MEINONG STUDIES / MEINONG STUDIEN
Volume 2
Venanzio Raspa (Ed.)
Meinongian Issues in Contemporary Italian Philosophy
MEINONG STUDIES / MEINONG STUDIEN
Edited by / Herausgegeben von
Forschungsstelle und Dokumentationszentrum für österreichische Philosophie
unter der Leitung von Alfred Schramm
Vol. 2
Editorial Board
Liliana Albertazzi
Mauro Antonelli
Ermanno Bencivenga
Johannes Brandl
Arkadiusz Chrudzimski
Evelyn Dölling
Kit Fine
Jaakko Hintikka
Herbert Hochberg
Wolfgang Künne
Winfried Löffler
Johann Christian Marek
Kevin Mulligan
Roberto Poli
Matjaz Potrc
Venanzio Raspa
Maria Reicher
Robin Rollinger
Edmund Runggaldier
Seppo Sajama
Peter Simons
Barry Smith
Erwin Tegtmeier
Editorial office
Dr. Jutta Valent
Forschungsstelle und Dokumentationszentrum
für österreichische Philosophie, Graz
Forschungsstelle und Dokumentationszentrum
für österreichische Philosophie
Alfred Schramm (Ed.)
Meinong Studies
Meinong Studien
Volume 2
Venanzio Raspa (Ed.)
Meinongian Issues in
Contemporary Italian Philosophy
ontos
verlag
Frankfurt I Paris I Ebikon I Lancaster I New Brunswick
Bibliographic information published by Deutsche Nationalbibliothek
Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliographie;
detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at http://dnb.ddb.de
North and South America by
Transaction Books
Rutgers University
Piscataway, NJ 08854-8042
trans@transactionpub.com
United Kingdom, Ireland, Iceland, Turkey, Malta, Portugal by
Gazelle Books Services Limited
White Cross Mills
Hightown
LANCASTER, LA1 4XS
sales@gazellebooks.co.uk
Livraison pour la France et la Belgique:
Librairie Philosophique J.Vrin
6, place de la Sorbonne ; F-75005 PARIS
Tel. +33 (0)1 43 54 03 47 ; Fax +33 (0)1 43 54 48 18
www.vrin.fr
2006 ontos verlag
P.O. Box 15 41, D-63133 Heusenstamm
www.ontosverlag.com
ISBN 10: 3-938793-35-X
ISBN 13: 978-3-938793-35-0
2006
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in retrieval systems or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise
without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the
purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use of the purchaser of the work
Printed on acid-free paper
This hardcover binding meets the International Library standard
Printed in Germany
by buch bücher dd ag
Contents / Inhalt
VENANZIO RASPA
Introduction: Thinking with and on Meinong in Italy
7
RICCARDO MARTINELLI
Meinong and Music. On Musical Objects of Higher Order
39
FRANCESCA MODENATO
Alexius Meinong on Ontology and Object Theory
73
ANDREA BOTTANI
Three Kinds of Incompleteness
99
MARIO ALAI
Speaking of Nonexistent Objects
119
ALBERTO VOLTOLINI
Being, Existence, and Having Instances
161
CAROLA BARBERO
Cry for a Shadow. Emotions and Object Theory
181
FRANCESCO ORILIA
States of Affairs: Bradley vs. Meinong
213
GUIDO BONINO
Why There Are No Facts in Meinong’s World (according
to Gustav Bergmann)
239
INTRODUCTION
THINKING WITH AND ON MEINONG
IN ITALY
Venanzio Raspa
Today the debate in Italy about Meinong’s philosophy and related themes
is vibrant and varied, as can be seen from the contributions which are collected in this volume. Before proceeding to say something more specific
with regard to this, I would like however to try to answer a question
which came to me while reading Meinong’s “Selbstdarstellung” and
which – like Carroll’s Alice – made me “curiouser and curiouser.”
Meinong maintains that he established relationships with foreign (especially English and Italian speaking) scholars very early on, from the
time of his Hume-Studien (1877 and 1882); and that he did not fail to remember with gratitude more than once these contacts, which were then
terminated by the outbreak of the Great War.1 As regards his relations
with Anglo-Saxon philosophy, Meinong is known to have maintained scientific contacts and correspondence not only with Bertrand Russell, but
also with John Stuart Mackenzie, H. Wildon Carr and George Frederick
Stout,2 to have been read by Charlie Dunbar Broad, George Dawes Hicks,
John Laird, George Edward Moore,3 even by Thomas S. Eliot,4 and in a
second wave, in the late 20s and early 30s, by Gilbert Ryle, William C.
Kneale and John N. Findlay.5 Moreover, from 1877 to 1879 Meinong re1
2
3
4
5
Cf. Meinong (1921), GA VII, p. 58. Translations are mine, unless indicated otherwise; references to English translations appear in brackets.
Cf. Kindinger [ed.] (1965), pp. 132-139, 150-153, 221-224, and MeinongNachlaß, LXIII/7019-7020, LXVII.
Cf. Moore (1909/1910), Broad (1913), Hicks (1922).
Cf. Eliot (1916/1964), pp. 50, 91 ff. and passim.
Cf. Findlay (1952) and (19632), pp. xi-xiv, Simons (1986), Dappiano (1994) and
8
VENANZIO RASPA
viewed no less than seven issues of Mind in the Philosophische
Monatshefte and published a note in reply to a review of his HumeStudien I which had appeared in Mind itself.6 If his claim is borne out
therefore as far as his relations with English speaking scholars are concerned, the situation seems to be very different as regards those with Italians: it seems particularly misleading to equate the two. Indeed, if we
look through the entire work of Meinong, we find only rare citations of
contemporary Italian scholars (with the sole exception of Vittorio Benussi, who trained and worked mainly in Graz7) – but literally these are
only citations and not true theoretical discussions. The names that appear
there are those of Alessandro Bonucci, Cesare Burali-Forti, Cesare Lombroso and Michele Losacco. Of these only the last maintained an effective
scientific exchange with Meinong, about whose works he also wrote some
articles. Who, then, are these Italian scholars Meinong refers to? As his
published works are no help to us, all we can do is hunt through his Nachlaß. Here we discover the names of Mario Calderoni, Vittorio Castiglioni,
Francesco De Sarlo, Federigo Enriques, Agostino Gemelli, Sante de Sanctis, Giuseppe Sergi and Steno Tedeschi. If we then search for the writings
on Meinong published by Italian scholars during his lifetime, De Sarlo,
Losacco and Tedeschi are joined by Antonio Aliotta, Gaetano CaponeBraga, Guido De Ruggiero, Francesco Orestano, Alberto Ratti, Giovanni
Vailati and Bernardino Varisco. The only proof of relations between the
other authors mentioned above and Meinong is their correspondence. But
how did these relations actually develop?
Now if we examine together both the correspondence and the published writings in Italian on Meinong – excluding an exchange of letters
with Vittorio Castiglioni in 18878 – two dates emerge, which we can take
as the initial and final dates of the interrelation of Meinong’s thought with
6
7
8
(1997), Bell (1999).
Cf. Meinong (1879). The review of Hume-Studien I had been published in Mind,
III (1878), n. 9.
Benussi had arrived in Austria in 1896 and only returned to live in Italy in November 1918.
Castiglioni had asked Meinong to accept a work of his in Italian as PhD dissertation, but after viewing it, Meinong gave a negative answer (cf. MeinongNachlaß, XXXIV/636-640, LXVII).
INTRODUCTION: THINKING WITH AND ON MEINONG IN ITALY
9
Italian philosophy and psychology during his lifetime: 1905, the year following the publication of the Untersuchungen zur Gegenstandstheorie
und Psychologie,9 during which the Fifth International Congress of Psychology took place in Rome, and 1915, the year war broke out between
Italy and Austria. The war had dire consequences above all for the peoples involved, but also for the sciences, including philosophy. Meinong
was right when he said that the war had effectively severed scientific relations between intellectuals. I will come back to this later; for now I shall
simply note that Benussi, who had been one of the first pupils and main
collaborators of Meinong, was able to stay in Austria only
until the change in the world situation in the fall of 1918 took him
back to his home in the south and, hence, away from the institute in
Graz which he had adorned for nearly twenty years.10
In the following I will not deal with the relations between Meinong and
Benussi,11 but I will simply try to tell a story, from which we can deduce
that the theoretical exchange between Italian culture and Meinong was
practically unidirectional, that is, that we can only discover what Italians
wrote about Meinong and how he was first acknowledged, then almost
forgotten, and finally rediscovered – but this last has occurred in our time.
The reason for analysing the way Meinong’s thought was received and
discussed in Italy at the beginning of the 20th century is not only to make
a contribution to the history of its influence but also to study the relationships then existing between Austrian and Italian philosophy. The proximity is after all also geographical.
At the start of the 20th century, Meinong’s work aroused interest not
just in Italy but more generally throughout Europe. The volume Untersuchungen zur Gegenstandstheorie und Psychologie was reviewed as
soon as it was published in Austria, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Britain,
and also Italy.12 This helped spread the reputation of the Graz School, as
9
10
11
12
Cf. Meinong [ed.] (1904a).
Meinong (1921), GA VII, p. 12 [(1974), p. 226].
On this see Antonelli (1994), Stucchi (1996).
