From PhilPapers forum PhilPapers Surveys:

2009-12-13
Theism, Atheism, Agnosticism?
Reply to Jim Stone
RE: "Theism can safely be taken to be the belief that God, as traditionally conceived by Jews, Christians and Muslims, exists."

If that were so, then theism would be a very confused belief indeed!  The claim implies - doesn't it? - that there is no significant difference between each of these "Gods" - a position that, surely, a devout follower of each of the religions concerned would contest very strongly. (And simply to lump them all together as monotheisms would be quite inadequate. Remember, a religion is a real, living faith, not a lifeless abstraction dreamed up to fit philosophers' neat categories. For most Christians, the suggestion that they could simply swap their God for the Muslim one would surely be quite repugnant (and vice versa). And what would authorize us to tell them they are wrong?)

RE: "[Agnosticism] is often defined as the view that we cannot know whether theism or atheism is correct."

Well, that would certainly be a very narrow and quite unsatisfactory definition. Why define it against theism and atheism - which are themselves open to numerous interpretations (and problems - see above)? Agnosticism can presumably take a variety of forms but, most generally, it would surely be understood simply as the position that whether or not there is a god, or many gods (or indeed any "ultimate reality") is simply accepted as an unknown - a very common view these days, I would have thought.

Taking this point a little further, I think one can quite reasonably describe modern Western culture in general as an agnostic culture - in the sense that most people, even when indicating some nominal attachment to a religion, mostly push religious questions aside as too hard, probably dispensable, and in any case best left alone (there are of course various minorities who disagree). But it would be very rash, I think, despite Dawkins et al, to describe modern Western culture as an atheistic culture; and as for theism, most people today scarcely know what the term means (not surprisingly - see above). In other words, the questionnaire omitted the one alternative that is most relevant to the culture in which we live - agnosticism. One hopes this doesn't reflect tendencies in analytic philosophy more generally...?

DA