Skip to main content
Log in

The Revelation Argument. A 'Communicational Fallacy'

  • Published:
Argumentation Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this paper it is argued that much can be gained for the analysis and evaluation of arguing when fallacies are not, or not only, conceived of as flawed premise–conclusion complexes but rather as argumentative moves which distort harmfully an interaction aiming at resolving communication problems argumentatively. Starting from Normative Pragmatics and the pragma-dialectical concept of fallacy, a case study is presented to illustrate a fallacy which is termed the 'revelation argument' because it is characterized by an interactor's revealing her thoughts and/or emotions to the addressees and claiming that these would have justificatory or refutatory potential with respect to the problem discussed. Although the revelation argument may not be a paradigm case of resolution- hindering moves, it is an extreme case of flawed reasoning that illustrates plainly the advantages of a communicational perspective on arguing and fallacies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES

  • Albert, H.: 1968, Traktat über kritische Vernunft, Dritte, erweiterte Auflage, Mohr, Tübingen, 1975 [11968].

    Google Scholar 

  • Deppermann, A.: 1996, Berufung auf geteiltes Wissen als Persuasionsstrategie im interaktiven Handeln, Paper 4 des Forschungsschwerpunkts 'Familien-, Jugend-und Kommunikationssoziologie' der J.W.-von-Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main. Mimeo.

  • van Eemeren, F. H. and R. Grootendorst: 1984, Speech Acts in Argumentative Discussions, A Theoretical Model for the Analysis of Discussions Directed towards Solving Conflicts of Opinion, Foris, Dordrecht (Pragmatics and Discourse Analysis 1).

    Google Scholar 

  • van Eemeren, F. H. and R. Grootendorst: 1991, 'Les sophismes dans une perspective pragmatico-dialectique', in L'argumentation. Colloque de Cerisy-la-Salle, 22–29/08/1987. Textes édités par A. Lempereur, Mardaga, Liège (collection Philosophie et Langage), pp. 173–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Eemeren, F. H. and R. Grootendorst: 1992a, Argumentation, Communication, and Fallacies, A Pragma-Dialectical Perspective, Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Eemeren, F. H. and R. Grootendorst: 1992b, 'Relevance Reviewed: The Case of Argumentum ad Hominem', Argumentation 6, 141–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Eemeren, F. H. and R. Grootendorst: 1995, 'The Pragma-Dialectical Approach to Fallacies', in Hansen and Pinto (eds), pp. 130–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Eemeren, F. H., R. Grootendorst, S. Jackson and S. Jacobs: 1993, Reconstructing Argumentative Discourse, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa (Studies on Rhetoric and Communication).

    Google Scholar 

  • van Eemeren, F. H., R. Grootendorst and T. Kruiger: 1987, Handbook of Argumentation Theory, A Critical Survey of Classical Backgrounds and Modern Studies, Foris, Dordrecht (Pragmatics and Discourse Analysis 7).

    Google Scholar 

  • van Eemeren, F. H., R. Grootendorst, F. Snoeck Henkemans et al.: 1996, Fundamentals of Argumentation Theory. A Handbook of Historical Backgrounds and Contemporary Developments, Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grice, H. P.: 1975, 'Logic and Conversation', in P. Cole and J. L. Morgan (eds.), Syntax and Semantics, Vol. III: Speech Acts, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haft-van Rees, M. A.: 1989, 'Conversation, Relevance, and Argumentation', Argumentation 3, 385–393.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamblin, C. L.: 1970, Fallacies, Methuen, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, H. V. and R. C. Pinto (eds.): 1995, Fallacies, Classical and Contemporary Readings, The Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, PA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Houtlosser, P.: 1995, Standpunten in een kritische discussie, Een pragma-dialectisch perspectief op de indentificatie en reconstructie van standpunten, IFOTT, Amsterdam (Studies in Language and Language Use 22).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, S.: 1983, 'The Arguer in Interpersonal Argument: Pros and Cons of Individual-level Analysis', in D. Zarefsky, M. O. Sillars and J. Rhodes (eds.), Argument in Transition, Proceedings of the Third Summer Conference on Argumentation, SCA, Annandale, VA.

