Abstract
This article makes the case for servant leadership as a model for business in its analysis of the leadership style of former Philippine president, Corazon C. Aquino. Premised on the idea that self-management requires deep spirituality lived integrally (and sustained by an interior or inner life), we identify specific traits and virtues of Aquino and their implications on her leadership and effect on people. The article begins with an introduction to establish the contribution of servant leadership on business. It continues with a summary of key points in servant leadership literature. Then, we analyze Aquino as a person and leader and find that the former spilled over to the latter. We conclude by providing a model based on Aquino’s journey into the role of servant leader; thus, presenting a framework that charts the path toward servant leadership to help businesses address the leadership crisis brought on by an Enron-WorldCom-Tyco dominated business culture.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Acevedo, A. (2012). Personalist business ethics and humanistic management insights from Jacques Maritain. Journal of Business Ethics, 105, 197–219.
Aportadera, B. (2009). Chief President Corazon C. Aquino. http://billyaportadera.com/?page=articles&action=read&id=9.
Argadoña, A. (2011). Beyond contracts: Love in firms. Journal of Business Ethics, 99, 77–85.
Arjoon, S. (2000). Virtue theory as a dynamic theory of business. Journal of Business Ethics, 28(2), 159–178.
Badaracco, J. (2006). Questions of character: Illuminating the heart of leadership. Harvard Business School Press.
Bass, B. (2000). The future of leadership in learning organizations, in S. Sendjaya, and J. Sarros, servant leadership: Its origin, development, and application in organizations. Journal of Leadership and Organization Studies, 9(2), 57–64.
Bass, B., & Steidlmeier, P. (1999). Ethics, character, and authentic transformational leadership behavior. Leadership Quarterly, 10(2), 181–217.
Batten, J. (1998). Servant-leadership: A passion to serve. In L. Spears (Ed.), Insights on leadership: Service, stewardship, spirit, and servant-leadership. New York: John Wiley.
Bragues, G. (2007). The ancients against the moderns: Focusing on the character of corporate leaders. Journal of Business Ethics, 78, 373–387.
Burns, J. (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper and Row.
Caldwell, C., Dixon, R., Atkins, R., & Dowdell, S. (2011). Repentance and continuous improvement: Ethical implications for the modern leader. Journal of Business Ethics, 102, 473–487.
Calica, A., and Macairan, E. (2009). Thank you, we love you, goodbye. http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=493236&publicationSubCategryId=3.
Cameron, K. (2011). Responsible leadership as virtuous leadership. Journal of Business Ethics, 98, 25–35.
Cappelli, P., Singh, H., Sing, J., & Useem, M. (2010). How the best Indian companies drive performance by investing in people. Harvard Business Review, 90–97(March), 90–97.
Cavanagh, G., & Bandsuch, M. (2002). Virtue as a benchmark for spirituality in business. Journal of Business Ethics, 38(1/2), 109–117.
Collins, J. (2001). Good to great: Why some companies make the leap…and others don’t, in L. Hamilton and C. Knoche, modesty in leadership: A study of the level five leader. The International Journal of Servant-Leadership, 3(1), 139–176.
Dawson, D., & Bartholomew, C. (2003). Virtues, managers and business people: Finding a place for macintyre in a business context. Journal of Business Ethics, 48, 127–138.
De Pree, M. (1997). Leading without power: Finding hope in serving community. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Evers-Williams, M. (2007). Servant-leadership: Love, honor, and courage. The International Journal of Servant-Leadership, 3(1), 95–106.
Fairholm, G. (1997). Capturing the heart of leadership: Spirituality and community in the New American workplace. Westport, CT: Praeger.
Finch, K. (2007). The image of god, servant-leadership and forgiveness. The International Journal of Servant-Leadership, 3(1), 203–216.
Ford, L. (1991). Transforming leadership: Jesus’ way of creating vision, shaping values and empowering change, in S. Sendjaya and J. Sarros, servant leadership: Its origin, development, and application in organizations. Journal of Leadership and Organization Studies, 9(2), 57–64.
