Kosovo is the epitome of self-division Balkans. The region lacks the necessary common interests, and its historical development and the lack of essential harmony of all ethnic groups coercive power, the lack of long-term and stable integration process. Until the early 13th century, the Byzantine Empire through the dissemination of the Byzantine Orthodox faith and culture of the Balkans trying to unified efforts were successful, a world recognized by the entire Eastern Europe, Slavic Byzantine tradition shape. But in 1204 the (...) Western European crusaders occupied Constantinople suspension of this has just been completed but has yet to be developed to consolidate the process to Byzantine political and cultural system as the core of Balkan integration plan has been disrupted, the Byzantine Empire lost the initiative in integrating the Balkans, the Balkans, the national integration and the formation of more stable basis for the modern nation-state to survive the process is interrupted. Since then there's the rule of the Ottoman Turkish Empire, only reinforces the opposing factors within the region, especially in the Balkans, the national liberation struggle aroused the national consciousness to a more intense internal conflict in the region, completely lost the ability to self-integration. Kosovo has its deep historical roots. Kosovo's problem is the typical one of the Balkan's, which has a long history without common interests and district coherence. It is necessary for this district to have a historical conformity process under one kind of strong power, making many different ethical elements together into a modern nation-state. The Byzantine Empire tried its best to be the strongest power and forced successfully to put many ethnic groups together by Eastern Orthodox Church and the Byzantine culture until the 13th Century. But the Byzantine efforts were stopped by the Fourth Crusade in 1204 when Constantinople was occupied by the greedy knights, and the conformity process of the Balkans had been forced to interrupt. From then on, the divisive races heritage strengthens the extreme nationalism, and becomes the history root of the contemporary catastrophe in the Balkans, especial in Kosovo. (shrink)

Interpretation from the perspective of the historical development of global imbalances can be defined as the persistent global imbalances, the current scale is not balanced and financial imbalances. Historically there have been two of the largest global imbalances, which lasted until World War I nearly half the world's imbalances and since the 1990s until 2007, before the outbreak of the financial crisis of the contemporary global imbalances. The external imbalance is sustained by the national economic systems, economic policy, the global (...) economic system system system and the global political system and other important systemic factors, it has brought the global economy a great threat to sustainable development, and eventually lead to crisis. The problem of global imbalances could be regarded as persistent, sweeping imbalances of current account and financial account from the historical perspective. There were two largest global imbalances, one lasted about a half century before the First World War, and the other lasted from 1990s to the financial crisis of 2007. There were several reasons for the long term external imbalance, such as the national economy policies, global economic system, global political system and other important systemic factors which led the sustained development of global economy to the economic crisis. (shrink)

1930s, "World News" and "women's circles" supplement under the auspices of the Jin Bingying, actively respond to the war of aggression against China launched by Japanese militarism, along with authors and readers to explore and propose a series of national salvation program aimed at mobilizing women actively to join the war. In order to achieve better publicity, "women in this community," Salvation and Peking Chinese women ten groups, and other women's groups combined, published special issue and achieve a win-win and (...) win. "Women in this community," the editor is not only engaged in propaganda, and to take action, directly involved in supporting front-line activities, giving the war meaning to mobilize gender and age characteristics. In order to encourage the women participating in activities of Chinese Anti-Japanese War, Jin Bingying as the editor in-chief of Funv Jie, one of supplements of Shijie Daily advocated and published a series of proposals of salvation with the readers and writers. Funv Jie cooperated with Peking women's patriotic societies to publish special issues to strengthen the effects of mobilization which achieved mutual benefits. Funv Jie was full of gender meanings and the characteristics of the times because the editors such as Jin Bingying devoted themselves to the patriotic propagandas and anti -Japanese actions. (shrink)

Women in China since 1989 both in the subject matter of poetry, language, experience, imagination and expression, or in both thought and sociological aspects of the emergence of new changes. The most important manifestation of this change is the poetry of this period the female narrative in the family tree on the differences and new changes. Part of the "70" and "80" poet in the context of post-industrial era, in the city and local, criticism and praise in the expanded family (...) Narrations, highlights the historical trajectory of women's poetry and the new aesthetic signs. Chinese female poetry have been changed not only on the theme, language, experience, imagination and expression form but also on the level of thought and sociology since 1989, and the most important change of which is the presentation of differences and new trends in narrative on the family lineage. In the background of post-industrial era, the family narratives have been carried out by the generations of 1970s and 1980s female poets who described the families between the city and the country by criticizing or praising attitudes to protrude their historical track and new aesthetic characteristics. (shrink)

