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Development interventions, changing livelihoods, and the making of female Maasai pastoralists

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Abstract

The broad objective of this paper is to examine the evolution of gendered aspects of livelihood strategies and their interaction with various development interventions. Central to this is an empirical analysis of gendered divisions of labor in the context of rapidly changing pastoralist livelihoods. The paper begins with a literature review on gender roles in pastoralist societies. Two important gaps in the existing literature are identified. First, studies on gender roles are too often studies on women’s roles as men’s roles are rarely included. Secondly, despite a recognition that pastoral livelihoods are rapidly changing, much of the research has ignored the gendered impacts of this change. The study area is Loitokitok Division, Kajiado District, Kenya. Field data were collected in an extensive household survey, key informant interviews, and group discussions held in two field seasons between 2001 and 2004. Results indicate that development interventions led to land use encapsulation, sedentarization, new ways of accessing dry season grazing areas, new land uses, new livestock breeds, and increased school enrollment. In the context of these livelihood changes and increasing drought, a fundamental shift in gendered roles in livestock production has occurred. Maasai women in the study area contribute more labor to livestock production than men do. Various efforts to modernize the livestock sector are leading to a loss of women’s control of milk resources. This finding has important implications for current and future development interventions in pastoralist communities and their ability to improve livelihoods of the most vulnerable sections of the population.

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Abbreviations

ALDEV:

African land development

ALMO:

African livestock marketing organization

ALRMP:

Arid lands resource management programme

CBPP:

Contagious bovine pleuro pneumonia

KLDP:

Kenya livestock development project

KMC:

Kenya meat commission

LH2:

Lower Highland Zone 2

LH3:

Lower Highland Zone 3

LM5:

Lower Midland Zone 5

LM6:

Lower Midland Zone 6

SARDEP:

Semi-arid rural development program

UM3:

Upper Midland Zone 3

UM4:

Upper Midland Zone 4

UM5:

Upper Midland Zone 5

USD:

United States Dollar

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Acknowledgements

Field research was funded by The Rockefeller Foundation, the International Development Research Center, and the Land Use Impact Change and Dynamics (LUCID) project. I am most grateful to Dr. Thomas Smucker and three anonymous reviewers for their comments on earlier drafts of this paper. I am grateful to Dr. David J Campbell, Dr. Jennifer Olson, Diana Liles, Beatrice Chikombero, Richard Supeet, Timothy Saigulu, John Kaseenchi, Margaret Naiperian, Justus Lekimangisu, John Letiyon, Elizabeth Nasieku, Paul Ntheiya, Raphael Selengei, and the people of Loitokitok Division for all their help.

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    Elizabeth Edna Wangui

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Wangui, E.E. Development interventions, changing livelihoods, and the making of female Maasai pastoralists. Agric Hum Values 25, 365–378 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-007-9111-z

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