Skip to main content
Log in

Ceteris Paribus Conditionals and Comparative Normalcy

  • Published:
Journal of Philosophical Logic Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Our understanding of subjunctive conditionals has been greatly enhanced through the use of possible world semantics and, more precisely, by the idea that they involve variably strict quantification over possible worlds. I propose to extend this treatment to ceteris paribus conditionals – that is, conditionals that incorporate a ceteris paribus or ‘other things being equal’ clause. Although such conditionals are commonly invoked in scientific theorising, they traditionally arouse suspicion and apprehensiveness amongst philosophers. By treating ceteris paribus conditionals as a species of variably strict conditional I hope to shed new light upon their content and their logic.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Arthur, W. and Fenster, S.: 1969, Mechanics, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boutilier, C.: 1994, Conditional logics of normality: A modal approach, Artificial Intelligence 68, 87–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boutilier, C. and Becher, V.: 1995, Abduction as belief revision, Artificial Intelligence 77, 43–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bowie, G.: 1979, The similarity approach to counterfactuals: Some problems, Noûs 13, 477–498.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cartwright, N.: 1983, How the Laws of Physics Lie, Clarendon, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cartwright, N.: 1999, The Dappled World, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delgrande, J.: 1987, A first order logic for prototypical properties, Artificial Intelligence 33, 105–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Earman, J. and Roberts, J.: 1999, “Ceteris paribus” there is no problem of provisos, Synthese 118, 439–478.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Earman, J., Roberts, J. and Smith, S.: 2002, Ceteris paribus lost, Erkenntnis 57, 281–301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gundersen, L.: 2004, Outline of a new semantics for counterfactuals, Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 85, 1–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halpern, J. and Rabin, M.: 1987, A logic to reason about likelihood, Artificial Intelligence 32, 379–405.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hansson, B.: 1969, An analysis of some deontic logics, Noûs 3, 373–398.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hempel, C.: 1988, Provisos: A problem concerning the inferential function of scientific theories, Erkenntnis 28, 147–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krabbe, E.: 1978, Note on a completeness theorem in the theory of counterfactuals, Journal of Philosophical Logic 7, 91–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kripke, S.: 1980, Naming and Necessity, Basil Blackwell, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laymon, R.: 1985, Idealization and the testing of theories by experimentation, in P. Achinstein and O. Hannaway (eds.), Observation, Experiment and Hypothesis in Modern Physical Science, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laymon, R.: 1989, Cartwright and the lying laws of physics, Journal of Philosophy 86, 353–372.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lemmon, E.: 1977, An Introduction to Modal Logic, Blackwell, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, D.: 1971, Completeness and decidability of three logics of counterfactual conditionals, Theoria 37, 74–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, D.: 1973a, Counterfactuals and comparative possibility, Journal of Philosophical Logic 2, 418–444.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, D.: 1973b, Counterfactuals, Blackwell, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, D.: 1974, Semantic analyses for dyadic deontic logic, in S. Stenlund (ed.), Logical Theory and Semantical Analysis, Reidel, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, D.: 1979, Counterfactual dependence and time’s arrow, Noûs 13, 455–476.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Makinson, D.: 1966, On some completeness theorems in modal logic, Zeitschrift für mathematische Logik und Grundlagen der Mathematik 12, 379–384.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, J.: 1986, Application of circumscription to formalizing common sense knowledge, Artificial Intelligence 28, 89–116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Menzies, P.: 2004, Difference making in context, in J. Collins (ed.), Causation and Counterfactuals, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Millikan, R.: 1984, Language, Thought and Other Biological Categories, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nozick, R.: 1981, Philosophical Explanations, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pietroski, P. and Rey, G.: 1995, When other things aren’t equal: Saving “ceteris paribus” laws from vacuity, British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 46, 81–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaffer, M.: 2001, Bayesian confirmation theories that incorporate idealizations, Philosophy of Science 68, 36–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shiffer, S.: 1987, Remnants of Meaning, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shiffer, S.: 1991, Ceteris paribus laws, Mind 100, 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sober, E.: 1984, The Nature of Selection, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Fraassen, B.: 1972, The logic of conditional obligation, Journal of Philosophical Logic 1, 417–438.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Martin Smith.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Smith, M. Ceteris Paribus Conditionals and Comparative Normalcy. J Philos Logic 36, 97–121 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10992-006-9030-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10992-006-9030-2

Key words

Navigation