Skip to main content
Log in

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Bach, E.: 1979, ‘Control in Montague Grammar’, Linguistic Inquiry 10, 515–531.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bach, E. and B. Partee: 1980, ‘Anaphora and Semantic Structure’, in K. J. Kreiman and A. E. Ojeda (eds.), Papers from the Parasession on Pronouns and Anaphora, Chicago Linguistic Society, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bittner, M.: 1998, ‘Cross-Linguistic Semantics for Questions’, Linguistics and Philosophy 21, 1–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chierchia, G.: 1988, ‘Aspects of a Categorial Theory of Binding’, in R. Oehrle, E. Bach and D. Wheeler (eds.), Categorial Grammar and Natural Language Structures. Reidel, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chierchia, G.: 1990, ‘Anaphora and Attitudes De Se’, in R. Bartsch et al. (eds.), Language in Action, Foris, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chierchia, G.: 1991, ‘Functional WH and Weak Crossover’, in D. Bates (ed.), Proceedings of WCCFL 10. CSLI Publications, Stanford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chierchia, G.: 1993, ‘Questions with Quantifiers’, Natural Language Semantics 1, 181–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, R.: 1983, Quantification and Syntactic Theory, D. Reidel, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Curry, H. and R. Feys: 1958, Combinatory Logic, North Holland, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahl, Ö.: 1981, Paper presented at the Stanford Sloan Workshop on Non-Transformational Grammars, Stanford University.

  • Dayal, V.: 1996, Locality in WH Quantification, Kluwer, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dowty, D.: 1982, ‘Grammatical Relations and Montague Grammar’, in P. Jacobson and G. K. Pullum (eds.), The Nature of Syntactic Representation, D. Reidel, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dowty, D.: 1987. ‘Type Raising, Functional Composition, and Non-Constituent Conjunction’, in R. Oehrle, E. Bach, and D. Wheeler (eds.), Categorial Grammars and Natural Language Structures, D. Reidel, Dordrecht, pp. 153–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dowty, D.: 1992, ‘“Variable-Free” Syntax, Variable-Binding Syntax, The Natural Deduction Lambek Calculus, and the Crossover Constraint’, in Proceedings of the 11th Meeting of the West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics, CSLI Publications, Stanford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engdahl, E.: 1986, Constituent Questions, Reidel, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frazier, L.: 1985, ‘Syntactic Complexity’, in D. Dowty, L. Karttunen, and A. Zwicky (eds.), Natural Language Parsing, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frazier, L. and J. D. Fodor: 1978, ‘The Sausage Machine: A New Two-Stage Parsing Model’, Cognition 6, 291–325.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gawron, M. and S. Peters: 1990, Anaphora and Quantification in Situation Semantics, CSLI Publications, Stanford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gazdar, G.: 1980, ‘A Cross-Categorial Semantics for Coordination’, Linguistics and Philosophy 3, 407–409.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gazdar, G., E. Klein, G. K. Pullum, and I. Sag: 1985, Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geach, P.: 1972a, ‘A Program for Syntax’, in D. Davidson and G. Harman (eds.), Semantics of Natural Language, Reidel, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geach P.: 1972b, Logic Matters, Basil Blackwell, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ginzburg, J.: 1992, Questions, Queries and Facts: A Semantics and Pragmatics for Interrogatives, Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanford.

  • Groenendijk, J. and M. Stokhof: 1983, ‘Interrogative Quantifiers and Skolem Functions’, in K. Ehlich and H. van Riemsdijk (eds.), Connectedness in Sentence, Discourse and Text, Tilburg Studies in Language and Literature 4, Tilburg University, Tilburg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harper, M.: 1990, The Representation of Noun Phrases in Logical Form, Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Computer Science, Brown University, Technical Report: CS–89–46.

  • Heim, I.: 1997, ‘Semantic Types for Syntactic Categories: Evidence from Ellipsis’, Proceedings from the Seventh Conference on Semantics and Linguistic Theory, Cornell Working Papers in Linguistics, Cornell.

  • Hepple, M.: 1990, The Grammar and Processing of Order and Dependency: A Categorial Approach, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Edinburgh.

