Abstract
Critics of Darwinian cultural evolution frequently assert that whereas biological evolution is blind and undirected, cultural change is directed or guided by people who possess foresight, thereby invalidating any Darwinian analysis of culture. Here I show this argument to be erroneous and unsupported in several respects. First, critics commonly conflate human foresight with supernatural clairvoyance, resulting in the premature rejection of Darwinian cultural evolution on false logical grounds. Second, the presence of foresight is perfectly consistent with Darwinian evolution, and is found in biology, in the form of open, teleonomic processes such as genetically-biased behavioural learning. Finally, empirical evidence from the social sciences suggests that cultural change appears far less guided and directed, and human foresight far less accurate, than is commonly assumed.
Notes
This does not imply that biological evolution is always biased in a biologically adaptive direction—the function of learning is to track environmental change that occurs faster than can be tracked by closed genetic programs, hence learning is always to some degree open and may take on biologically neutral or biologically maladaptive forms (Plotkin 1995).
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Acknowledgements
I wish to thank Kim Sterelny and an anonymous reviewer for several insightful comments and suggestions.
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Mesoudi, A. Foresight in cultural evolution. Biol Philos 23, 243–255 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-007-9097-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-007-9097-3