In essence, the nature of the government budget information should be defined as public goods, the property belongs to the public all. The object of the government budget information disclosure has three levels: basic information, basic information and reference information. "Regulations on Open Government Information" is the emphasis on open government basic budget information. Objectively speaking, the state government budget information secret and there is a certain overlap between the relationship, according to the extent reasonable definition of state secrets to (...) influence government budget information has become a key factor in public. The government budget information to promote the development of public utilities continue to be from two aspects: First, continue to improve the legal system of open government information, and second, the legal system reform, amendment of national secrets. Essentially, the information of government budget should be regarded as public product and the property rights belong to the public. There are three categories for the object of opening government budget information: text information, basic information and norm information. It is the text information that is mostly emphasized by The Government Information Opening Statute. As a matter of fact, there is a few of superposition between government budget information and the state secrets. So the definition of state secret becomes the key factor of the opening of government budget information. We should promote the opening from two aspects. Firstly, we should continue to perfect the system of opening government information. Secondly, we should amend the state secret law. (shrink)

Gong Chang Wang Shuai Fu Yuan Dynasty only allowed total hereditary monopoly of wisdom for Monan local military official. Wang Meng total ao early fall under the jurisdiction of "Twenty-four cities," the site, should be "mao Spring" Prince Godan "Letters to pay," Qin, Gong and other 10 Kyushu, together with formerly gold Xihe, Qingyang Road and then cut out of Anxi, river, Jing, Bin, rather five states. "Five government twenty-seven state", "four fifteen state government" and "more than fifty cities," said (...) five-year reflects the Kublai Khan in different time slots toward the Yuan, Wang's war service because of power and its kings of Mongolia, off each other thinking Ma Xuanwei Si sites caused by the expansion of growth and decline in or out of state. Wangzongshui Office was the only local military one which was allowed for hereditary in Monan area during Yuan dynasty. The 24 cities that Wangzongshuai Office controlled should be the Qin, Gong and so on 19 states given by Prince Godan and the 5 states such as Anxi, He, Jing, Ban, Ning from Xihe and Qingyang during Jin period. As for other statements, such as "5 prefectures 27 states", "4 prefectures 15 states" and "about 50 cities", it reflected the area situation of expansion or shrinking with the change of General Wang's military accomplishment and his rise or fall with other Mongolian princes and Tuosima Xuanweisi. (shrink)

New industrial area is new since the 1970s, the successful model of rural industrialization. With the traditional process of industrialization in the formation of scale and scope economies to pursue for the purpose of mass production, the new industrial areas and the continued emphasis on innovation, flexible production. Thus, the new industrial zone is essentially a production organization of innovation, is an alternative to mass production. The rise of new industrial areas and breaking down traditional development economics "dual structure" attached (...) to urban and rural development point of view, that since the 1970s, the new rural industrialization and rural economic development is not dependent on the city, but endogenous or relatively independent, with its own unique development path. In the new process of rural industrialization, rural economic self-organization by showing increasing returns and path dependence, constitute the formation and development of new industrial areas and the basic characteristics of the internal mechanism. On the origin and evolution of new industrial areas and the historical conditions of the internal mechanism of the theoretical analysis, will help us to think more deeply in China's new rural development issues. New Industrial Districts is the successful pattern of rural industrialization since the 1970s, which is different from the traditional industrialization for pursuit of scale and scope economies basis of the mass production system but emphasizing the production of flexible and continuous innovation. Thus, the new industrial districts are the innovation of production system and substitute of the mass production system. The rise of new industrial districts have broken down the perspective of "urban-rural dual structure" and rural attached to urban from view of traditional development economics. In fact, the new rural industrialization and rural economic development is not dependent on city, but the endogenous or relatively independent. In the new rural industrialization process of self-organization of the rural economy, the increasing returns and path dependence constitutes a new formation, the characteristics and the intrinsic mechanism. This study is helpful for us to think more deeply China's new rural construction in the related issues. (shrink)

"Regulations on Open Government Information" after the implementation of environmental information disclosure in China mainly for the government initiative to disclose environmental information. This government-led environmental information system model has its rational side, there is obviously insufficient, the appropriate institutional arrangements need to be improved. China's future development of environmental information disclosure system of public participation should be based, in addition to sound and the implementation of open government environmental information system, we should also pay attention to corporate environmental information (...) disclosure system construction, and environmental non-governmental organizations play a role. Following the implementation of the regulation on the disclosure of government information, the disclosure of environmental information focuses on the side of the dissemination of environmental information by government. This system driven by government has its rationality and some disadvantages. The practical effects of the system depend on the appropriate arrangement in details. The development of the system in the future should be based on the principle of public participation. We should improve the system of disclosure of environmental information by enterprises and strengthen the function of the NGO, besides perfection of the dissemination of government information. (shrink)

