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BOOK REVIEWS351 might have rendered the statement, "Aristotle did not identify virtue and knowledge as Socrates did." Additional description of "topical reasoning" in n. 27, p. 45, would have been helpful, as would comments on penitence as an evil, 402, p. 142 and the idea that one could have a good will even if willing moral evil 407, p. something no Christian can hold, and something Abelard seems to recognize by moving to the word "permit" later in the text. I found one phrase "when he entirely omitted what was most obviously able to persuade" repeated on p. 71. Bringing together both of these ethical works in one book is a service to the academic community. The inexpensive price for the paperback edition makes it accessible to undergraduates studying the History of Medieval Philosophy or the History of Ethical Thought. Siena CollegeJULIAN A. DAVIES, O.F.M. Loudonville, New York Henricus Bate. Speculum Divinorum et quorundam naturalium, Parts VI-VU: On the Unity of Intellect, On the Platonic Doctrine of the Ideas. Ed. Carlos Steel and Emiel van de Vyver. Leuven University Press, 1994. Henricus Bate (1246-1310) is known chiefly as an astronomer and Neoplatonist. Part I of the Speculum Divinorum has been previously printed, not once but twice: in 1931 by G. Wallerand and in a more critical edition 1960, by E. Van de Vyver. Van de Vyver also included a critical edition of Part VI with his doctoral edition in 1953; a slightly revised version of that edition is printed here. Steele has adopted the same apparatus style employed in 1960, so that though the two volumes appear thirty years apart, in different series, this is the second volume of the same edition. The edition is prefaced by an introduction and an English summary of the arguments in Parts VI and VII. As Steele indicates, there is a long tradition discussing Platonic ideas and many treatises against Averroes. Steele points to Albert's 1256 De unitate intellectu contra Averroem. In fact the tradition is even older; about twenty years earlier, Richard Rufus defended Platonic ideas against 352BOOK REVIEWS Aristotle's attack and wrote two critical treatises focused on Averroistic dicta. The first of these treatises includes, for example, the first argument of Bate's Part VI (Rufus, Q. de ideis, Erfurt Q.312, fol. 81vb: "Ergo hoc videtur movisse ipsum Averroem, et rationabiliter..."). Similarly,the first chapter of Part VII has parallels in John Duns Scotus's Meiaphysics commentary, VII q. 1 1 . But Henricus Bate is not an author in the Franciscan tradition. Rather Thomas Aquinas ("famosus expositor") and Albertus Magnus are immediate sources; Steele has indicated a number of parallels in the works of those authors, which will be appreciated. The apparatus of variants is unusual in two respects. First, it lists trivial variants—ergo, for igitur—for example. This is a decision to be deplored; it wastes time and resources and assists the reader in no way. Second, it sometimes lists variants without a leading word, or lemma. Potentially, this decision could lead to ambiguity. But I found no instance when it did. No one will doubt that when Isaiah appears in the variants, it is an alternative to Isaac. Perhaps this decision merits emulation. More importantly, the editor sometimes lists variants from authors being quoted, which is helpful when the translation is odd. As to indices, an important problem is the absence of a subject index, but the prefatory summary is some compensation. Less importantly, it is irritating to have separate author indices to parts VI and VII. Combining the two would facilitate reference. On a positive note, the author indices carefully distinguish references by chapter number, which will be a great help in tracking down citations. Also useful is the separate list of editions consulted. Standardized spelling—including dipthongs—will facilitate use by modern philosophers and reference to dictionaries. On the whole, everything suggests that this edition was carefully and conscientiously prepared. The material it makes available is of great interest. Carlos Steel merits our thanks for an edition well done. The Franciscan InstiluteREGA WOOD ...

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