Cf. Russell (1905a) and (1905b), Vailati (1905), an anonymous review (F.)
(1906), Dürr (1906), Höfler (1906), Urban (1906), Watt (1906), von Aster
10
VENANZIO RASPA
witnessed by the fact that Giuseppe Sergi first invited, then begged Meinong to take part in the Fifth International Congress of Psychology, which
he organised in Rome from 26th to 30th April 1905.13 Though Meinong did
not attend in person – indeed he did not participate in any of the congresses to which he was invited – he did however send three leading figures of his School to represent him: Alois Höfler, Eduard Martinak and
Vittorio Benussi.14 Höfler presented a paper, “Sind wir Psychologisten?”,15 in which, besides giving a brief presentation of object theory, he
publicly responded to the recent edition of the Ueberweg-Heinze, which
numbered Meinong among the psychologists.16 Martinak, referring to
works by Meinong, Höfler, Ameseder and Mally, lectured on “Das Wesen
der Frage” following the line of reasoning developed in Graz;17 while Benussi received acclaim for his three contributions,18 two of which (one on
the nature of so-called optical-geometric illusions, the other on the tachiscope, a device he had invented to conduct collective experiments) were
grouped together with those of the representatives of the Laboratories of
Psychology of Leipzig, Leuven, Paris and Florence in the ‘Experimental
Psychology’ session.19
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
(1907), Gomperz (1908), pp. 30-37, 72-73, 84 ff., 213 ff. and passim. Obviously
of particular relevance is the debate which Russell initiated with Meinong even
before publication of the Untersuchungen zur Gegenstandstheorie und Psychologie; a debate which, though concentrated mainly in the first decade of the
20th century, was continued in later works published by Russell.
Cf. Sergi to Meinong, Rome, 25.XI.1904 and 31.I.1905 (Meinong-Nachlaß,
LXIII/6791 and LXI/6286).
In this respect, cf. a postcard and a short letter sent to Meinong by the then secretary of the Congress, Sante De Sanctis (Rome, 9.II.1905 and 2.IV.1905; Meinong-Nachlaß, LXI/6287-6288).
Cf. Höfler (1905).
Cf. Ueberweg (19029), IV, pp. 312 ff.; cf. also (192312), IV, pp. 534 ff. On the
positive reaction to Höfler’s paper presenting the general outline of object theory, cf. Meinong (1906-1907), GA V, p. 212, fn. 1.
Cf. Martinak (1905).
Cf. Benussi (1905a), (1905b) and (1905c).
The proceedings of the Congress are reported by Chiabra (1905); on the last
point, cf. p. 430.
INTRODUCTION: THINKING WITH AND ON MEINONG IN ITALY
11
The status of psychology in Italy could not be compared with that in
Germany or North America: the total number of Italian psychologists
amounted to but a few dozen and they had only just obtained (that same
year) a government decree setting up the first chairs in experimental psychology.20 However, as the fact that they organised the Fifth International
Congress of Psychology in Rome shows, they were very interested in the
work carried out by their colleagues beyond the Alps and overseas.
The Congress in Rome was attended by Francesco De Sarlo along
with some of his pupils: Antonio Aliotta, Vincenzo Berrettoni, Sestilio
Montanelli, Francesco Orestano, and Guido Villa. Of these, the first three
took part in the same session as Benussi; they were thus able to meet him
and discover the common purposes that united them. In 1894 Meinong
had founded in Graz the first Austrian Laboratory of experimental psychology; his principal assistants were Stephan Witasek and Vittorio Benussi. And in 1903 Francesco De Sarlo had established a Laboratory of
experimental psychology in Florence, the first of its kind in Italy. The
studies carried out there, after being published in the first volume of the
Ricerche di psicologia [Investigations in psychology] (1905),21 were discussed by Benussi in a long article in the Archiv für die gesamte Psychologie.22 Thus it was in Rome that the Graz School and De Sarlo’s
Florence School met. This is not to say that individual scholars were not
familiar with Meinong, but the Rome meeting (thanks mainly to Benussi)
gave rise to an intense scientific relationship between the two Schools, as
is attested by a letter from De Sarlo to Meinong, sent only two weeks after the end of the Rome Congress:
Distinguished Colleague,
I am most grateful for your kind letter. I take great pride, believe me,
in your friendship. I hope that the bonds between your School and
20
21
22
Cf. Marhaba (1981), pp. 32, 46 ff.
Cf. De Sarlo [ed.] (1905). On De Sarlo and his School, cf. Albertazzi, Cimino &
Gori-Savellini [eds.] (1999), Sava (2000), pp. 17-60.
Cf. Benussi (1906). On the relationship between De Sarlo and Benussi, cf. Poggi (1985), pp. 144 ff., Antonelli (1994), pp. 17-18.
12
VENANZIO RASPA
mine grow ever stronger. I perceive that my thinking is moving along
very similar lines to yours.
I have already had reason to appreciate the noble qualities of Dr. Benussi’s mind and spirit. Allow me to congratulate you on having such
a valuable assistant. Please give him my regards.
Thank you for the book you sent me:23 I shall treasure it highly.
Please accept the volume which details the work carried out in the
Laboratory of Psychology which I direct.24
With kindest regards,
F. De Sarlo.25
The activity of the Graz School had already drawn the attention of Aliotta
who, in La misura in psicologia sperimentale [Measurement in experimental psychology] (1905),26 makes a wide-ranging critical study of Über
die Bedeutung des Weberschen Gesetzes (1896). After examining the entire scientific production of experimental psychology from around 1880
onwards, Aliotta becomes convinced – in Cesare Musatti’s words – that
Mental events, the constituent elements of the life of consciousness,
as such escape measurement, and no artifice can transform quality,
which is what characterizes mental activity, into quantity.27
A little later, in 1907, another pupil of De Sarlo’s, Orestano, in his book I
valori morali [Moral values], paid ample attention to the Meinongian investigations into value theory expounded in the Psychologisch-ethische
Untersuchungen zur Wert-Theorie (1894) and in Über Werthaltung und
Wert (1895), examining the relationship between utility and value, the
concepts of value and valuation, value feelings and their classification,
23
24
25
26
27
Very probably Untersuchungen zur Gegenstandstheorie und Psychologie (see
above, fn. 9).
Ricerche di psicologia (see above, fn. 21).
De Sarlo to Meinong, Florence, 14.V.1905 (Meinong-Nachlaß, LXI/6290). On
the relationship between De Sarlo and Meinong, cf. Albertazzi (1999).
Cf. Aliotta (1905), pp. 69 ff. On this work by Aliotta cf. Poli (1999a), Sava
(2000), pp. 77-106.
Musatti (1951), pp. 54-55. Aliotta’s criticism of Meinong is shared by Villa
(19112), pp. 137 and fn. 3, 138 fn. 2.
INTRODUCTION: THINKING WITH AND ON MEINONG IN ITALY
13
the distinction of absolute and relative value, and in addition the ethical
conceptions of Meinong, the distinction of good and evil, the notion of
ethical value and valuation, the altruistic, egoistic and neutral values.28
After the exposition, comes Orestano’s criticism: in particular, he rejects
two points which are in his opinion essential for Meinong’s value theory:
its foundation upon the feelings of pleasure and pain, and the identification of morality with altruism.29 In L’orientazione psicologica dell’etica e
della filosofia del diritto [The psychological orientation of the ethics and
philosophy of law] (1907) Alessandro Bonucci agrees with Orestano’s
first criticism, but appreciates the psychological analysis of Meinong’s
concept of value.30
Still in 1907, De Sarlo founded, in opposition to Croce’s La Critica,
the review La Cultura Filosofica,31 which published many contributions
on foreign philosophers and psychologists, including some on Meinong.
In one of the first issues, De Sarlo himself wrote on the conception of
imagination elaborated by the School of Graz. He gave a very sympathetic reading of this conception, of which he appreciated particularly the
dynamic point of view, which goes beyond a merely associative consideration of imagination: we are indeed able to produce mental events and
acts that are not accompanied by the coefficient of reality, that is “fictions”, which follow laws that are different from those of real mental
events. In the case of lies, games and artistic or literary fictions, the mind
behaves “as if” it believed in the reality of their respective objects. In this
all the mental phenomena are involved, the representation activity as well
as thought, feeling and desire; indeed, reading a novel arouses in us emotions and feelings, and likewise imagining events (e.g. planning a journey
or anticipating the first meeting with the person with whom one is in
love). Thus, imagination activity is this capacity to experience all mental
events in the absence of the coefficient of reality; such activity includes a
volitive component, so the subject is not merely passive, as in the case of
28
29
30
31
Cf. Orestano (1907), pp. 28-48, 74-83, 163-192, 271-274.
Cf. Orestano (1907), pp. 130-134, 271-274.
Cf. Bonucci (1907), pp. 125-129.
The polemic with Croce occurred in 1907 in their respective reviews. Croce’s
contributions are now collected in Croce (1942), pp. 174-193.
