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The emancipation of chemistry

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Abstract

In his classic work The Mind and its Place in Nature published in 1925 at the height of the development of quantum mechanics but several years after the chemists Lewis and Langmuir had already laid the foundations of the modern theory of valence with the introduction of the covalent bond, the analytic philosopher C. D. Broad argued for the emancipation of chemistry from the crass physicalism that led physicists then and later—with support from a rabblement of philosophers who knew as much about chemistry as etymologists—to believe that chemistry reduced to physics. Here Broad’s thesis is recast in terms more familiar to chemists. In the hard sell of particle physics, several prominent figures in chemistry—Hoffmann, Primas, and Pauling—have had their views interpreted to imply that they were sympathetic to greedy reductionism when in fact they were not. Indeed, being chemists without physicists as alter egos, they could not but side with Broad’s contention that chemistry, as a science that deals primarily in emergent phenomena which are beyond the purview of physicalism, owes no acquiescence to particle physics and its ethereal wares. Historically, among the most widely used expediencies in chemistry and materials science are additivity or mixture rules and their cohort transferability, all of which are devised and used under the mantle of naive reductionism. Here it is argued that while the transfer of functional groups between molecules works empirically to an extent, it is strictly outlawed by the no-cloning theorem of quantum mechanics. Several illustrative examples related to chemistry’s irreducibility to physics are presented and discussed. The failure of naive reductionism exhibited by the deep-inelastic scattering of leptons by A > 2 nuclei is traced to the same flawed reasoning that was the original basis of Moffitt’s ‘atoms in molecules’ hypothesis, the neglect of context, nuclei in the case of high-energy physics and molecules in the case of chemistry. A non-exhaustive list of other contexts from physics, chemistry, and molecular biology evidencing similar departures from the ideal of additivity or reductionism is provided for the perusal of philosophers. Had the call by the mathematician J. T. Schwartz for developments in mathematical linguistics possessed of a less single, less literal, and less simple-minded nature been met, perhaps it might have persuaded scientists to abandon their regressive fixation with unphysical reductionism and to adapt to new methodologies that engender a more nuanced handling of ubiquitous emergent phenomena as they arise in Nature than is the case today.

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Notes

  1. It is rare to find in the technical literature physicists acknowledging a belief that the principle of reductionism is also a principle of physics. In the opening sentence of H. Spiesberger, M. Spira, and P. M. Zerwas’ The Standard Model: Physical Basis and Scattering Experiments essay, in: R. Pike and P. Sabatier (eds.), Scattering, Academic Press, San Diego (2002), they affirm (loc. cit., p. 1505) that “A most fundamental element of physics is the reduction principle.”

  2. See also, M. Alonso’s Comments on Primas’ essay with a rebuttal by Primas, loc. cit, pp. 134–143.

  3. Therein a consistent set of recommended Pascal constants for estimating the diamagnetism of a molecule is provided from the mess of values scattered in the primary and secondary literature.

  4. There it is demonstrated that two fermions, each moving in a harmonic potential in addition to being coupled via harmonic oscillator forces, behave differently than if they were uncoupled: the Hartree-Fock ground state is never the same as the exact ground state as long as the particles interact; and in the exact ground state, the two interacting particles are not the same as two noninteracting particles, the whole being different than the sum of the parts just as Schrödinger (1935) had long anticipated.

  5. I am grateful to Professor A. J. Stace, F.R.S for enlightening me on the likely difficulties in observing gas phase Be solution chemistry.

  6. Let there be no misunderstanding, the change in 7Be’s half-life with chemical environment is so small that it has no bearing whatsoever on the chronography of the universe and the time since the big bang that life first evolved via natural selection on Earth or anywhere else for that matter.

  7. For the quiet of Kuhnian relativists, it is to be noted that ‘context’ in respect to the objective reality of nucleons in a nucleus or atoms in a molecule is invariant across the same nuclei or the same molecules, respectively, whatever the anthropological milieu wherever they be found.

  8. Cartwright’s ’dappled’ world that Anderson got so worked up about was from the opening line of Pied Beauty, one of three curtal (=3/4 Petrarchan) sonnets by the Victorian poet Gerard Manley Hopkins, S.J.

  9. DNA’s information is encoded classically in the identities of its ATCG bases and not in its state so that life is a go via cloning or replication.

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    Gerald F. Thomas

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It is a pleasure to dedicate this paper to Professor Stuart M. Rothstein on the occasion of his upcoming retirement from active teaching at Brock University.

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Thomas, G.F. The emancipation of chemistry. Found Chem 14, 109–155 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10698-011-9118-9

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