Abstract
Previous studies on obstacles in technology transfer between universities and companies emphasized the economic, legal, and organizational aspects, mainly focused in transfer of patents and licences. Since research collaboration implies a complex phenomenon of linguistic and cognitive coordination and attuning among members of the research group, a deeper cognitive investigation about this dimension might give some interesting answer to academy-industry problem. The main hypothesis is that there can be different cognitive styles in thinking, problem solving, reasoning and decision making that can hamper the collaboration between academic and industrial researchers. These different cognitive styles are linked and mostly determined by a different set of values and norms that are part of background knowledge. Different background knowledge is also responsible of bad linguistic coordination and understanding and of the difficulty of a successful psychology of group. The general hypotheses that will be inferred in this paper represent a research programme of empirical tests to control the effects on cognitive styles of different scientific and technological domains and geographical contexts.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Bar-Hillel, M.A.: The base-rate fallacy in probabilistic judgements. Acta Psychologica 44, 211–233 (1980)
Barsalou, L.W.: Concepts: Structure. In: Kazdin, A.E. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Psychology, pp. 245–248. American Psychological Association, Washington (2000)
Beth, E., Piaget, J.: Etudes d’Epistemologie Genetique, XIV: Epistemologie Mathematique et Psichologie. PUF, Paris (1961)
Bickel, W.K., Johnson, M.W.: Delay discounting: A fundamental behavioural process of drug dependence. In: Loewenstein, G., Read, D., Baumeister, R.F. (eds.) Time and Decision, pp. 419–440. Russell sage Foundation, New York (2003)
Braine, M.D.S.: On the relation beween the natural logic of reasoning and standard logic. Psychological Review 85, 1–21 (1978)
Broesterhuizen, E., Rip, A.: No place for cudos. EASST Newsletter 3, 5–8 (1984)
Bryson, M., Bereiter, C., Scarmadalia, M., Joram, E.: Going beyond the problem as given: Problem solving in expert and novice writers. In: Sterneberg, R.J., Frensch, P.A. (eds.) Complex problem solving, pp. 61–84. Erlbaum, Hillsdale (1991)
Cacioppo, J.T., Petty, R.E.: The need for cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 42, 116–131 (1982)
Chapman, L.J., Chapman, J.P.: The basis of illusory correlation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 84(5), 574–575 (1975)
Cheng, P.W., Holyoak, K.J.: Pragmatic versus syntactic approaches to training deductive reasoning. Cognitive Psychology 17, 391–416 (1985)
Cheng, P.W., Holyoak, K.J.: On the natural selection of reasoning theories. Cognition 33, 285–313 (1989)
Cheng, P.W., Nisbett, R.: Pragmatic constraints on causal deduction. In: Nisbett, R. (ed.) Rules for Reasoning, pp. 207–227. Erlbaum, Hillsdale (1993)
Clark, H.H.: Using Language. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1996)
Cleeremans, A.: Implicit learning in the presence of multiple cues. In: Proceedings of the 17th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, pp. 298–303. Erlbaum, Hillsdale (1995)
Cleeremans, A., Destrebecqz, A., Boyer, M.: Implicit learning: News from the front. Trends in Cognitive Science 2, 406–416 (1998)
Collins, A.M., Quillian, M.R.: Retrieval time from semantic memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour 8, 240–248 (1969)
Dearborn, D.C., Simon, H.A.: Selective perception: A note on the departmental identifications of executives. Sociometry 21, 140–144 (1958)
Elster, J.: Ulysses and the Syrenes. Studies in Rationality and Irrationality. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1979)
Fischhoff, B., Slovic, P., Lichtenstein, S.: Knowing with certainty: The appropriateness of extreme confidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology 3, 552–564 (1977)
Rosselli, F.: Modelli socio-cognitivi nel sistema della ricerca pubblica e nel mondo delle imprese (2008), http://www.fondazionerosselli.it
Gigerenzer, G.: Gut feeling. Viking, London (2007)
Glaser, R., Chi, M.T.H.: Overview. In: Chi, M.T.H., Glaser, R., Farr, M. (eds.) The nature of expertise, pp. xv–xxvii. Erlbaum, Hillsdale (1988)
Goffman, E.: Forms of Talk. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia (1981)
Gorman, M.: Simulating Science. Indiana University Press, Bloomington (1992)
Grice, H.P.: Studies in the Way of Words. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (1989)