Gino, F., & Pisano, G. (2011). Why leaders don’t learn from success. Harvard Business Review, 89(4), 68–74.
Gotsis, G., & Kortezi, Z. (2007). Philosophical foundations of workplace spirituality: A critical approach. Journal of Business Ethics, 78, 575–600.
Greenleaf, R. (1977). Servant leadership: A journey into the nature of legitimate power and greatness. Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press.
Greenleaf, R. (2002). Servant leadership: A journey into the nature of legitimate power and greatness. NJ: Paulist Press.
Greenleaf, R. (2003). The servant-leader within: A transformative path. NJ: Paulist Press.
Greenleaf, R. (2005). Who is the servant leader? The International Journal of Servant-Leadership, 1(1), 21–28.
Grint, K. (2007). Learning to lead: Can Aristotle help us find the road to wisdom? Leadership, 3(2), 231–246.
Hadreas, P. (2002). Aristotle on the vices and virtue of wealth. Journal of Business Ethics, 39, 361–376.
Hamilton, L., & Knoche, C. (2007). Modesty in leadership: A study of the level five leader. The International Journal of Servant-Leadership, 3(1), 139–176.
Hartman, E. (2007). Socratic questions and Aristotelian answers: A virtue-based approach to business ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 78, 313–328.
Havard, A. (2007). Virtuous leadership: An agenda for personal excellence. NY: Scepter.
Howell, J., & Costley, D. (2006). Understanding behaviors for effective leadership. NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Hunter, J. (2004). The world’s most powerful leadership principle: How to become a servant leader. Colorado: Waterbrook Press.
Inquirer. (2009). Grateful nation mourns for woman in yellow. http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view/20090802-218342/Grateful-nation-mourns-for-Woman-in-Yellow.
Klamon, V. (2007). In the name of service: Exploring the social enterprise workplace experience through the lens of servant-leadership. The International Journal of Servant-Leadership, 3(1), 109–138.
Knights, D., & O’Leary, M. (2006). Leadership, ethics and responsibility to the other. Journal of Business Ethics, 67(2), 125–137.
Kodish, S. (2006). The paradoxes of leadership: The contribution of Aristotle. Leadership, 2(4), 451–468.
Kolodinsky, R., Giacalone, R., & Jurkiewicz, C. (2007). Workplace values and outcomes: Exploring personal, organizational, and interactive workplace spirituality. Journal of Business Ethics, 81, 465–480.
Lee, S. H., & Oh, K. K. (2007). Corruption in Asia: Pervasiveness and arbitrariness. Journal of Business Ethics, 24, 97–114.
Levinas, E. (1966). On the trail of the other, in D. Knights and M. O’Leary, leadership, ethics and responsibility to the other. Journal of Business Ethic, 67(2), 125–137.
Levinas, E. (1969). Totality and infinity: An essay on exteriority, in D. Knights and M. O’Leary, leadership, ethics and responsibility to the other. Journal of Business Ethics, 67(2), 125–137.
Levinas, E. (1991/1998). Entre nous: On thinking of the other (European perspectives), in D. Knights and M. O’Leary, leadership, ethics and responsibility to the other. Journal of Business Ethic, 67(2), 125–137.
Maccoby, M. (2000). Narcissistic leaders: The incredible pros, the inevitable cons, in S. Kodish, the paradoxes of leadership: The contribution of Aristotle. Leadership, 2(4), 451–468.
McKee, V., & Wallerstein, C. (2009). Corazon Aquino. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/aug/01/corazon-aquino-obituary.
Moore, G., & Beadle, R. (2006). In search of organizational virtue in business: Agents goods, practices, institutions and environments. Organization Studies, 27, 369–389.
Morrison, A. (2001). Integrity and global leadership. In D. Knights, & M. O’Leary (Eds.), Leadership, ethics and responsibility to the other. Journal of Business Ethics, 67(2), 125–137.