14
VENANZIO RASPA
association. Hence, imagination is the capacity to simulate, it is the act to
free oneself from the subjection to what is given in the perception, to real
stimuli or excitements.32
So we see that the initial attention of Italian scholars for Meinong,
above all of psychologists and philosophers with a strong interest in psychology, seems to turn mainly to his investigations into psychology and
value theory, and not to object theory. An exception was Giovanni Vailati,
who reviewed the Untersuchungen zur Gegenstandstheorie und Psychologie in 1905, giving a not really positive judgment of them. According to Vailati, the first three contributions (respectively by Meinong,
Ameseder and Mally) do not seem to have any relationship with experimental psychology, but they owe their presence to Meinong’s conviction
that he had created a new science, the Gegenstandstheorie, “of which one
does not understand the content and still less the method.”33 It would
seem to have little in common with that science of things as simple things
of which Gregorius Itelson speaks,34 and even less with any logic or
methodology. Of all other contributions, Vailati saves only that by
Wilhelm M. Frankl. That Vailati already knew Meinong is shown by a letter from him to Brentano, informing him about the very positive judgment
that Russell had expressed on some of Meinong’s writings in an article in
Mind in 1904,35 as well as from the presence, in Meinong’s library, of the
offprints of three articles by Vailati, dated 1897 and 1903, that he had sent
to Meinong complete with dedication.36
From the few points made it is clear that Meinong’s theories, which
were becoming known in Italy, aroused at the same time approval and
disagreement – as often happens in philosophy. Meanwhile, Meinong had
published Über die Stellung der Gegenstandstheorie im System der Wis32
33
34
35
36
Cf. De Sarlo (1907).
Vailati (1905).
Itelson introduced this theory – which has evident affinities with object theory,
as also Meinong (1906-1907, GA V, pp. 334-335) recognized – at the Second International Congress of Philosophy, held in Geneva from 4th to 8th September
1904 (cf. Couturat 1904, pp. 1037 ff.), which Vailati had also attended.
Cf. Vailati to Brentano, Como, 16.IV.1904, in Vailati (1971), p. 305.
Cf. Mehle (1998), pp. 355-356; the articles concerned are Vailati (1897a),
(1897b) and (1903).
INTRODUCTION: THINKING WITH AND ON MEINONG IN ITALY
15
senschaften (1906-1907): as the author himself said, “an apology of object theory”37 to answer the many criticisms and discussions that the publication of the Untersuchungen zur Gegenstandstheorie und Psychologie
had aroused in Europe. From a rapid look at the volume it emerges that
there is no mention of Italian scholars, while a lot of space is given to the
criticisms made by Russell, Ernst Dürr and others. This strengthens the
initial thesis on the type of relationships established by Meinong with Italy; on the other hand, however, it could not be otherwise. Excluding the
brief and, substantially, negative review by Vailati, the first encounters of
Italian scholars with object theory involved specifically Über die Stellung
der Gegenstandstheorie im System der Wissenschaften. This work was at
once reviewed by Bernardino Varisco in the Rivista Filosofica (then continued in the Rivista di Filosofia), the other periodical that, together with
De Sarlo’s La Cultura Filosofica, published in these years articles and reviews on Meinong. In the following year the same work by Meinong was
discussed in the same review by Steno Tedeschi, who was from Trieste
like Benussi and had also studied in Graz with Meinong and Witasek.38
Also this first discussion about object theory produced very different
results: Varisco was very critical, while Tedeschi was of the opposite
view. Varisco rejected some peculiar conceptions of object theory such as
the distinction between judgment and objective, the thesis that truth and
falsehood do not belong to judgement but to the corresponding objective,
and the view concerning impossible objects: an expression like “round
square” neither designates an object, even an impossible one, nor possesses some meaning, but it is like an envelope containing a white sheet
of paper, which is not a letter at all. Varisco also dwells on mathematics,
which – he says –, although its theorems do not come down to psychological laws, is not separable from psychology.39 In this way he implicitly
denies that there are ideal objects, because mathematical objects are the
typical examples of this kind of objects, and therefore he also denies that
there is a science corresponding to object theory. Of opposite tone to
Varisco’s review is the article by Tedeschi, who shares substantially the
37
38
39
Meinong (1906-1907), GA V, p. 201.
Cf. Tedeschi (1913), p. VIII.
Cf. Varisco (1907).
16
VENANZIO RASPA
fundamental theses of object theory as an aprioristic science, agrees
clearly with its antipsychologistic direction, recognizes as genuine objects
the so-called “homeless objects”, therefore sensation objects and objectives, and looks favourably on impossible objects.40 The discussion of object-theoretical theses (like the thesis of the intentionality of every mental
phenomenon, the assumption of unreal objects, the distinction of content
and object, the theory of judgment and of objective, the idea of the object
as logical prius, the doctrines of the objects of higher order and of the
kinds of being) is continued by Tedeschi in some subsequent articles,
which are not merely descriptive of Meinong’s thought, but argue “Sulla
funzione conoscitiva del giudizio [On the cognitive function of judgment]” and “Intorno agli oggetti del pensiero [On the objects of thought]”
from the point of view of Meinong’s philosophy, which he defends
against the criticisms of Marty and Russell.41 So, in the obituary that announced his premature decease (in 1911), Adolfo Faggi could truthfully
write that “Steno Tedeschi was a pupil of Meinong, whose theory of objects he illustrated and studied;”42 thus Faggi confirmed what Tedeschi
himself had written in a letter to Meinong, in which he pledged to spread
and to defend the ideas of the School of Graz that were, in good part, also
his own.43
In 1910 Meinong was invited to take part to the Fourth International
Congress of Philosophy, held in Bologna from 5th to 11th April 1911 under
the presidency of Federigo Enriques. From the letters sent to Meinong
first by Mario Calderoni, at that time secretary of the Congress,44 then by
40
41
42
43
44
Cf. Tedeschi (1908).
Cf. Tedeschi (1910) and (1912). Tedeschi dealt also with Witasek’s aesthetics
and Meinong’s value theory in some articles now collected in Tedeschi (1913),
pp. 1-15, 16-29, 47-65, 66-75.
Faggi (1912), p. 145.
Cf. Tedeschi to Meinong, Pisino, 31.VII.1909 (Meinong-Nachlaß, LXIV/7111).
Cf. Calderoni to Meinong, Florence, 2.VII.1910 (Meinong-Nachlaß,
XXXIV/629):
“Monsieur,
Au nom de la Commission organisatrice de la Section de Morale, j’ai l’honneur
de vous inviter à prendre part aux travaux du IV Congrès international de Philosophie, qui aura lieu à Bologne dans le printemps de 1910 [sic!].
INTRODUCTION: THINKING WITH AND ON MEINONG IN ITALY
17
Enriques, it emerges how keen they were for Meinong to participate personally. Because Alois Riehl would be absent for health reasons, Enriques
wrote to Meinong:
This circumstance allows me to satisfy the aspiration that I had to
make room for your excellent lecture on Psychology and against Psychologism in a plenary session. So everybody will have the pleasure
of listening to you.
While acquainting you with this intention I allow myself to ask you if
I can count on your personal presence at the Congress.45
Once more Meinong did not personally participate in the Congress, but
confined himself to sending the much awaited paper, “Für die Psychologie und gegen den Psychologismus in der allgemeinen Werttheorie”,
which was read in absence of the author the 11th April 1911.46 From the
title one can already see an evident relationship with the paper read by
Höfler in Rome some years before. After the Congress, Enriques informed Meinong on the results and on the publication of the Proceedings.47 However, these were late in coming out and – we do not know if
because of a misdelivery or of Enriques’ carelessness – a letter sent by
Meinong in the summer of the same year, in which he asked for informa-
45
46
47
Votre présence et votre collaboration nous seront précieuses, et, comme nous
avons peut constater dans les séances préparatoires, tout vivement désirées, aussi bien par les organisateurs du Congrès eux-mêmes que par bon nombre
d’adhérents, qui voudraient bien pouvoir ajouter à la connaissance qu’ils ont déjà de vos écrits la connaissance personnelle de l’auteur et un échange direct
d’idées avec lui.
Nous osons donc espérer, Monsieur, en une Communication de vous, et la
Commission de Morale a délibéré de vous envoyer une invitation spéciale à cet
égard.”
In a following letter, of 4th August 1910, Calderoni thanks Meinong for his acceptation, and confirms that his paper will appear among those of the Ethics
Section (Meinong-Nachlaß, XXXIV/630).
Enriques to Meinong, Bologna, 5.III.1911 (Meinong-Nachlaß, XXXVIII/1481).
Cf. Atti del IV Congresso Internazionale di Filosofia, Vol. I, p. 362. Cf. also a
postcard by Losacco to Meinong (Pistoia, 13.IV.1911), in Meinong-Nachlaß,
IL/3857.
Cf. Enriques to Meinong, Bologna, 24.VII.1911 (Meinong-Nachlaß,
XXXVIII/1482).
