Abstract
The reason why, since Descartes, nobody has found a solution to the mind–body problem seems to be that the problem itself is a false or pseudo-problem. The discussion has proceeded within a pre-Cartesian conceptual framework which itself is a source of the difficulty. Dualism and all its alternatives have preserved the same pre-Cartesian conceptual framework even while denying Descartes’ dualism. In order to avoid this pseudo-problem, I introduce a new perspective with three elements: the subject, the observed object, and the conditions of observation (given by the internal and external tools of observation). On this new perspective, because of the conditions of observation, the mind and the brain belong to epistemologically different worlds.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
B. Baars (1988) A Cognitive Theory of Consciousness Cambridge University Press Cambridge, MA
N. Baas C. Emmeche (1997) On Emergence and Explanation Santa Fe Institute New Mexico
Davies P. C.: 2004 ’An Overview of the Contribution of John Archibald Wheeler’, in John D. Barrow, Paul C. W. Davies, Charles L. Harper, (eds), Science and Ultimate Reality. Quantum Theory, Cosmology and Complexity, Cambridge University Press
Bohr, N.: 1949, Discussion with Einstein on Epistemological Problems in Atomic Physics, in Paul Schilpp (ed.),Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist, pp. 201–241. Evanston, I11: Library of Living Philosophers. Cambridge University Press. Neils Bohr’s report of conversations with Einstein and Einstein’s reply.
Carnap, R.: 1950, ‘Empiricism, Semantics, and Ontology’ reprinted from review International du Philosophie, iv (1950), 20–40 in Richard M. Rorty (ed.),The Linguist Turn, The University of Chicago Press, 1967
Casti, J. L.: 1997, Would-Be Worlds, John Wiley and Son Inc.
Casti, J. L.: 1995, Complexification, Abacus – A Division of Little, Brown and Company.
D.J. Chalmers (1995) ArticleTitleFacing Up the Problem of Consciousness Journal of Consciousness Studies 2 200–219
Chalmers, D. J.: 2002, ‘Consciousness and Its Place in Nature’, in S. Stich and T. Warfield (eds.), Blackwell Guide to the Philosophy of Mind, Blackwell.
P.S. Churchland (1996) Toward a Neurobiology of the Mind P.S. Churchland R. Llinas (Eds) The Mind–Brain Continuum: Sensory Processes MIT Press Cambridge MA
P.M. Churchland (1995) The Engine of the Reason, the Seat of the Soul The MIT Press A Broadford Book
Churchland, P. M.: 1989, ‘Knowing Qualia: A Reply to Jackson’, in A Neurocomputational Perspective, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press reprinted in (1998), P. M. Churchland and P. S. Churchland, On the Contrary. Critical Essays, 1987–1997, A Bradford Book, The MIT Press.
Churchland, P. M. and P. S Churchland : 1990, ‘Intertheoretic Reduction: A Neuroscientist’s Field Guide’, in The Neuroscience2, pp. 249–56 reprinted in R. Warner and T. Szubka (eds.), The Mind–Body Problem, Blackwell Publishing Inc, 1993.
F. Crick C. Koch (1997) Towards a Neurobiological Theory of Consciousness N. Block O. Flanagan G. Guzeldere (Eds) The Nature of Consciousness MIT Press Cambridge, MA 277–292
Crick, F. and Koch, C.: 2003, ‘A Framework for Consciousness,’ in A.R. Damasio (ed.), Nature. Time-locked Multiregional Retroactivation: A System Proposal for the Neural Substrates of Recall and Recognition, Cognition,33, 25–62
A.R. Damasio H. Damasio (1996) Making Images and Creating Subjectivity P.S. Churchland R. Llinas (Eds) The Mind-Brain Continuum: Sensory Processes. MIT Press Cambridge, MA
Davis, P. C.: 2004,
Edelman, G. M.: 1992, Bright Air, Brilliant Fire, New York, Basic Books. J.L Elman, E.A Bates, M.H Johnson, A. Karmiloff-Smith, D. Parisi and K. Plunkett: 1996, Rethinking Innateness. A Connectionist Perspective on Development, MIT Press
Fodor, Jerry A.: 1981, ‘The Mind–Body Problem’, Scientific American 244(1), 114–123 reprinted in: R. Warner and M. T. Szubka (eds.), The Mind-Body Problem,Blackwell Publishing Inc, 1993
J.A. Fodor Z.W. Pylyshyn (1988) ArticleTitleConnectionism and Cognitive Architecture Cognition 28 3–71 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0010-0277(88)90031-5
M. Friedman (1992) Kant and Exact Sciences Harvard University Press Cambridge, MA
M. Friedman (2001) Dynamics of Reasoning CSLI Publications Standford, California
Goldfarb, W.: 1995, ‘Introductory Note to 1953/9 to K. Gödel, Is Mathematics Syntax of Language?’ in S. Feferman (ed. in chief), K. Gödel – Collected Works, vol. II, Oxford University Press.
