Skip to main content
Log in

The Group Home Workplace and the Work of Know-How

  • Published:
Human Studies Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper is concerned with the everyday practice of authority and knowledge in a group home for adults with intellectual disability. Based on fieldwork, the group home is understood as a workplace, which provides a model of organizational participation as a dilemma of freedom rather than a problem of power. Three kinds of work are observed in the everyday ‘know-how’ of counselors and residents. First, Michael Lipsky’s concept of “street-level bureaucracy” is used to understand the inherently indeterminate and conflictual nature of counselor work. Second, the competent participation of residents is also organized as work, often explicitly, as the work they must do to “become more independent.” The group home is therefore understood as a setting of governmentality because it reflects the indirect practice of authority characteristic of contemporary liberal societies. Finally, the ethnomethodological insight about the accomplished character of local order is the basis for the observation of everyday life itself as a third kind of work.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Angrosino, M. (1997). Opportunity House: Ethnographic Stories of Mental Retardation. London: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Angrosino, M. (1992). Metaphors of Stigma: How Deinstitutionalized Mentally Retarded Adults See Themselves. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 21: 171–199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Attewell, P. (1992). Skill and Occupational Changes in U.S. Manufacturing. In P. Adler (Ed.), Technology and the Future of Work. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Attewell, P. (1990). What is Skill? Work and Occupations 17: 422–448.

    Google Scholar 

  • Attewell, P. (1986). Imperialism Within Complex Organizations. Sociological Theory 4: 115–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, C. and Oliver, M. (1995). Disability Rights: Rhetoric and Reality in the UK. Disability & Society 10: 111–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bercovici, S.M. (1983). Barriers to Normalization: The Restrictive Management of Retarded Persons. Baltimore: University Park Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baistow, K. (1994–1995). Liberation and Regulation? Some Paradoxes of Empowerment. Critical Social Policy. Issue 42.

  • Baker, C. (1984). The ‘Search for adultness’: Membership Work in Adolescent Talk. Human Studies 7: 301–323.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blau, P. (1963). The Dynamics of Bureaucracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cicourel, A. (1974). Cognitive Sociology: Language and Meaning in Social Interaction. Hammondsworth: Penguin Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Copp, M. (1998). Adult ‘Adolescents’: Social Control of Sexuality and Adulthood in People with Developmental Disabilities. Sociological Analysis 1: 113–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cruikshank, B. (1999). The Will to Empower: Democratic Citizens and Other Subjects. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cushman, P. (1991). Ideology Obscured: Political Uses of the Self in Daniel Stern’s Infant. American Psychologist 46: 206–219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dean, M. (1999). Governmentality: Power and Rule in Modern Society. London: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dean, M. (1995). Governing the Unemployed Self in an Active Society. Economy and Society. 24: 559–583.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dudley, J. R. (1983). Living With Stigma: The Plight of the People Who We Label Mentally Retarded. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster, S. B. (1987). The Politics of Caring. London: The Falmer Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1991). Governmentality. In G. Burchell and P. Miller (Eds.), The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garfinkel, H. (1967/1984). Studies in Ethnomethodology. New York: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garfinkel, H. (1986). Ethnomethodological Studies of Work. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garfinkel, H. and Sacks, H. (1970). On Formal Structures of Practical Action. In J.C. KcKinney and E. Tiryakian (Eds.), Theoretical Sociology. East Norwalk: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garfinkel, H. and Wieder, D.L. (1992). Two Incommensurable, Asymmetrical Alternate Technologies of Social Analysis. In G. Watson and R. Seiler (Eds.), Text in Context: Contributions to Ethnomethodology. London: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillman, M., Heyman, B. and Swain, J. (2000). What’s in a Name? The Implications of Diagnosis for People with Learning Difficulties. Disability and Society 15: 389–409.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gluckman, M. (1956). Foreward. In V. Turner (Eds.), Schism and Continuity in an African Society. Manchester University Press.