After a description of the 1990s, after the main body of full publicity in recent years, women's literature in order to control the voice of the narrator, hiding, language, structure, style and other elements of the form restrained structured, showing the principles of a feminist narrative and consciously avoid tendencies. This is not just seen as the problem of art techniques, it implies a writer worldview, values ​​change, reflects the institutionalization of women's fiction is the mainstream trend. How are we (...) to overcome some of the feminist discourse of the narrative flaws, but also fully to make their "differences" voice, is currently facing a woman writing a big problem. The female novels take a conscious avoidance of feminism tendency recently by restraining and concealing the narrator s voices and changing the factors of language, structure and style of the novels after the narrative subjects performed adequately in 1990s. It shows the change of the writers' worldviews and values ​​and a tendency that the women's novels have been institutionalized and mainstreaming. However, there is still a big problem for the female writers to face how to overcome the feminist narrative shortcomings of certain words but fully issuing of their "differences" voices. (shrink)

Agricultural policy can not only reflect the rulers subsidies on agricultural issues, also can reflect the industrial structure of agriculture in the country and the financial system in place; while the policy implementation process, the central government, local government, the farmers of their movements, but also to reflect the the structure of the country's ruling regime and its policy approach. The early Meiji Japan, agricultural subsidies into the specific content indicates that the subsidy policy inherited agricultural subsidy policy Edo meaning, (...) its sole purpose is to maintain government revenue, with pre-modern nature; This is undoubtedly the Meiji period Japanese agriculture has been in "casual agricultural" state one of the reasons. The grant also put the whole process within the regime highlights the early Meiji period relative central and local relations, and thus indicates that the period of its modernization policy is in the central and local consultation, negotiation implementation. The subsidy policy on agriculture is very important that it can reflect the governor's opinions on agriculture, and the agriculture position in the country's industrial structure and financial system. Moreover, it can reflect the government structure and its policy approach according to the trends of the central government, local government and the peasants during the process of the policy implementation. The subsidy policy at the early Meiji period carried on the contents of Edo Shogunate's policy only to increase the income of the government finance with pre-modernity which was undoubtedly one of the reasons for the situation of "sporadic agriculture". It showed the relative relationship between the Central and the Local Government and various modern policies implemented by consulting between the Central and Local government. (shrink)

Beijing-Hankou railway because the borrower under the control of Belgium and the Belgian. The Chinese government redeemed Beijing-Hankou Railway, China in the early 20th century manifestation of rational nationalism, to recover the way mine is the largest economic rights movement results. Important member of the Northern Group, Chen Bi, Liang Shiyi and other road in the foreclosure process in active efforts should be given full recognition. Qing government in the difficult economic situation, mainly through the way of redemption of borrowing (...) is understandable Beijing-Hankou railway. Beijing-Hankou railway redemption not only has great economic interest, political influence is more important is that China got rid of foreign control, operate independently manage their own railway. That Chinese Government ransomed the property of Jing-Han Railroad from Belgium was the biggest achievement during the movement of ransoming railroads and mines and an exemplification of China rational nationalism in the early 20th century. That Chen Bi and Liang Shiyi as the important members of the Beiyang Group had made great efforts should be fully affirmed, moreover, the way for Qing government to ransom the property by borrowing money was understandable. It influenced China not only with great economic benefits but also with important political influence that China eventually got rid of the foreigners' control the railroads. (shrink)

"Administrative organs at all levels of government announced the annual report information disclosure system" as China's legal construction of an information system innovation, has received a preliminary practice and expanded. By 2008, provincial and ministerial level agencies report published text of the empirical analysis, we found that some agencies did not seriously carry "regulations", "published report" duties; competent authorities of all levels of government to effectively perform key duties of this guidance, supervision is not enough ; public participation is not (...) enough and so on. Authorities should deal with the problems, to compile the "reporting guidelines" provide "text of the report template" approach to guide the administrative authorities at all levels to do this work, and urged the management of public affairs with the organization and with the interests of the people close related public enterprises also perform "published report" obligation to support social welfare organizations "published report" of the organization involved, systematic monitoring and comprehensive professional evaluation, to facilitate the implementation of this new regulatory regime and sustainable development . The new system of publishing government information disclosure annual report of agencies at all levels has developed at the first stage. We found some problems by the empirical analysis on each provincial agency in 2008 as following: Firstly, some agencies didn't take the obligations of the Regulation seriously; Secondly, the instructions and supervisions to agencies in different level are not effective and the publics have not enough chances to participate in this activity. To deal with the problems, competent authorities should guide agencies by compiling "Report Guideline" and providing "Report Template", and encouraging the organizations which are related to public affairs and public interests to fulfill the obligation of publishing reports, supporting for social welfare organizations' organized participation in, mechanism monitoring and professional commentary on publishing reports. They should give a great beneficial inspiration to the practice and sustainable development? of the new legal system. (shrink)