Georgopolous, A. P.: 1988, ‘Neural Integration of Movement: The Role of Motor Cortex in Reaching’ FASEB Journal,2
Goodman, N.: 1978, ‘The Way the World Is’, Problems and Projects, T. Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc.
Johnson, M. H.: 1997, Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Blackwell Publishers
D. Kaiser (1992) ArticleTitleMore Roots of Complementarity: Kantian Aspects and Influences Stud. Hist. Phil. Sci. 23 IssueID2 213–239 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0039-3681(92)90033-3
N. Kalin (1993) ArticleTitleThe Neurobiology of Fear Scientific America 268 IssueID5 54–60
N. Kanwisher (2001) ArticleTitleNeural Events and Perceptual Awareness Cognition 79 89–113 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0010-0277(00)00125-6
LaBerge, D.: 2002, ’Networks of Attention’, in Michael S. Gazzaniga (ed.), Congnitive Neuroscience, 2nd edition, MIT Press, pp. 711–724
Kossylyn, M.S. and O. Keonig: 1992, Wet Mind – the New Cognitive Neuroscience, The Free Press
Kosslyn, M. S. and E. E. Smith:2001, ‘Higher Cognitive Functions – Introduction’, in Michael S. Gazzaniga (ed.), Cognitive Neuroscience, 2nd edition, MIT Press
R. Llinas D. Pare (1996) The Brain as a Closed System Modulated by the Senses P.S. Churchland R. Llinas (Eds) The Mind–Brain Continuum: Sensory Processes MIT Press Cambridge, MA
K. Lorenz (1941) Kant’s doctrine of the a priori in the light of contemporary biology H. Plotkin (Eds) Learning, Development and Culture. John Wiley and Sons Chichester
McGinn, C.: 1989, ‘Can we solve the mind-body problem?’, in Mind98, pp. 349–366 reprinted in R. Warner and T. Szubka (eds.), The Mind–Body Problem, Blackwell Publishing Inc, 1993.
McGinn, C.: 2001, ‘What Is Not Like to Be a Brain’, in P. van Loocke (ed.), The Physical Nature of Consciousness, J. Benjamins Publishing Company.
T. Nagel (1974) ArticleTitleWhat Is It Like to Be a Bat? Philosophical Review LXXXIII 435–450 Occurrence Handle10.2307/2183914
Nagel, T.: 1993, ‘Consciousness and Objective Reality’, in R. Warner and T. Szubka (eds.), The Mind–Body Problem, Blackwell Publishing Inc.
H. Putnam (1987) The Many Faces of Realism Open Court La Salle, Illinois
Quine, W. V. O.: 1968, “Ontological Relativity”, The Journal of Philosophy, LXV(7), in Quine, W. V.: 1969, Ontological Relativity and Other Essays, New York: Columbia University Press
Rolls, E. T.: 2001, Representations in the Brain, Synthese 129(2)
Searle, J. R.: 1991, ‘Response to the Mind–Body Problem’, in E. Lepore and R. Van Gulick (eds.), John Searle and His Critic, Blackwell Publishing Inc.
Searle, J. R.: 1992, The Rediscovery of the Mind, MIT Press.
J.R. Searle (1995) ArticleTitleConsciousness, the Brain and the Connection Principle: A Reply Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 55 217–232 Occurrence Handle10.2307/2108322
P. Smolensky (1988) ArticleTitleOn the Proper Treatment of Connectionism Brain and Behavioural Science 11 1–74 Occurrence Handle10.1017/S0140525X00052432
Terhesiu, D. and G. Vacariu: 2002, ‘Brain, Mind and the Perspective of the Observer’, Revue Roumaine de Philosophie 46(1–2)
Treisman, A.: 1998a, ‘The Binding Problem’, Current Opinion in Neurobiology
A. Treisman (1998b) ArticleTitleFeature Binding, Attention, and Object Perception Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London. B 353 1295–1306 Occurrence Handle10.1098/rstb.1998.0284
Vacariu, G., D. Terhesiu and M. Vacariu: 2001, ‘Toward a Very Idea of Representation’, Synthese 129(2)
R. Van Gulick (2001) ArticleTitleReduction, Emergence and other Recent Options on the Mind/Body Problem – A Philosophic Overview Journal of Consciousness Studies 8 IssueID9–10 1–34
R. Wahl (1999) How Can What I Perceive Be True? T. Sorrell (Eds) Descartes Ashgate Aldershot, England, Brookfield, Vt.
Warner, R.: 1993, ‘Introduction: The Mind-Body Debate’, in R. Warner and T. Szubka (eds.), The Mind-Body Problem, Blackwell Publishing Inc.
Wilson, C.: 1976, ‘The Epistemological Argument for Mind–Body Distinctness’, Nous, X, 3–15, in John Cottingham, 1998, Descartes, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
An erratum to this article is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11229-006-7147-z.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Vacariu, G. Mind, Brain, and Epistemologically Different Worlds. Synthese 147, 515–548 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-005-8366-4
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-005-8366-4