18
VENANZIO RASPA
tion on the offprints of his paper, remained without answer. On 19th December 1911 Meinong wrote to Enriques a letter full of resentment for the
behaviour of the organization48 and asked if the presidency of the Congress would agree to his publishing the paper in a German review. Enriques made no objections to this request,49 so Meinong’s article appeared
first in Logos, then in the Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of Philosophy.50
Meanwhile the reactions of Italian philosophers to object theory multiplied. From 1910 to 1915 appeared some articles and reviews by other
Italian philosophers such as Michele Losacco, Alberto Ratti, the already
mentioned Aliotta and Gaetano Capone-Braga. We said, at the beginning,
that Meinong claimed to have established relationships with Italian scholars and not to have failed to mention them more than once; however, the
only reference to an Italian author that seems to have some value appears
in a footnote of the “Selbstdarstellung”,51 in which an article of Michele
Losacco is cited, “La teoria degli obbietti e il razionalismo [The theory of
objects and rationalism]”. The article had originally appeared in La Cultura Filosofica, in a moment in which – as the author himself observes –
“the name of Meinong is not unknown in Italy to philosophy scholars.”52
Losacco had sent a copy of it to Meinong,53 who greatly appreciated it
and sent to the Italian scholar a volume of Über Annahmen (1910) – subsequently reviewed by Losacco54 –, inviting him to continue the study of
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
Meinong to Enriques, Graz, 19.XII.1911 (Meinong-Nachlaß, LVII/11 1911):
“[...] so befinde ich mich nach im Ganzen drei oder vier Anfragen an verschiedene Mitglieder der Kongressleitung immer noch in der Lage, weder auch nur
einen einzigen Reindruck meiner Arbeit in Händen zu haben, noch auch nur das
Geringste darüber zu wissen, ob und wann ich in den Besitz von Abdrücken gelangen werde und auf wie viele ich rechnen kann. Ich glaube nicht, dass mir
vorher schon einmal Aehnliches begegnet ist.”
Cf. Enriques to Meinong, Bologna, undated (Meinong-Nachlaß,
XXXVIII/1483).
Cf. Meinong (1912).
Cf. Meinong (1921), GA VII, p. 14, fn. 1.
Losacco (1910), p. 164, and (1911a), p. 67.
Cf. Losacco to Meinong, Pistoia, 2.IX.1910 (Meinong-Nachlaß, IL/3860).
Cf. Losacco (1911b).
INTRODUCTION: THINKING WITH AND ON MEINONG IN ITALY
19
his (Meinong’s) works. Later on Losacco revised this article, and to this
end he asked Meinong to send him a copy of Über die Erfahrungsgrundlagen unseres Wissens, which he had not been able to consult previously.55 Meinong agreed to the request; on 13th April 1911 Losacco sent
Meinong a copy of his volume Razionalismo e misticismo [Rationalism
and mysticism]56, a collection of essays on contemporary gnoseology (on
the relationship between will and knowledge, on the concept of truth,
etc.), including also that on object theory.
Referring above all to Über sie Stellung der Gegenstandstheorie im
System der Wissenschaften and to “Über Gegenstandstheorie”, Losacco
illustrates the outlines of the object theory (the Meinongian classification
of objects, the principle of independence, the concept of objects of higher
order and that of objective), of which he points out – following Hans
Pichler57 – the analogies with Christian Wolff’s ontology. He reports and
agrees with the reasons that Meinong adduces in support of the new discipline, which he distinguishes both from psychology and from logic and
metaphysics; but he criticizes the excessive extension of object theory,
which would lead it to invade the fields of mathematics, mechanics,
metaphysics, etc., and the merely negative conception of the a priori as
independence from the existence.58
Aliotta was much more critical. As we have seen, he had already dealt
with Meinong’s psychology, and now he specifically tackled object theory
in an essay included in the volume La reazione idealistica contro la
scienza [The idealistic reaction against science], which marked his passage from psychology to philosophy.59 According to him, object theory is
55
56
57
58
59
Cf. Losacco to Meinong, Pistoia, 13.X.1910 (Meinong-Nachlaß, IL/3855).
Cf. Losacco to Meinong, Pistoia, 13.IV.1911 (Meinong-Nachlaß, IL/3857).
Three years later, after a brief letter exchange between Losacco and Meinong on
the theme of assumptions (cf. Losacco to Meinong, Pistoia, 28.V.1913, in Meinong-Nachlaß IL/3860a and IL/3861), Losacco published an article on Über
Annahmen (cf. Losacco 1914).
Cf. Pichler (1910).
Cf. Losacco (1910). These criticisms are moderated in the later revision (cf.
1911a, pp. 96-97).
Cf. Sava (2000), p. 67.
20
VENANZIO RASPA
– against Meinong’s claims60 – “the science of the Sosein”,61 that disregards the Dasein. Therefore, it distinguishes itself from the empirical sciences and, inasmuch it deals with ideal objects, constitutes “a vigorous
defence of rational knowledge against the intemperance of psycologism
and empiriocriticism.”62 Among its specific objects object theory includes
sensation objects – Aliotta writes “sensation contents” (contenuti sensoriali) – and the so-called impossible objects. Actually, thought can only ascertain a contradiction, which is not always evident but emerges from the
relations among properties; here however the thought’s activity ends, it
cannot go on to build impossible objects.63 As regards sensation objects,
Aliotta ascribes them without any doubt to physics; according to him, object theory sets itself against phenomenism, distinguishing the felt from
feeling, i.e. the content from the act, but it confuses the subject of the science with the laws and the explanatory concepts of a given phenomenon
which it elaborates. At this point, after having eliminated also sensation
60
61
62
63
Cf. Meinong (1904b), pp. 519-520 [(1960), pp. 108-109]: “Such an omission
can be met simply by the stipulation that the theory of Objects concern itself
with the given, without paying any attention to its being (Sein), and that it consider only the knowledge of its Sosein. Yet, something which might give us
pause in connection with this definition is already intimately tied up with the
theory of Objects. If the theory of Objects chose to make one of its fundamental
principles that of indifference to being, then it would have to renounce all
claims to be a science, and even the knowledge of Sosein would thereby be excluded. As we know, it is completely unnecessary that the Object of knowledge
should have being. However, all knowledge must have an Objective which has
being; and if the theory of Objects concerns itself with a Sosein which did not
have being itself, then, provided that we ignore the exceptional situations to be
passed over here, it no longer has any claim to be a theory. Of course, the fundamental principle could always be formulated as follows: the theory of Objects
neglects being only in the case of its Objects, but not, however, in the case of
(certain) Objectives. But why then the absence of uniformity? Moreover, or perhaps first of all: whether this or that Object is absurd by nature, whether it subsists or could equally well exist – these are questions which are actually of interest to the theory of Objects and which are ultimately questions about being.
In brief, therefore: even the restriction to Sosein probably cannot be brought into
harmony with the essential nature of the theory of Objects.”
Aliotta (1912), p. 142.
Aliotta (1912), p. 141.
Cf. Aliotta (1912), p. 152.
INTRODUCTION: THINKING WITH AND ON MEINONG IN ITALY
21
objects from object theory, Aliotta can propose his reading of the latter as
a “science of the unreal, of the non-existent”:
Meinong, while fighting phenomenism, falls into the same error, by
identifying the real with the given, and by setting all that is conceived, all relations that are thought, in the field of the unreal. But if
we remove from the existent the whole network of relations, what
remains if not an incoherent chaos of disconnected facts? Taking his
doctrine to its ultimate conclusions, Meinong should deduce that the
concept, inasmuch as it goes always beyond intuition, never gives
anything real. And what remains then of the science of nature? This
latter is possible insofar as one supposes that reality has an ideal
structure, that the objectives of our mind are not bare logical fictions,
but correspond to real relations.64
From this Aliotta concludes that the separation of the knowledge of the
existent from the knowledge of the non-existent leads nowhere; rather, the
ideal world makes the given intelligible, raising it to a higher degree of
reality.
Aliotta’s criticism contains a misunderstanding of the original intentions of object theory: what Meinong calls “the given” (das Gegebene) is
not at all only the real but all that can be apprehended; in this sense,
given-ness is taken as a property more general than being65 and the given
extends to include even the absurd.66 As regards the relationship between
what exists and what does not, Meinong does not intend to keep them
separate, nor does he intend to construct a theory of the mere nonexistent, but rather he tries to show that, if we want to explain the totality
of the world, then we must also take into consideration the non-existent
and the connections between existent and non-existent.
Passing over Ratti’s merely descriptive review,67 we shall proceed to
deal with the ample study, still interesting, by Capone-Braga, “La teoria
degli oggetti e l’ontologia [The theory of objects and ontology]”, which
64
65
66
67
Aliotta (1912), p. 157-158.
Cf. Meinong (1904b), p. 500 [(1960), p. 92].
Cf. Meinong (1904b), p. 519 [(1960), p. 108].
Cf. Ratti (1913).
22
VENANZIO RASPA
was the crowning moment of the meeting between Italian philosophy and
object theory while Meinong was still alive. Capone-Braga reconstructs
the phases in the development of object theory from the essay on objects
of higher order of 1899 to that of 1904, passing through the article on geometry of colours of 1903; he also examines the contributions of Rudolf
Ameseder, Ernst Mally and Wilhelm M. Frankl, and he compares object
theory with Husserl’s pure logic and Schuppe and Rehmke’s philosophy
of immanence. At the end of his reconstruction, after presenting ideal objects and the concept of Außersein, Capone-Braga writes:
As we can see, Meinong’s object is therefore not the real object existing in space and time but the object of thought, which is beyond being and non-being and receives the determinations of being and nonbeing only when it becomes a part of a proposition (objective). This
being so, the object is not something perceptible with the senses, but
it can be apprehended only through the intellect, hence a priori. The a
priori knowledge and method is therefore the life and soul of the theory of objects.68
He recognizes the central value of the notion of a priori in Meinong,
which he does not interpret as Losacco does in a solely negative sense,
that is as “independent from experience”, or “free from experience” (erfahrungsfrei), but also positively: knowledge is called a priori if it “is objectively founded, it is necessary, evident, certain and independent from
experience.”69 Of the positive characteristics, the most important are the
first two, which are based on the nature or the so-being of the object: our
knowledge consists of objectives, and an objective is the ground, when
another objective is its consequence; if then this consequence is necessary, then the objective is called necessary. “All that is rational has therefore an objective as its ground.”70 Certainty and evidence are also essential to the a priori, but they are not peculiar to it, inasmuch as they also
belong to inner perception. The aprioristic method is therefore essential
for object theory, which aims to be a fundamental science, the basis of the
68
69
70
Capone-Braga (1914-1915), p. 228.