  • Higginbotham, J.: 1992, ‘Reference and Control’, in R. Larson et al. (eds.), Control and Grammatical Theory, Kluwer, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Höhle, T.: 1990, ‘On Reconstruction and Coordination’, ms., University of Tubingen.

  • Jacobson, P.: 1977, The Syntax of Crossing Coreference Sentences, Ph.D. Dissertation, UC Berkeley. (published by Garland, Inc., 1981).

  • Jacobson, P.: 1989, A(nother) Categorical Grammar Account of Extraction’, Paper presented at the Conference on Categorical Grammar, LSA Summer Institute, Tucson, Arizona.

  • Jacobson, P.: 1992a, ‘Bach-Peters Sentences in a Variable-Free Semantics’, in P. Dekker and M. Stokhof (eds.), Proceedings of the Eighth Amsterdam Colloquium, University of Amsterdam ILLC, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson, P.: 1992b, ‘Antecedent Contained Deletion in a Variable-Free Semantics’, in C. Barker and D. Dowty (eds.), Proceedings of the Second Conference on Semantics and Linguistic Theory, Ohio State University, Columbus.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson, P.: 1994a, ‘i-within-i Effects in a Variable-Free Semantics and a Categorial Syntax’, in P. Dekker et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the 9th Amsterdam Colloquium, University of Amsterdam ILLC, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson, P.: 1994b, ‘On Copular Connectivity’, in Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Semantics and Linguistic Theory, Cornell Working Papers, Cornell.

  • Jacobson, P.: 1995, ‘On the Quantificational Force of Free Relatives in English’, in E. Bach, E. Jelinek, A. Kratzer, and P. Partee (eds.), Quantification in Natural Language, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson, P.: 1996a, ‘The Locality of Interpretation: The Case of Binding and Coordination’, in Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Semantics and Linguistic Theory, Cornell Working Papers in Linguistics, Cornell.

  • Jacobson, P.: 1996b, ‘Apparent Exceptions to Weak Crossover in a Variable-Free Semantics’, paper presented at the First Paris Conference on (Non-Lexical) Semantics, Paris 7, Jussieu, 1996.

  • Jacobson, P.: 1998a, ‘Paycheck pronouns and Variable-Free Semantics: Evidence from Bach-Peters' Sentences’, ms. Brown University.

  • Jacobson, P.: 1998b, ‘ACD and Pied-Piping: Evidence for a Variable-Free Semantics’, to appear in Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Semantics and Linguistic Theory, Cornell Working Papers in Linguistics, Cornell.

  • Keenan, E. and L. Faltz: 1985, Boolean Semantics for Natural Language, D. Reidel, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, C.: 1994, ‘Argument Contained Ellipsis’, ms., Syntax Research Center, University of California, Santa Cruz.

  • Lakoff, G.: 1972, ‘On Generative Semantics’, in D. Steinberg and L. Jacobovits (eds.), Semantics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lakoff, G.: 1986, ‘Frame Semantic Control of the Coordinate Structure Constraint’, in A. Farkley et al. (eds.), Papers from the Parasession on Pragmatics and Grammatical Theory, Chicago Linguistics Society, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lahiri, U.: 1991, Embedded Interrogatives and Predicates that Embed Them, Ph.D. Dissertation, MIT.

  • Landman, F. and I. Moerdijk: 1983, ‘Compositionality and the Analysis of Anaphora’, Linguistics and Philosophy 6, 89–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lasnik, H. and T. Stowell: 1991, ‘Weakest Crossover’, Linguistic Inquiry 22, 687–720.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, D.: 1979, ‘Attitudes De Dicto and De Se’, The Philosophical Review 88, 513–543.