Griggs, R.A., Cox, J.R.: The elusive thematic-materials effect in wason’s selection task. British Journal of Psychology 73, 407–420 (1982)
Grossman, M., Smith, E.E., Koenig, P., Glosser, G., Rhee, J., Dennis, K.: Categorization of object descriptions in alzheimer’s disease and frontal temporal demential: Limitation in rule-based processing. Cognitive Affective and Behavioural Neuroscience 3(2), 120–132 (2003)
Hinsz, V., Tindale, S., Vollrath, D.: The emerging conceptualization of groups as information processors. Psychological Bulletin 96, 43–64 (1997)
Jackendoff, R.: Language, Consciuosness, Culture. MIT Press, Cambridge (2007)
Jackson, S.: Team composition in organizational settings: Issues in managing an increasingly diverse work force. In: Worchel, S., Wood, W., Simpson, J. (eds.) Group Process and Productivity, pp. 138–173. Sage, Newbury Park (1992)
Johnson-Laird, P.: Mental Models. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1983)
Johnson-Laird, P.: How We Reason. Oxford University Press, Oxford (2008)
Johnson-Laird, P., Wason, P.C.: Thinking. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1977)
Kahneman, D.: Maps of bounded rationality. In: Frangsmyr, T. (ed.) Nobel Prizes 2002, pp. 449–489. Almquist and Wiksell, Stockolm (2003)
Kahneman, D., Tversky, A.: On the psychology of prediction. Psychological Review 80, 237–251 (1973)
Kahneman, D., Tversky, A.: Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica 47, 263–291 (1979)
Kahneman, D., Tversky, A.: On the reality of cognitive illusions. Psychological Review 103, 582–591 (1996)
Kuhn, T.: The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago University Press, Chicago (1962)
Langer, E.: Reduction of psychological stress in surgical patients. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 11, 155–165 (1975)
Lesgold, A.M.: Problem solving. In: Sternberg, R.J., Smith, E.E. (eds.) The Psychology of Human Thought, pp. 188–213. Cambridge University Press, New York (1988)
Mackie, J.: The Cement of the Universe. A Study on Causation. Oxford University Press, Oxford (1974)
Manz, C.C., Neck, C.P.: Teamthink. beyond the groupthink syndrome in self-managing work teams. Journal of Managerial Psychology 10, 7–15 (1995)
Markman, A.B., Gentner, D.: Thinking annual review of psychology. Developmental Psychology 52, 223–247 (2001)
Merton, R.: The Sociology of Science. Theoretical and Empirical Investigations. University of Chicago Press, Chicago (1973)
Mill, J.S.: A System of Logic. Harper & Brothers, New York (1987)
Mitroff, I.I.: The Subject Side of Science. Elsevier, Amsterdam (1974)
Mynatt, R., Doherty, M.E., Tweney, R.D.: Confirmation bias in a simulated research environment: An experimental study of scientific inference. In: Johnson Laird, P.N., Wason, P.C. (eds.) Thinking. Cambridge Universty Press, Cambridge (1988)
Nisbett, R.: The Geography of Thought. The Free Press, New York (2003)
Nozick, R.: Newcomb’s problem and two principles of choice. In: Moser, P.K. (ed.) Rationality in Action, Contemporary Approach. Cambridge University Press, New York (1990)
Petry, N.M., Casarella, T.: Excessive discounting of delayed rewards in substance abusers with gambling problems. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 56, 25–32 (1999)
Politzer, G.: Laws of language use and formal logic. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 15, 47–92 (1986)
Politzer, G., Nguyen-Xuan, A.: Reasoning about promises and warnings: Darwinian algorithms, mental models, relevance judgements or pragmatic schemas? Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 44, 401–421 (1992)
Pozzali, A., Viale, R.: Cognition, Types of ‘Tacit Knowledge’ and Technology Transfer. In: Topol, R., Walliser, B. (eds.) Cognitive Economics. New Trends, pp. 205–224. Elsevier, New York (2007)
Reber, A.S.: Implicit Learning and Tacit Knowledge. An Essay on the Cognitive Unconscious. Oxford University Press, Oxford (1993)
Ross, B.H.: Category learning as problem solving. In: Medin, D.L. (ed.) The Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Advances in Research and Theory. Academic Press, San Diego (1996)
Rumain, B., Connell, J., Braine, M.D.S.: Conversational comprehension processes are responsible for fallacies in children as well as in adults: If is not the biconditional. Developmental Psychology 19, 471–481 (1983)
Searle, J.: The Construction of Social Reality. Free Press, New York (1995)
Searle, J.: Philosophy in a new century. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2008)