  • Jackson, S.: 1995, 'Fallacies and Heuristics', in F. H. van Eemeren, R. Grootendorst, J. A. Blair and C. A. Willard (eds.), Proceedings of the Third ISSA Conference; 4 vol., International Centre for the Study of Argumentation (SicSat), Amsterdam; vol. II, pp. 257–269.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kienpointner, M.: 1992, Alltagslogik, Struktur und Funktion von Argumentationsmustern, Frommann-Holzboog, Stuttgart-Bad Cannstadt (problemata 126).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kopperschmidt, J.: 1989, Methodik der Argumentationsanalyse, Frommann-Holzboog, Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt (problemata 119).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kruiger, T.: 1995, 'Die pragma-dialektische Analyse von Suppositionsargumenten', in H. Wohlrapp (Hg.), Wege der Argumentationsforschung, Frommann-Holzboog, Stuttgart-Bad Cannstadt (problemata 135), pp. 230–247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lallemant, J.-P.: Entretiens de madame la prieure *** au sujet des affaires présentes par rapport à la religion. s.l., s.d. [1737]. Collegii S.J. Friburgiensis Brisgoviae, Freiburg, UB, N 4579.

  • Leff, M.: 1978, 'Boethius' De differentiis topicis, Book IV', in J. J. Murphy (ed), Medieval Eloquence, Studies in the Theory and Practice of Medieval Rhetoric, University of California Press, Berkeley/Los Angeles/London, pp. 3–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Locke, J.: 1975, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding [1690]. Edited with an Introduction, critical apparatus and glossary by Peter H. Nidditch, Clarendon, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Næss, A.: 1975, Kommunikation und Argumentation, Eine Einführung in die angewandte Semantik. Aus dem Norwegischen übersetzt von Arnim von Stechow, Scriptor, Kronberg/Ts. (Scriptor TB, Serie Linguistik und Kommunikationswissenschaft, Nr. 59) [norweg. Original: En del elementœre logiske emner, Universitetsforlaget, Oslo, 111975 [11941]].

  • Perelman, C. and L. Olbrechts-Tyteca: 31976, Traité de l'argumentation. La nouvelle rhétorique, Éditions de l'Université de Bruxelles, Bruxelles [anciennement: Éditions de l'Institut de sociologie] [première publication: La nouvelle rhétorique, Presses universitaires de France, Paris, 1958].

    Google Scholar 

  • Rühl, M.: 1997a, Argumentieren und Autorität, Untersuchungen zu argumentativer Sprachverwendung in asymmetrischen Kommunikationssituationen. Dissertation, Freiburg i.Br.

  • Rühl, M.: 1997b, Argument and Authority, On the Pragmatic Bases of Accepting an Appeal to Authority as Rational. Paper presented at the 'Argumentation and Rhetoric' Conference, held by the Ontario Society for the Study of Argumentation at St Catharines, ON, May 1997.

  • Ryan, E. E.: 1984, Aristotle's Theory of Rhetorical Argumentation, Bellarmin, Montreal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, E. E.: 1993, 'L'argumentation rhétorique d'Aristote: séquence prédicative-interconceptuelle?', in C. Plantin (éd), Lieux communs, topoi, stéréotypes, clichés, Kimé, Paris (coll. Argumentation — Sciences du langage), pp. 464–479.

  • Schellens, P. J.: 1985, Redelijke Argumenten, Een onderzoek naar normen voor kritische lezers, Foris, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Searle, J. R.: 1969, Speech Acts, An Essay in the Philosophy of Language, Cambrige University Press, Cambridge (Engl.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Snoeck Henkemans A. F.: 1992, Analysing Complex Argumentation, The Reconstruction of Multiple and Coordinatively Compound Argumentation in a Critical Discussion, SicSat, Amsterdam (Amsterdamse Studies over Taalgebruik 2).

    Google Scholar 

  • Toulmin, S. E.: 1958, The Uses of Argument, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (Engl.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Toulmin, S. E., R. Rieke and A. Janik: 1979, An Introduction to Reasoning, MacMillan, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walton, D. and E. C. W. Krabbe: 1995, Commitment in Dialogue, Basic Concepts of Interpersonal Reasoning, SUNY, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warnick, B.: 1997, Comparing Aristotle's and Perelman's Classification of Topoi, Lecture delivered at the University of Amsteram, 26/03/1997.

  • Warnick, B. and S. L. Kline: 1992, 'The New Rhetoric's Argument Schemes. A Rhetorical View of Practical Reasoning', Argumentation and Advocacy 29, 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willard, C. A.: 1972, The Conception of the Auditor in Aristotle's Rhetorical Theory, Ph.D. thesis, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

  • Willard, C. A.: 1983, Argumentation and the Social Grounds of Knowledge, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Rühl, M. The Revelation Argument. A 'Communicational Fallacy'. Argumentation 13, 73–96 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007770527609

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007770527609

Navigation