    Google Scholar 

  • Link, G.: 1983, ‘The Logical Analysis of Plurals and Mas Terms: A Lattice-theoretical Approach’, in R. Bauele, C. Schwarze, and A. von Stechow (eds.), Meaning, Use and Interpretation of Language, de Gruyter, Berlin/New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maling, J. and A. Zaenen: 1982, ‘A Phrase Structure Account of Scandinavian Extraction Phenomena’, in P. Jacobson and G. K. Pullum (eds.), The Nature of Syntactic Representation, Reidel, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • May, Robert: 1977, The Grammar of Quantification, Ph.D. Dissertation, MIT, Cambridge, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • May, Robert: 1985, Logical Form: Its Structure and Derivation, MIT Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, J.: 1986, The Formal Semantics of Point of View, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Massachusetts, University of Massachusetts GLSA Publication, Amherst, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montague, R.: 1974, ‘The Proper Treatment of Quantification in Ordinary English’, in R. Thomason (ed.), Formal Philosophy: Selected Papers of Richard Montague, Yale University Press, New Haven.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCawley, J.: 1971, ‘Where do Noun Phrases Come From?’, in R. Jacobs and P. Rosenbaum (eds.), Readings in English Transformational Grammar, Ginn & Co., Waltham.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oehrle, R.: 1990, ‘Categorial Frameworks, Coordination, and Extraction’, in A. Halpern (ed.), Proceedings of the Ninth West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics, CSLI Publications, Stanford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Partee, B.: 1985, ‘Ambiguous Pseudoclefts with Unambiguous Be’, in S. Berman, J. W. Choe, and J. McDonough (eds.), Proceedings of NELS 16, GLSA Publication, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.

    Google Scholar 

  • Partee, B.: 1987, ‘Noun Phrase Interpretation and Type-Shifting Principles’, in J. Groenendijk, D. de Johngh, and M. Stokhof (eds.), Studies in Discourse Representation Theory and the Theory of Generalized Quantifiers, Foris, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Partee, B.: 1991, ‘Anaphoric and Deictic Pieces of Meaning”, paper presented at the 8th Amsterdam Colloquium, Amsterdam: ITLI.

  • Partee, B. and E. Bach: 1981, ‘Quantification, Pronouns, and VP Anaphora’, in J. Groenendijk, T. Janssen, and M. Stokhof (eds.), Formal Methods in the Study of Language: Proceedings of the Third Amsterdam Colloquium, Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Partee, B. and M. Rooth: 1983, ‘Generalized Conjunction and Type Ambiguity’, in R. Bauerle, C. Schwarze, and A. von Stechow (eds.), Meaning, Use, and the Interpretation of Language, Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, 362–383.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollard, C. and I. Sag: 1994, Head Driven Phrase Structure Grammar, University of Chicago Press and Stanfordm CSLI Publications, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quine, W. V.: 1966, ‘Variables Explained Away’, in W. V. Quine, Selected Logic Papers, Random House, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reinhart, T.: 1983, Anaphora and Semantic Interpretation, Croom Helm, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reinhart, T.: 1990, ‘Self Representation’, paper presented at the Princeton Conference on Anaphora, Princeton.

  • Sag, I.: 1976, Deletion and Logical Form, Ph.D. Dissertation, MIT. (Distributed by the Indiana University Linguistics Club, Bloomington).

  • Sharvit, Yael: 1997, The Syntax and Semantics of Functional Relative Clauses, Ph.D. Dissertation, Rutgers University.

  • Stechow, A. von: 1990, ‘Layered Traces’, paper presented at the Conference on Logic and Language, Revfülöp, Hungary.

  • Steedman, M. (1987). “Combinatory Grammars and Parasitic Gaps”, Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 5, 403–440.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steedman, M.: (1990), ‘Gapping as Constituent Coordination’, Linguistics and Philosophy 13, 207–263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szabolcsi, A.: 1987, ‘Bound Variables in Syntax: Are There Any?’, in J. Groenendijk et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the 6th Amsterdam Colloquium, University of Amsterdam ITLI, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szabolcsi, A.: 1992, ‘Combinatory Categorial Grammar and Projection from the Lexicon’, in I. Sag and A. Szabolcsi (eds.), Lexical Matters, CSLI Publications, Stanford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, E.: 1977, ‘Discourse and Logical Form’, Linguistic Inquiry 8.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Jacobson, P. Towards a Variable-Free Semantics. Linguistics and Philosophy 22, 117–185 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005464228727

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005464228727

Keywords

Navigation