Skip to main content
Log in

Evaluating a Legal Argument Program: The BankXX Experiments

  • Published:
Artificial Intelligence and Law Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this article we evaluate the BankXX program from several perspectives. BankXX is a case-based legal argument program that retrieves cases and other legal knowledge pertinent to a legal argument through a combination of heuristic search and knowledge-based indexing. The program is described in detail in a companion article in Artificial Intelligence and Law 4: 1--71, 1996. Three perspectives are used to evaluate BankXX:(1) classical information retrieval measures of precision and recall applied against a hand-coded baseline; (2) knowledge-representation and case-based reasoning, where the baseline is provided by the functionality of a well-known case-based argument program, HYPO (Ashley, 1990); and (3) search, in which the performance of BankXX run with various parameter settings, for instance, resource limits, is compared. In this article we report on an extensive series of experiments performed to evaluate the program. We also describe two additional experiments concerning(1) the program's search behavior; and (2) the use of a modified form of precision and recall based on case similarity. Finally we offer some general conclusions that might be drawn from these particular experiments.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ashley, K. D. (1990). Modeling Legal Argument: Reasoning with Cases and Hypotheticals. MIT Press: Cambridge, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birkhoff, G. (1967). Lattice Theory. American Mathematical Society: Providence, RI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blair, D. C. & Maron, M. E. (1985). An Evaluation of Retrieval Effectiveness for a Full-Text Document-Retrieval System. Communications of the ACM 28(3): 289–299. March 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  • Branting, L. K. (1991). Building Explanations from Rules and Structured Cases. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies 34: 797–837.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg, M. A. (1982). Gilbert Law Summaries: Contracts. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Legal and Professional Publications: New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, J. & Clarke, M. (1991). Towards a Formalisation of Arguments in Decision Making. In AAAI Spring Symposium Series, 1991, Argument and Belief, 92–99. Palo Alto, CA.

  • Gardner, A. vdl. (1987). An Artificial Intelligence Approach to Legal Reasoning. MIT Press: Cambridge, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gentner, D. & Forbus, K. D. (1991). MAC/FAC: A Model of Similarity-based Retrieval. In Proceedings of The Thirteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 504–509. Chicago, IL. Lawrence Erlbaum: Hillsdale, NJ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harmon, D. K. (1995). Overview of the Third Text REtrieval Conference (TREC-3). In Harmon, D. K. (ed.) Proceedings of the Third Text REtrieval Conference (TREC-3) National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 500-225, Washington, D.C.

  • Perelman, C. & Olbrechts-Tyteca, L. (1969). The New Rhetoric: A Treatise on Argumentation. University of Notre Dame Press: Notre Dame, Indiana.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rissland, E. L. (1990). Dimension-based Analysis of Hypotheticals from Supreme Court Oral Argument. In Proceedings of The Second International Conference on AI and Law, 111–120. Vancouver, BC. ACM Press: New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rissland, E. L. & Ashley, K. D. (1987). A Case-Based System for Trade Secrets Law. In Proceedings of The First International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law, 60–66. Boston, MA. ACM Press: New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rissland, E. L., Daniels, J. J., Rubinstein, Z. B. & Skalak, D. B. (1993). Case-Based Diagnostic Analysis in a Blackboard Architecture. Proceedings of the Eleventh National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 66–72. Washington, DC. AAAI Press/MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rissland, E. L., Skalak, D. B. & Friedman, M. T. (1996). BankXX: Supporting Legal Arguments through Heurisitic Retrieval. Artificial Intelligence and Law: An International Journal 4: 1–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rissland, E. L., Valcarce, E. M. & Ashley, K. D. (1984). Explaining and Arguing with Examples. Proceedings of the Fourth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Austin, TX. AAAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salton, G. (1989). Automatic Text Processing: The Transformation, Analysis, and Retrieval of Information by Computer. Addison-Wesley: Reading, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salton, G. & McGill, M. J. (1983). Introduction to Modern Information Retrieval. McGraw-Hill: New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skalak, D. B. & Rissland, E. L. (1992). Arguments and Cases: An Inevitable Intertwining. Artificial Intelligence and Law: An International Journal 1(1), 3–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toulmin, S. E. (1958). The Uses of Argument. Cambridge University Press.

  • van Rijsbergen, C. J. (1979). Information Retrieval, Second Edition. Butterworths: London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veloso, M. M. & Carbonell, J. G. (1991). Variable-Precision Case Retrieval in Analogical Problem Solving. In Proceedings of The Third Case-Based Reasoning Workshop, May 1991. Washington, D.C. Morgan Kaufmann: San Mateo, CA.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Rissland, E.L., Skalak, D.B. & Friedman, M.T. Evaluating a Legal Argument Program: The BankXX Experiments. Artificial Intelligence and Law 5, 1–74 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008215000938

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008215000938

Navigation