Siegel, D., Waldman, D., Link, A.: Assessing the impact of organizational practices on the productivity of university technology transfer offices: An exploratory study, NBER Working Paper N. 7256 (1999)
Sloman, S.A.: The empirical case for two systems of reasoning. Psychological Bulletin 119, 3–22 (1996)
Smith, E., Kossylin, S.: Cognitive Psychology. Mind and Brain. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River (2007)
Sorensen, R.: Thought Experiments. Oxford University Press, Oxford (1992)
Spelke, E.S., Phillips, A., Woodward, A.L.: Infants’ knowledge of object motion and human action. In: Sperber, D., Premack, D., Premack, A.J. (eds.) Causal Cognition, pp. 44–78. Oxford University Press, Oxford (1995)
Sperber, D., Wilson, D.: Relevance. Communication and Cognition. Oxford University Press, Oxford (1986)
Stanovich, K.: Who Is Rational: Studies of Individual Differences in Reasoning. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Mahwah (1999)
Sternberg, R.: Cognitive Psychology. Wadsworth, Belmont (2009)
Thaler, R.: Mental accounting matters. Journal of Behavioural Decision Making 12, 183–206 (1999)
Tversky, A., Kahneman, D.: Causal schemas in judgements under uncertainty. In: Fishbein, M. (ed.) Progress in Social Psychology, pp. 49–72. Erlbaum, Hillsdale (1980)
Tversky, A., Kahneman, D.: Evidential impact of base rate. In: Kahneman, D., Slovic, P., Tversky, A. (eds.) Judgement under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases, pp. 153–160. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1982)
Tversky, A., Kahneman, D.: Judgements of and by representativeness. In: Kahneman, D., Slovic, P., Tversky, A. (eds.) Judgement Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases, pp. 84–98. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1982)
Tversky, A., Kahneman, D.: Advances in prospect theory: Cumulative representation of uncertainty. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 5, 547–567 (1992)
Van Knippenberg, D., Schippers, M.C.: Work group diversity. Annual Review of Psychology 58, 515–541 (2007)
Viale, R.: Causality: Epistemological questions and cognitive answers. In: Costa, G., Calucci, G., Giorgi, M. (eds.) Conceptual Tools for Understanding Nature, pp. 89–109. World Scientific, Singapore (1997)
Viale, R.: Causal cognition and causal realism. International Studies in the Philosophy of Science 13(2), 151–167 (1999)
Viale, R.: Causality: Cognition and reality. In: Rossini Favretti, R., Sandri, G., Scazzieri, R. (eds.) Incommensurability and Translation, pp. 253–266. Edward Elgar, Aldershot (1999)
Viale, R.: Knowledge driven capitalization of knowledge. In: Viale, R., Etzkowitz, H. (eds.) The Capitalization of Knowledge: A Triple Helix of University-Industry-Government, Elgar, Cheltenham (2005)
Viale, R.: Local or universal principles of reasoning? In: Viale, R., Andler, D., Hirschfeld, L. (eds.) Biological and Cultural Bases of human Inferences, pp. 1–31. Erlbaum, Hillsdale (2005)
Viale, R.: Reasons and reasoning: What comes first. In: Boudon, R., Dmeleulenaere, P., Viale, R. (eds.) L’explication des normes sociales, pp. 215–236. Presses Universitaires de France, Paris (2005)
Viale, R.: Different cognitive styles between academic and industrial researchers. Columbia University, New York (2009)
Viale, R., Del Missier, F., Rumiati, R., Franzoni, C.: Different cognitive styles between academic and industrial researchers: an empirical study (2009), http://www.italianacademy.columbia.edu/publications_working.html#0809
Viale, R., Pozzali, A.: Cognitive aspects of tacit knowledge and cultural diversity. In: Magnani, L., Li, P. (eds.) Model-Based Reasoning in Science, Technology, and Medicine, pp. 229–244. Springer, Berlin (2007)
Wason, P.C.: On the failure to eliminate hypotheses in a conceptual task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 12, 129–140 (1960)
Ziman, J.M.: L’individuo in una professione collettivizzata. Sociologia e Ricerca Sociale 24, 9–30 (1987)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Viale, R. (2010). Different Cognitive Styles in the Academy-Industry Collaboration. In: Magnani, L., Carnielli, W., Pizzi, C. (eds) Model-Based Reasoning in Science and Technology. Studies in Computational Intelligence, vol 314. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15223-8_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15223-8_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-15222-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-15223-8
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)