Nonaka, I., & H. Takeuchi, H. (2011). The wise leader. Harvard Business Review, 89(5), 58–67.
Osorio, M. (2009). Cory’s presidency turned economy around. http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=443566&publicationSubCategoryId=88.
Padua, R., & Macairan, E. (2009). Neighbors Mourn ‘Tita’ Cory’s death. http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=492299.
Pamintuan, A. (2009). Tita Cory. http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=484146&publicationSubCategoryId=64.
Patterson, K. A. (2003). Servant-leadership: A theoretical model, in M. Rennaker, and D. Novak, Servant-leadership context: A multi-case pilot study. The International Journal of Servant-Leadership, 3(1), 303–330.
Patterson, K., Redmer, T., & Stone, G. (2003). The transformational leaders to servant leaders versus level 4 leaders to level 5 leaders: The move from good to great. CBFA annual conference.
Philippine Star. (2009). Editorial—Corazon Aquino. http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=492329.
Rangan, K., Chu, M., & Petkoski, D. (2011). Segmenting the base of the Pyramid. Harvard Business Review, 89(6), 113–117.
Rennaker, M., & Novak, D. (2007). Servant-leadership context: A multi-case pilot study. The International Journal of Servant-Leadership, 3(1), 303–330.
Roxas, M. (2010). A tribute to Cory Aquino. http://www.marroxas.com/features/tribute-to-cory-aquino/.
Russell, R., & Stone, A. (2002). A review of servant leadership attributes: Developing a practical model. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 23, 145–147.
Salkind, N. (2006). Exploring research, 6th ed. Pearson Prentice Hall: NJ.
Sendjaya, S., & J. Sarros, J. (2002). Servant leadership: Its origin, development, and application in organizations. Journal of Leadership and Organization Studies, 9(2), 57–64.
Sendjaya, S., Sarros, J., & Santora, J. (2008). Defining and measuring servant leadership behaviour in organizations. Journal of Management Studies, 45(2), 402–424.
Sicam, P. (2009). The Cory I know. http://www.gmanews.tv/story/166655/the-cory-i-know.
Sipe, J., & Frick, D. (2009). Seven pillars of servant leadership: Practicing the wisdom of leading by serving. NY: Paulist Press.
Solomon, R. (2004). Aristotle, ethics, and business organizations. Organization Studies, 25(6), 1021–1043.
Spears, L. (1995). Servant leadership and the greenleaf legacy. In L. Spears (Ed.), Reflections on leadership. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Stone, G., Russell, R., & Patterson, K. (2003). Transformational versus servant leader, in M. Rennaker and D. Novak, servant-leadership context: a multi-case pilot study. The International Journal of Servant- Leadership, 3(1), 303–330.
Thoms, J. (2008). Ethical integrity in leadership and organizational moral culture. Leadership, 4(4), 419–442.
Time. (1987). Woman of the year. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,963185,00.html.
Useem, M. (2010). Four lessons in adaptive leadership. Harvard Business Review, 88(11), 86–90.
Vanourek, R. (1995). Servant-leadership and the future, in K. Finch, the image of God, servant-leadership and forgiveness. The International Journal of Servant-Leadership, 3(1), 203–216.
Whetstone, J. T. (2002). Personalism and moral leadership: The servant leader with a transforming vision, In Acevedo, A., personalist business ethics and humanistic management insights from Jacques Maritain. Journal of Business Ethics, 105, 197–219.
Whetstone, J. (2005). A framework for organizational virtue: The interrelationship of mission, culture, and leadership. Business Ethics: European Review, 14(4), 367–378.
Yukl, G. (2010). Leadership in organizations (7th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the University of Macau for funding as well as all respondents who participated in the study, and the two blind reviewers for their advice and direction.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Udani, Z.A.S., Lorenzo-Molo, C.F. When Servant Becomes Leader: The Corazon C. Aquino Success Story as a Beacon for Business Leaders. J Bus Ethics 116, 373–391 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1449-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1449-5