Capone-Braga (1914-1915), p. 229.
Capone-Braga (1914-1915), p. 230.
INTRODUCTION: THINKING WITH AND ON MEINONG IN ITALY
23
other individual sciences, and it is therefore – according to a clearly platonic reading – a “science of ideas” and of their relations, which “offer
themselves as objects to the mind.”71 According to this interpretation, object theory seems to Capone-Braga “acceptable and worthy of all possible
study, except in two points”: one cannot accept that the object is beyond
being and non-being, because an object has always to be in a certain way,
and then “also the round square is in a certain way, that is, in the ideal
way;”72 secondly, one cannot accept Meinong’s pertinacity in separating
object theory and logic, since “logic, when it is not understood as formal
logic or rather as the study of the conditions of thought, is especially a
doctrine of concepts and of relations among concepts.”73 And since object
theory is a science of ideas, that is, of concepts considered in their objective moment, it is similar to logic considered as the theory of the ideal being (ontology).
In the post-war period, Italian philosophers’ interest in Meinong’s
thought weakened considerably. The war – as noted above – had severed
relations between intellectuals. A confirmation of this, which well reflects
the general cultural climate, is offered by Meinong at the end of his
“Selbstdarstellung”, where he quotes part of a circular letter printed in the
Geologische Zentralblatt, which the Belgian geological society addressed
to geologists in the Entente and neutral nations, inviting them to exclude
71
72
73
Capone-Braga (1914-1915), p. 312.
Capone-Braga (1914-1915), p. 314. Later on Capone-Braga writes: “In the
world of the purely thinkable, on which the theory of objects is founded, one
cannot distinguish the object from the concept or idea, for the simple reason
that, for the object to become part of this world, it must always be considered as
an idea. [...] Having established this, that is having identified the object with the
logical concept, one sees that the difficulty which Meinong mentions no longer
has any sense. The round square for example has only an ideal objective existence, it is not something real, existing in space and time, and hence it is neither
square nor round in the sense in which a chalk square or a really existing
wooden square is square. The object ‘round square’ has only the property of being square and round: it is in short an idea that has the characteristics of squareness and roundness. But then the ‘round square’ object no longer differs from
the logical concept of ‘round square’. Not even this latter in fact is square and
round in the sense in which a wooden square is round; it only has the characteristics of squareness and roundness like the ‘round square’ object” (p. 316).
Capone-Braga (1914-1915), p. 315.
24
VENANZIO RASPA
German researchers from the scientific community.74 On the other hand,
one should not forget that Meinong himself glorified the “just German
cause”75 in his letters from 1914 to 1918 and revealed himself to be an
ardent nationalist also in his works published in 1915 and in 1917.76
Another factor to be considered is the rise of idealist philosophy in
Italian culture and Universities, with the emergence of the public clash
between Benedetto Croce and Giovanni Gentile, which resulted in the
marginalization from the Italian philosophical scene of scholars with empirical leanings. Such is the background to Guido De Ruggiero’s extremely negative judgment on object theory, which shows his reluctance
to understand a philosopher and thus dissuades others from reading him.77
Also the attention that has been turned to the phenomenological
movement of Husserlian origin has not led to an analogous appreciation
74
75
76
77
Cf. Meinong (1921), GA VII, p. 59, fn. 1.
Cf. Dölling (1999), pp. 184-185.
In Über emotionale Präsentation Meinong (1917, GA III, pp. 295, 315, 337)
declares himself proud of the victories won in the field by the Central powers.
Cf. also Meinong (1915), GA VI, p. XXI: “große Kulturvölker haben sich, vielleicht zum ersten Male in der Geschichte, ausdrücklich zu dem Ziele verbunden,
ein großes Kulturvolk und zwei Kulturstaaten zu ‘vernichten’. Es ist mir versagt
geblieben in diesem gerechtesten aller Verteidigungskämpfe selbst die Waffen
zu ergreifen für Volkstum und Vaterland.”
La filosofia contemporanea [Contemporary philosophy] by De Ruggiero was
first published in 1912 and republished several times subsequently (19202,
19293, etc.); cf. (1912), pp. 50-52, 106 (on object theory), 111-112 (on the psychology of values). It is interesting to read what De Ruggiero understood of
Meinong: “Beyond the ‘objective’, that is the object as existent and real, there is
the pure object, free from existence. The passage from the former to the latter is
the great mystery; but, after nonchalantly skirting the problem, Meinong can
conclude that the knowledge of the objective, inasmuch as it is directed to a reality that is given only in empirical experience, is a posteriori; while the knowledge of the object, inasmuch as it is lacking in presuppositions, is a priori. From
here Meinong tries to develop a logic of the object which is tightly connected to
mathematics, that is another science which has nothing to do with empirical realities. This doctrine, which later on we will examine as professed in England by
Russell and in France by Couturat, betrays the anxiety of Meinong and his pupils (e.g. of Höfler) to found a logic independent of psychology, but on a merely
psychological basis” (p. 51).
INTRODUCTION: THINKING WITH AND ON MEINONG IN ITALY
25
for Meinong.78 Antonio Banfi refers briefly to Meinong in the Princípi di
una teoria della ragione [Principles of a theory of reason] (1926), while
Cornelio Fabro treats him more deeply in La fenomenologia della percezione [The phenomenology of perception] (1941);79 otherwise, Meinong
is mentioned only in encyclopaedia articles80 and in a brief review of the
Meinong-Gedenkschrift by Norberto Bobbio, who substantially judges the
line of research started in Graz to be exhausted.81 For a certain period,
Meinong’s thought persists in psychology, above all thanks to Benussi,
who in the meantime returned to Italy, and Cesare Musatti, who, at the
beginning of his scientific activity, acquires from Benussi and shares Meinong’s theories – as he says himself referring to one of his first works,
Analisi del concetto di realtà empirica [Analysis of the concept of empirical reality] (1926), which was written in the spirit of the School of Graz
and was not really in line with the actualistic climate dominant at that
time.82
Not until 1969 do other Italian works on Meinong appear, specifically
by Massimo A. Bonfantini and Francesco Sirchia.83 The following year
Michele Lenoci publishes an accurate bibliography on Meinong, followed
by a monograph on the Austrian philosopher.84 This marks the beginning
of a new story, which runs parallel to the renewed and growing international interest in Meinong, a story which is still in progress and that is not
yet possible to tell. Since then Meinong has been investigated in different
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
However, after the break with Meinong in 1902, Husserl is scathing about him.
For a reconstruction of the controversy between Husserl and Meinong, cf.
Schermann (1970), 11-48; cf. also Lindenfeld (1980), pp. 244 ff., according to
whom this break weighed heavily in the subsequent indifference for Meinong
within the phenomenological movement.
Cf. Banfi (1926), pp. 70-71, 315, Fabro (1941/19612), pp. 205-216 and passim.
Cf. Calogero (1934), Mathieu (1957), Merlo (1958).
Cf. Bobbio (1954).
Cf. Musatti (1964), pp. 7-8. This volume contains a reprint of the 1926 book (on
which cf. Poli 1999b, pp. 131 ff.) and other articles. Cf. also Musatti (1929), pp.
356 ff., in which object theory and the theory of production of representations,
together with the contributions of Ehrenfels and Benussi, is situated in the
broader context that led to the development of Gestaltpsychologie.
Cf. Bonfantini (1969), Sirchia (1969), pp. 165-188.
Cf. Lenoci (1970) and (1972).