  • Gluckman, M. (1967). Introduction. In A.L. Epstein (Ed.), The Craft of Social Anthropology. London: Tavistock.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goffman, E. (1961). Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates. New York: Anchor Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goode, D. (1994). A World Without Words: The Social Construction of Children Born Deaf and Blind. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gouldner, A. (1954). Patterns of Industrial Bureaucracy. New York: The Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hacking, I. (1999). The Social Construction of What? Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hacking, I. (1986). Making Up People. In T. Heller, M. Sosna, and D. Wellberry (Eds.), Reconstructing Individualism. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawes, J. (1991). The Children’s Rights Movement: A History of Advocacy and Protection. Boston: Twayne Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, K. (1998). Deinstitutionalizing Women: An Ethnographic Study of Institutional Closure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kliewer, C. and Drake, S. (1998). Disability, Eugenics and the Current Ideology of Segregation: A Modern Tale. Disability and Society 13: 95–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Juravich, T. (1985). Chaos on the Shop Floor: A Worker’s View of Quality, Productivity, and Management. Philadephia: Temple University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katz, S. (2000). Busy bodies: Activity, Aging, and the Management of Everyday Life. Journal of Aging Studies 14: 135–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kusterer, K. (1978). Workplace Knowhow: The Important Working Knowledge of Unskilled Workers. Boulder: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lipsky, M. (1979). Street-Level Bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Services. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, M. (1993). Scientific Practice and Ordinary Action: Ethnomethodology and Social Studies of Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merton, R. (1957). Social Theory and Social Structure. Glencoe: The Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, G. (1994). Toward Ethnographies of Institutional Discourse. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 3: 281–308.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, J.C. (1983). Case and Situation Analysis. The Sociological Review 31: 187–211.

    Google Scholar 

  • Postman, N. (1982). The Disappearance of Childhood. New York: Vintage Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robillard, A. (1999). Meaning of a Disability: The Lived Experience of Paralysis. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose, N. (1998). Governing Risky Individuals: The Role of Psychiatry in New Regimes of Control. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law 5: 177–195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, N. (1999). Powers of Freedom: Reframing Political Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose, N. (1996). Inventing Our Selves: Psychology, Power and Personhood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sacks, H. (1992a). Lectures on Conversation, Volume 1. (Ed.) G. Jefferson. Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sacks, H. (1992b). Lectures on Conversation, Volume 2. (Ed.) G. Jefferson. Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sacks, H. (1987). On the Preferences for Agreement and Contiguity in Sequences in Conversation. In G. Button and J. Lee (Eds.), Talk and Social Organization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sacks, H. (1975). Everyone Has to Lie. In M. Sanches and B.G. Blount (Eds.), Sociocultural Dimensions of Language Use. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sacks, H., Schegloff, E. and Jefferson, G. (1974). A Simplest Systematics for the Organization of Turn-taking in Conversation. Language 50: 696–735.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schegloff, E. (1982). Discourse as an Interactional Accomplishment: Some Uses of ‘Uh-huh’ and Other Things That Come Between Sentences. In D. Tannen (Ed.), Analyzing Discourse: Text and Talk. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schegloff, E. and Sacks, H. (1974). Opening up Closings. In R. Turn (Ed.), Ethnomethodology. Hammondsworth: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schutz, A. (1970). On Phenomenology and Social Relations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Selznick, P. (1948). Foundations of the Theory of Organizations. American Sociological Review. 13: 25–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silverman, D. (1998). Harvey Sacks: Social Science and Conversation Analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, M. (1995). The Sociology of ‘Competence’ in Learning Disability Services. Social Work and Social Sciences Review 6: 85–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, S. (2001). The Continuum and Current Controversies in the USA. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability 26: 15–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, S., Bogdan, R. and Lutfiyya, Z. (1995). (Eds.), The Variety of Community Experience: Qualitative Studies of Family and Community Integration. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Velsen, J. (1967). The Extended-case Method and Situational Analysis. In A.L Epstein (Ed.), The Craft of Social Anthropology. London: Tavistock.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfensberger, W. (1989). Human Service Policies: The Rhetoric Versus The Reality. In L. Barton (Ed.), Disability and Dependency. London: Falmer Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wrigley, J. (1989). Do Young Children Need Intellectual Stimulation? Experts’ Advice to Parents, 1900–1985. History of Education Quarterly 29: 41–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yeatman, A. (1998). Interpreting Contemporary Contractualism. In M. Dean and B. Hindess (Eds.), Governing Australia: Studies in Contemporary Rationalities of Government. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zuboff, S. (1988). In the Age of Smart Machines: The Future of Work and Power. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jack Levinson.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Levinson, J. The Group Home Workplace and the Work of Know-How. Hum Stud 28, 57–85 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10746-005-3597-4

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10746-005-3597-4

Keywords

Navigation