26
VENANZIO RASPA
ways and with differing degrees of interest, intensity and detail by Mario
Alai, Liliana Albertazzi, Carola Barbero, Stefano Besoli, Andrea Bottani,
Guido Bonino, Paolo Bozzi, Roberto Brigati, Serena Cattaruzza, Luigi
Dappiano, Michele Di Francesco, Rosaria Egidi, Vincenzo Fano, Maurizio Ferraris, ancora Lenoci, Marina Manotta, Riccardo Martinelli, Enzo
Melandri, Francesca Modenato, Francesco Orilia, Roberto Poli, Alessandro Salice, Marco Santambrogio, Andrea Tabarroni, Albano Unia, Alberto
Voltolini and myself. I have certainly skipped some names, and I apologize for this. Especially in the last fifteen years important works on Meinong have appeared.85 The increasing interest in Meinong’s philosophy is
also testified by the translations of some of his writings,86 as well as by
two Congresses: the first, on “Meinong and his School”, was held from
the 9th to the 10th December 1994 in Trento and focused not only on Meinong, but also on his pupils and other contemporary philosophers;87 the
second, entitled “The prejudice in favour of the real. Alexius Meinong’s
object theory between ontology and epistemology”, took place in Urbino
ten years later from the 24th to the 27th November 2004, in the centenary
of the publication of the Untersuchungen zur Gegenstandstheorie und
Psychologie.88
From the above it is clear that the texts collected here represent only
a part of the investigations and studies on Meinong that are currently being conducted in Italy. Nevertheless, they give a sufficiently varied idea
of the different ways of thinking with and on Meinong. At the beginning
we have primarily historical-systematic contributions of a phenomenological character. In accordance with his personal reading of Meinong’s
texts, Riccardo Martinelli offers a reconstruction of the Meinongian theory of musical objects of higher order in the historical-philosophical
context in which it was conceived, relating it with the contemporary
concepts of Helmoltz, Mach, Ehrenfels and Stumpf. Francesca Modenato gives the outlines of Meinong’s object theory as a theory of the pure
85
86
87
88
See in particular the monographs by Brigati (1992), Orilia (2002), Manotta
(2005) and Modenato (2006).
The first is by Enzo Melandri and was published in 1979.
Cf. Albertazzi [ed.] (1996).
Cf. Barbero & Raspa [eds.] (2005).
INTRODUCTION: THINKING WITH AND ON MEINONG IN ITALY
27
object, separating it from ontology and associating it rather with gnoseology: object theory is not an ontology that also contemplates nonexistent objects, on the contrary it is a general theory of the object of
knowledge. Another group of contributors focuses specifically on the
field of analytical philosophy. Andrea Bottani deals with incompleteness,
distinguishing three types, which he compares both with the Meinongian
concept and with other current points of view. This and the preceding
contribution show two different approaches to the theme of incomplete
objects. Mario Alai investigates the problem of propositions concerning
non-existent objects, pointing out shortcomings in the approach to this
question by Frege, Russell, and Orilia’s neo-Russellian strategy; in
agreement with both Meinong and Husserl, he holds that we do indeed
sometimes speak of non-existent objects, but in so doing we neither state
nor imply that they are there, we just express true propositions, although
their subject lacks reference. Carola Barbero proposes, on the basis of
Meinong’s object theory, a realistic theory of the emotions aroused in us
by reading literary texts: these are true emotions, distinguished quantitatively, not qualitatively, from those aroused by real objects. Other contributions, which are also located within the field of analytical philosophy, do not deal exclusively with Meinong, but with themes related to
Meinongian ones. Thus Alberto Voltolini, discussing the concept of existence as a property, recently proposed by McGinn, recognizes a plurality
of existential properties and, at the same time, takes into consideration
the Meinongian thesis concerning the different kinds of being. Francesco
Orilia, arguing on Bradley’s regress with the aim of defending a conception that admits states of affairs, accepts the regress (adopting an approach called “fact infinitism”) and validates an intuition of Meinong.
While Guido Bonino, who deals with Gustav Bergmann’s interpretation
of Meinong’s ontology, shows that, according to Bergmann, it admits no
facts; and again Bradley’s regress is involved. These are – as I said – different ways of thinking with and on Meinong.
Venanzio Raspa
Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”
v.raspa@uniurb.it
28
VENANZIO RASPA
References
Albertazzi, Liliana [ed.] (1996), The Philosophy of Alexius Meinong, special issue of Axiomathes, VII, 1-2.
Albertazzi, Liliana (1999), “Il laboratorio della filosofia. L’influenza di
Meinong nella psicologia italiana del Novecento”, in Russo, Antonio
& Gregoretti, Paolo [eds.], Ugo Spirito: filosofo, giurista, economista
e la recezione dell’attualismo a Trieste, Atti del Convegno (Trieste,
27-29.XII.1995), Trieste, Edizioni Università di Trieste.
Albertazzi, Liliana, Cimino, Guido & Gori-Savellini, Simonetta [eds.]
(1999), Francesco De Sarlo e il laboratorio fiorentino di psicologia,
Bari, Laterza.
Aliotta, Antonio (1905), La misura in psicologia sperimentale, Firenze,
Galletti e Cocci.
Aliotta, Antonio (1912/1950), “La teoria degli oggetti del Meinong”, in
La reazione idealistica contro la scienza, Palermo, Casa editrice «Optima», pp. 372-385; repr. in Pensatori tedeschi della fine
dell’Ottocento, Napoli, Libreria Scientifica Editrice, 1950, pp. 141158.
Antonelli, Mauro (1994), Die experimentelle Analyse des Bewusstseins
bei Vittorio Benussi, Amsterdam/Atlanta (GA), Rodopi.
Aster, Ernst von (1907), Review. Untersuchungen zur Gegenstandstheorie und Psychologie, herausgegeben von A. Meinong, J.A. Barth,
Leipzig 1904. X und 634 Seiten, Vierteljahrsschrift für wissenschaftliche Philosophie und Soziologie, VI, pp. 271-273.
Atti del IV Congresso Internazionale di Filosofia (Bologna, 511.IV.1911), 3 vols., Genova, A.F. Formíggini, 1916; repr. Nendeln,
Kraus, 1968.
Banfi, Antonio (1926), Princípi di una teoria della ragione, Firenze, La
Nuova Italia.
Barbero, Carola & Raspa, Venanzio [eds.] (2005), Il pregiudizio a favore
del reale. La teoria dell’oggetto di Alexius Meinong fra ontologia e
epistemologia, special issue of Rivista di Estetica, XLV, n.s. 30, n. 3.
INTRODUCTION: THINKING WITH AND ON MEINONG IN ITALY
29
Bell, David (1999), “The Revolution of Moore and Russell: A Very British Coup?”, in O’Hear, Anthony [ed.], German Philosophy Since
Kant, Cambridge/New York/Melbourne, Cambridge University Press,
pp. 193-208.
Benussi Vittorio (1905a), “La natura delle cosiddette illusioni otticogeometriche”, in De Sanctis [ed.] (1905), pp. 262-267.
Benussi Vittorio (1905b), “Un tachiscopio per esperimenti collettivi”, in
De Sanctis [ed.] (1905), pp. 267-269.
Benussi Vittorio (1905c), “Gli atteggiamenti intellettivi elementari ed i
loro oggetti”, in De Sanctis [ed.] (1905), pp. 440-445.
Benussi Vittorio (1906), “Die Psychologie in Italien”, Archiv für die gesamte Psychologie, VII, pp. 141-180.
Bobbio, Norberto (1954), Review. Meinong-Gedenkschrift, Graz, Styria,
Steirische Verlagsanstalt, 1952, pp. 171, Rivista di Filosofia, XLV, pp.
231-233.
Bonfantini, Massimo A. (1969), “Meinong e la svolta verso la tematica
degli oggetti”, in Aut-Aut, advance offprint; corrected and extended in
L’esistenza della realtà, Milano, Bompiani, 1976, pp. 15-56.
Bonucci, Alessandro (1907), L’orientazione psicologica dell’etica e della
filosofia del diritto, Perugia, V. Bartelli.
Brigati, Roberto (1992), Il linguaggio dell’oggettività. Saggio su Meinong, Torino, Thema.
Broad, Charlie D. (1913), Review. Über Annahmen. Von A. Meinong.
Zweite umgearbeitete Auflage. Published by J.A. Barth. Pp. xvi +
403, Mind, n.s. XXII, pp. 90-102.
Calogero, Guido (1934), “Meinong”, in Enciclopedia Italiana di scienze,
lettere ed arti, Roma, Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, vol. 22, p.
782.
Capone-Braga, Gaetano (1913), Review. A. Meinong, Abhandlungen zur
Erkenntnistheorie und Gegenstandstheorie, Leipzig, 1913, La Cultura Filosofica, VII, pp. 529-532.
30
VENANZIO RASPA
Capone-Braga, Gaetano (1914), Review. A. Meinong, Abhandlungen zur
Psychologie, Leipzig, 1914, La Cultura Filosofica, VIII, pp. 277-278.
Capone-Braga, Gaetano (1914-1915), “La teoria degli oggetti e
l’ontologia”, La Cultura Filosofica, VIII, 3, pp. 197-231; 4-5, pp.
290-318; IX, 1, pp. 72-85.
Chiabra, Giovanni (1905), “Il V° Congresso internazionale di Psicologia”,
Rivista filosofica, VII, vol. VIII, 3, pp. 420-431.
Couturat, Louis (1904), “IIme Congrès de Philosophie – Genève. II. Logique et Philosophie des Sciences. Séances de section et séances générales”, Revue de Métaphysique et de Morale, XII, pp. 1037-1077.
Croce, Benedetto (1942), Pagine sparse, vol. I: Letteratura e cultura,
Napoli, Ricciardi.
Dappiano, Luigi (1994), “L’idealismo di Oxbridge tra Lotze e Meinong. A
proposito delle origini della filosofia analitica”, Axiomathes, V, 2-3,
pp. 279-304.
Dappiano, Luigi (1997), “Cambridge and the Austrian Connection”, in
Poli, Roberto [ed.], In itinere. European Cities and the Birth of Modern Scientific Philosophy, Amsterdam, Rodopi (= PoznaM Studies in
the Philosophy of the Sciences and the Humanities, 54), pp. 99-124.
De Ruggiero, Guido (1912), La filosofia contemporanea, Bari, Laterza
(19202, 19293).
De Sanctis, Sante [ed.] (1905), Atti del V Congresso internazionale di
Psicologia, tenuto in Roma dal 26 al 30 aprile 1905 sotto la presidenza del prof. Giuseppe Sergi, pubblicati dal dott. Sante De Sanctis,
Roma, Forzani.
De Sarlo, Francesco [ed.] (1905), Ricerche di psicologia, vol. I, Firenze,
O. Paggi & C.
De Sarlo, Francesco (1907), “La fantasia nella psicologia contemporanea”, La Cultura Filosofica, I, 6, pp. 145-150.
Dölling, Evelyn (1999), “Wahrheit suchen und Wahrheit bekennen”. Alexius Meinong: Skizze seines Leben, Amsterdam/Atlanta (GA), Rodopi.
INTRODUCTION: THINKING WITH AND ON MEINONG IN ITALY
31
Dürr, Ernst (1906), Review. Untersuchungen zur Gegenstandstheorie und
Psychologie. Herausgegeben von A. Meinong, Leipzig, J.A. Barth,
1904, X, 634 S. M. 18, Göttingische gelehrte Anzeigen, CLXVIII, 1,
pp. 14-69.
Eliot, Thomas S. (1916/1964), Experience and the Objects of Knowledge
in the Philosophy of F.H. Bradley, Ph. Diss., Cambridge (Mass.),
Harvard University, 1916; Knowledge and Experience in the Philosophy of F.H. Bradley, London, Faber and Faber, 1964.
(F.) (1906), Review. A. Meinong, Untersuchungen zur Gegenstandstheorie und Psychologie. (Collection de onze travaux de Meinong et de
ses élèves.) X et 634 pages, Barth, Leipzig 1904, Archives de Psychologie, V, pp. 279-282.
Faggi, Adolfo (1912), “Steno Tedeschi”, Rivista di Filosofia, IV, p. 145.
Fabro, Cornelio (1941/19612), Fenomenologia della percezione, Milano,
Vita e Pensiero (Brescia, Morcelliana, 19612).
Findlay, John N. (1952), “The Influence of Meinong in Anglo-Saxon
Countries”, in Radaković, Tarouca & Weinhandl [eds.] (1952), pp. 919.
Findlay, John N. (19632), Meinong’s Theory of Objects and Values, Oxford, Clarendon Press (19331).
Gomperz, Heinrich (1908), Weltanschauungslehre. Ein Versuch die
Hauptprobleme der allgemeinen theoretischen Philosophie geschichtlich zu entwickeln und sachlich zu bearbeiten. Zweiter Band: Noologie. Erste Hälfte: Einleitung und Semasiologie, Jena, E. Diederichs.
Hicks, George D. (1922), “The Philosophical Researches of Meinong
(I.)”, Mind, n.s. XXXI, 121, pp. 1-30.
Höfler, Alois (1905), “Sind wir Psychologisten?”, in De Sanctis [ed.]
(1905), pp. 322-328.
Höfler, Alois (1906), Review. A. Meinong, Untersuchungen zur Gegenstandstheorie und Psychologie. Mit Unterstützung des k.k. Ministeriums für Kultus und Unterricht in Wien. Leipzig, Joh. Ambr. Barth.
1904, X u. 634 S. Mk. 18, Zeitschrift für Psychologie und Physiologie
32
VENANZIO RASPA
der Sinnesorgane, I. Abt.: Zeitschrift für Psychologie, XLII, pp. 192207.
Kindinger, Rudolf [ed.] (1965), Philosophenbriefe. Aus der wissenschaftlichen Korrespondenz von Alexius Meinong, Graz, Akademische
Druck- und Verlagsanstalt.
Lenoci, Michele (1970), “Bibliografia degli studi su Alexius Meinong”,
Rivista di Filosofia neo-scolastica, LXII, pp. 437-473.
Lenoci, Michele (1972), La teoria della conoscenza in Alexius Meinong.
Oggetto, giudizio, assunzioni, Milano, Vita e Pensiero.
Lindenfeld, David F. (1980), The Transformation of Positivism. Alexius
Meinong and European Thought, 1880-1920, Berkeley/Los Angeles/London, University of California Press.
Losacco, Michele (1910), “La teoria degli obbietti e il razionalismo”, La
Cultura Filosofica, IV, 2, pp. 184-204; extended version in Losacco
(1911a), pp. 67-97.
Losacco, Michele (1911a), Razionalismo e misticismo. Saggi e profili,
Milano, Libreria editrice milanese.
Losacco, Michele (1911b), Review. A. Meinong, Über Annahmen, II.
Aufl. Leipzig, 1910, La Cultura Filosofica, V, pp. 529-534.
Losacco, Michele (1914), “Le assunzioni. A proposito di un libro del Meinong”, Rivista di Filosofia, VI, 1, pp. 56-74.
Manotta, Marina (2005), La fondazione dell’oggettività. Studio su Alexius
Meinong, Macerata, Quodlibet.
Marhaba, Sadi (1981), Lineamenti della psicologia italiana: 1870-1945,
Firenze, Giunti-Barbera.
Martinak, Eduard (1905), “Das Wesen der Frage. Eine psychologischlogische Untersuchung”, in De Sanctis [ed.] (1905), pp. 332-336.
Mathieu, Vittorio (1957), “Meinong, Alexius”, in Enciclopedia filosofica,
Venezia/Roma, Istituto per la collaborazione culturale, vol. III, pp.
476-478.
INTRODUCTION: THINKING WITH AND ON MEINONG IN ITALY
33
Mehle, Ana Juvančič (1998), Meinongova knjižnica v Ljubljani = Die
Meinong-Bibliothek in Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Znanstveni inštitut Filozofske fakultete.
Merlo, Giovanni M. (1958), “A. Meinong”, in Grande dizionario enciclopedico, ed. by G. Trucco, Torino, UTET, 1933 ff.; 2nd edition fully
revised and extended, vol. VIII, pp. 535-536.
Meinong, Alexius (1879), “Modern Nominalism”, Mind, IV (1879), n. 13,
p. 124; repr. in GA VII, pp. 117-118.
Meinong, Alexius [ed.] (1904a), Untersuchungen zur Gegenstandstheorie
und Psychologie, mit Unterstützung des k.k. Ministeriums für Kultus
und Unterricht in Wien hrsg. von A. Meinong, Leipzig, J.A. Barth.
Meinong, Alexius (1904b), “Über Gegenstandstheorie”, in Meinong [ed.]
(1904a), pp. 1-50; repr. in GA II, 481-530 [Engl. trans.: Meinong
(1960)].
Meinong, Alexius (1906-1907), Über die Stellung der Gegenstandstheorie
im System der Wissenschaften, in Zeitschrift für Philosophie und philosophische Kritik, CXXIX, pp. 48-94, 155-207; CXXX, pp. 1-46;
Leipzig, Voigtländer, 1907; repr. in GA V, 197-365.
Meinong, Alexius (1912), “Für die Psychologie und gegen den Psychologismus in der allgemeinen Werttheorie”, Logos, III, pp. 1-14; and in
Atti del IV Congresso Internazionale di Filosofia (Bologna, 511.IV.1911), vol. III, Genova, A.F. Formíggini, 1916, pp. 132-147;
repr. in GA III, 267-282.
Meinong, Alexius (1915), Über Möglichkeit und Wahrscheinlichkeit. Beiträge zur Gegenstandstheorie und Erkenntnistheorie, Leipzig, J.A.
Barth; repr. in GA VI, XV-XXII, 1-728, 777-808.
Meinong, Alexius (1917), Über emotionale Präsentation, in Kaiserliche
Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Philosophisch-historische
Klasse, Sitzungsberichte, CLXXXIII, 2. Abh.; Wien, A. Hölder; repr.
in GA III, 283-476.
Meinong, Alexius (1921), “A. Meinong [Selbstdarstellung]”, in Die deutsche Philosophie der Gegenwart in Selbstdarstellungen, ed. by R.
34
VENANZIO RASPA
Schmidt, Leipzig, Meiner, vol. 1, pp. 91-150; 19232, pp. 101-160;
repr. in GA VII, 1-62.
Meinong, Alexius (1960), “The Theory of Objects”, transl. by I. Levi,
D.B. Terrell, and R.M. Chisholm, in Chisholm, Roderick M. [ed.],
Realism and the Background of Phenomenology, Glencoe (Ill.), Free
Press, pp. 76-117.
Meinong, Alexius (1968-1978), Alexius Meinong Gesamtausgabe, hrsg.
von R. Haller und R. Kindinger gemeinsam mit R.M. Chisholm, Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Graz [abbreviated as GA].
Meinong, Alexius (1974), “Meinong’s Life and Work”, in Grossmann,
Reinhardt, Meinong, London/Boston, Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp.
230-236.
Meinong-Nachlaß, Universitätsbibliothek Graz.
Modenato, Francesca (2006), La conoscenza e l’oggetto in Alexius Meinong, Padova, Il Poligrafo.
Moore, George E. (1909/1910), “The Subject-Matter of Psychology”,
Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, X, pp. 36-62.
Musatti, Cesare L. (1926), Analisi del concetto di realtà empirica, Città di
Castello, Il Solco; repr. in Musatti (1964), pp. 13-175.
Musatti, Cesare L. (1929), “La psicologia della forma”, Rivista di Filosofia, XIX, 4, pp. 329-357; repr. in Mucciarelli, Giuseppe [ed.], La psicologia italiana. Fonti e documenti, vol. 2: La crisi, 1918-1945, Bologna, Pitagora, 1984, pp. 353-382.
Musatti, Cesare L. (1951), “La psicologia sperimentale nell’opera di Antonio Aliotta”, in C. Carbonara, P. Filiasi Carcano, R. Lazzarini, G.
Martano, C. Musatti, N. Petruzzellis, M.F. Sciacca, L. Stefanini, La
psicologia sperimentale nell’opera di Antonio Aliotta, Napoli, Libreria scientifica Editrice, pp. 51-62.
Musatti, Cesare L. (1964), Condizioni dell’esperienza e fondazione della
psicologia, Firenze, Editrice Universitaria.
Orestano, Francesco (1907), I valori umani, Milano/Torino/Roma, Bocca.
INTRODUCTION: THINKING WITH AND ON MEINONG IN ITALY
35
Orilia, Francesco (2002), Ulisse, il quadrato rotondo e l’attuale re di
Francia, Pisa, ETS (20052).
Pichler, Hans (1910), Über Christian Wolffs Ontologie, Leipzig, Dürr.
Poggi, Stefano (1985), “Firenze, Trieste e gli studi di psicologia in Italia
1900-1925”, in Pertici, Roberto [ed.], Intellettuali di frontiera. Triestini a Firenze (1900-1950), Atti del Convegno (Firenze, 1820.III.1983), 2 vols., Firenze, Olschki, vol. I, pp. 139-165.
Poli, Roberto (1999a), “Antonio Aliotta e la misura dei fenomeni psichici”, in Albertazzi, Cimino & Gori-Savellini [eds.] (1999), pp. 369392.
Poli, Roberto (1999b), “The Concept of Empirical Reality between Logic
and Psychology: The Proposals of the Young Musatti”, Axiomathes,
X, 1-3, pp. 126-162.
Radaković, Konstantin, Amadeo Silva Tarouca & Ferdinand Weinhandl
[eds.] (1952), Meinong-Gedenkschrift, Graz, Styria.
Ratti, Alberto (1913), Review. A. Meinong. Contributi alla teoria della
conoscenza e alla teoria degli oggetti. – Abhandlungen zur Erkenntnistheorie und Gegenstandstheorie. – Hrsg. und mit Zusätzen versehen von seinen Schülern. (Der gesammelten Abhandlungen). – (3 Volumi) – Volume secondo in-8 pag. XII-554. Leipzig, Barth 1913, 14
Mk., Rivista di filosofia neo-scolastica, V, pp. 645-647.
Russell, Bertrand (1904), “Meinong’s Theory of Complexes and Assumptions”, Mind, n.s. XIII, pp. 204-219, 336-354, 509-524; repr. in Russell (1973), pp. 21-76, and (1994), pp. 431-474.
Russell, Bertrand (1905a), “On Denoting”, Mind, n.s. XIV, pp. 479-493;
repr. in Russell (1973), pp. 103-119, and (1994), pp. 414-427.
Russell, Bertrand (1905b), Review. Untersuchungen zur Gegenstandstheorie und Psychologie. Mit Unterstützung des k.k. Ministeriums für
Kultus und Unterricht in Wien herausgegeben von A. Meinong, Leipzig, Verlag von Johann Ambrosius Barth. 1904. Pp. xi, 634, Mind, n.s.
XIV, pp. 530-538; repr. in Russell (1973), pp. 77-88, and (1994), pp.
595-604.
36
VENANZIO RASPA
Russell, Bertrand (1973), Essays in Analysis, ed. by D. Lackey, London,
Allen and Unwin.
Russell, Bertrand (1994), Foundations of Logic: 1903-05, ed. by A.
Urquhart with the assistance of A.C. Lewis, London/New York,
Routledge (= The Collected Papers of Bertrand Russell, vol. 4).
Sava, Gabriella (2000), La psicologia filosofica in Italia. Studi su Francesco De Sarlo, Antonio Aliotta, Eugenio Rignano, Galatina, Congedo.
Schermann, Hans (1970), Meinong und Husserl. Eine vergleichende Studie, Diss., Université Catholique de Louvain.
Simons, Peter M. (1986), “The Anglo-Austrian Analytic Axis”, in Nyíri,
Janos C. [ed.], Von Bolzano zu Wittgenstein. Zur Tradition der österreichischen Philosophie – From Bolzano to Wittgenstein. The Tradition of Austrian Philosophy, Wien, Hölder/Pichler/Tempsky, pp. 98107; repr. in Philosophy and Logic in Central Europe from Bolzano to
Tarski, Dordrecht/Boston/London, Kluwer, 1992, pp. 143-158.
Stucchi, Natale (1996), “Seeing and Thinking: Vittorio Benussi and the
Graz School”, Axiomathes, VII, 1-2, pp. 137-172.
Tedeschi, Steno (1908), “Un’equivalente aprioristica della metafisica (la
teoria degli oggetti)”, Rivista filosofica, X, 11.3, pp. 289-303; repr. in
Tedeschi (1913), pp. 31-43.
Tedeschi, Steno (1910), “Sulla funzione conoscitiva del giudizio”, La
Cultura Filosofica, IV, pp. 32-39; repr. in Tedeschi (1913), pp. 76-85.
Tedeschi, Steno (1912), “Intorno agli oggetti del pensiero”, Rivista di
Filosofia, IV, pp. 107-118; repr. in Tedeschi (1913), pp. 98-112.
Tedeschi, Steno (1913), Studii filosofici ed altri scritti, a cura della sorella
R. Marcovig-Tedeschi e degli amici A. Gentile e G. Quarantotto, con
prefazione di A. Faggi, Genova, Formíggini.
Ueberweg, Friedrich (19029), Grundriss der Geschichte der Philosophie
des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts, Th. 4, 9., mit e. Philosophen- u. Litteratoren-Reg. vers. Aufl. hrsg. von M. Heinze, Berlin, E.S. Mittler &
Sohn.
INTRODUCTION: THINKING WITH AND ON MEINONG IN ITALY
37
Ueberweg, Friedrich (192312), Grundriss der Geschichte der Philosophie,
Vierter Teil: Die deutsche Philosophie des XIX. Jahrhunderts und der
Gegenwart, Zwölfte, mit einem Philosophen-Register vers. Aufl., völlig neubearb. von T.K. Oesterreich, Berlin, E.S. Mittler & Sohn.
Urban, Wilbur M. (1906), Review. Untersuchungen zur Gegenstandstheorie und Psychologie. Mit Unterstützung des k.k. Ministeriums für
Kultus und Unterricht in Wien, herausgegeben von A. Meinong. Verlag von Johann Ambrosius Barth, Leipzig, 1904. – pp. xi, 634, The
Philosophical Review, XV, 1, pp. 65-75.
Vailati, Giovanni (1897a), Sull’importanza delle ricerche relative alla
Storia delle Scienze. (Prolusione a un corso sulla Storia della Meccanica, letta il 4 dicembre 1896 nell’Università di Torino), Torino, Roux
Frassati; repr. in Vailati (1987), II, pp. 3-17.
Vailati, Giovanni (1897b), “Il principio dei lavori virtuali da Aristotele a
Erone d’Alessandria”, in Atti della R. Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, vol. 32, Torino, C. Clausen; repr. in Vailati (1987), II, pp. 113128.
Vailati, Giovanni (1903), “La teoria aristotelica della definizione”, Rivista
di filosofia e scienze affini, V, vol. II, 5-6, pp. 332-347; repr. in Vailati
(1987), I, pp. 317-328.
Vailati, Giovanni (1905), Review. A. Meinong, Untersuchungen zur Gegenstandstheorie und Psychologie, Leipzig, Barth, 1904 [Ricerche
sulla teoria dell’oggetto e la psicologia], Rivista di psicologia applicata alla pedagogia ed alla psicopedagogia, I, 5, p. 299; repr. in Vailati (1987), I, p. 345.
Vailati, Giovanni (1971), Epistolario. 1891-1909, ed. by G. Lanaro, introduction by M. Dal Pra, Torino, Einaudi.
Vailati, Giovanni (1987), Scritti, ed. by M. Quaranta, 3 vols., Sala Bolognese, A. Forni.
Varisco, Bernardino (1907), Review. A. Meinong, Über die Stellung der
Gegenstandstheorie im System der Wissenschaften; in 8° di pp. VIII159 – Lipsia, R. Voigtländer, ed.; 1907, Rivista filosofica, X, pp. 228238.
38
VENANZIO RASPA
Villa, Guido (19112), La
no/Torino/Roma, Bocca.
psicologia
contemporanea,
Mila-
Watt, Henry J. (1906), Review. A. Meinong, Untersuchungen zur Gegenstandstheorie und Psychologie. XI und 634 S. Leipzig, J.A. Barth,
1904, M. 18, Archiv für die gesamte Psychologie, VII, pp. 259-265.