The highest decision-makers utility function of the core objective is to maintain and strengthen the right to rule. This is the actual goal. To this end, they must provide the public with a certain type and quantity of public goods, which constitute its official goal. Moreover, they target for the completion of the formal status of the public can bear to achieve the minimum level of security value, or the regime will be turbulent, so called security goals. To prevent the (...) collapse of the regime at the edge, they exist on the completion of the formal status of the target is higher than the target level of safety motivation, so called for its protection with this goal. However, for each type of public goods in the maintenance of the right to rule in their understanding of the weight, respectively, depending on the game between the public and the highest decision maker's subjective estimates, so two is not always consistent. When the effects of certain public goods are the highest decision-makers ignore the supply index will be zero, that is, in fact the maintenance of the right to rule on the existence of the gap. In addition, the ideological influence of the highest decision-makers and the public the level of public goods and the value of the evaluation, with a halo effect, which makes up the decision-makers on the ideology of control and adjustment to become conducive to maintaining and consolidate the rule of right behavior. The core target of the highest politics policy-makers is to maintain the ruling power and situation. The policy makers should provide a certain kind of public goods for the society and the people which is the key for the stability of the ruling situation, and the lowest level quantity for the society as the security goals, otherwise, the government will be in trouble beyond the lowest level. If the highest policy-maker misjudges the weight of a kind of public goods which is the equilibrium demand in political game of some interest groups, the supply quantity of them will be zero. Then, the ruling situation of the highest policy-maker is unstable. The public's appreciation of the public goods is affected by ideology, and the ideology have halo effects on the stability of ruling situation, which make it useful for the highest policy-maker to regulate and control the ideology. (shrink)

In recent years, various factors such as policies to promote the role of China's agricultural production for five consecutive years to achieve substantial grain, structural adjustment is gradually advancing. But over the years, technical progress is factor inputs rather than support the fundamental elements of China's agricultural growth has not been fundamentally changed this situation. By measuring the level of inter-provincial agricultural productivity growth seen in recent years is caused by technical regress in agricultural productivity tends to decline in China's (...) root causes. On the other hand, quantitative study of the structural changes affecting agricultural productivity factors found that some level of agricultural productivity to improve the policy, from a practical point of view has not been able to achieve the original intention of the policy, it is necessary to make appropriate amendments. China has achieved great increases in agriculture by various factors such as policies, especially the policy of structural adjustment in recently years. However, it is the factor inputs rather than technical progress which supports the growth of China's agriculture for a long time, and which has not been changed fundamentally. The level of agricultural productivity growth has been checked to find that the downward trends of agricultural productivity has been mainly caused by technical regression. At the same time, some policies which aimed at enhancing agricultural productivity didn't achieve the target which is necessary to make some amendments. (shrink)

Turn of the century, Professor McNeil and "environmental history" and "Environment and History" magazines such as environmental organizations, scholars have studied the history of development in the new century the prospect. August 2009, the first history of World Environment Conference held in Denmark. From this meeting the results of published point of view, then they need to study proposed a number of areas, such as the marine environment, history, military environmental history, environmental history of Russia and the former Soviet Union (...) have a gratifying progress; they were not given sufficient attention areas, such as polar environmental history, environmental history of the Ottoman Empire, the history of the world system also has a new environment to explore. All of these are based on academic promote the discovery of new historical data and new concepts, new methods of application. From the first world congress of environmental history held in Copenhagen on August 4-8, 2009, the author observed some new trends of international environmental historiography. The first is that some subfields, such as marine environmental history, military environmental history and environmental history of Tsarist Russia and former Soviet Union were studied further. The second is that some new frontiers, such as environmental history of the polar, environmental history of the Ottoman Empire and environmental history of world-systems, were expanded. The third is that some newly found historical material and new concept and methodology were applied for environmental history research. (shrink)

Ming and Qing Dynasties is the spread of popular novels and the peak of popular fiction to explore the development process of its evolution characteristics of the novel the reader is that we have to inspect an important perspective. Ming and Qing Dynasties are very popular illustrations of popular fiction, attached to the illustrations in the text of the novel is largely to meet the needs of readers set. Notes of popular fiction readers for lower services to meet; and commentaries (...) is to communicate fiction writer, a bridge between the works and readers. As for the continued production of the book also has a close relationship with the reader; readers and book series published novels continued purpose and motivation closer relationship; continued series published in the book of original characters to modify, supplement, or writing, often taking into account base of readers and reading habits; continued transformation of the book in plot structure, arrangement aspects, some readers the result of penetration factors. To study readers is an important perspective to investigate the process and development of the popular fictions during Ming-Qing period since it was a peak period of the literary and artistic creation and transmission. It was popular for fictions with illustrations during Ming-Qing period which was set for the readers' need to a great degree, with annotations for the lower readers, with commentaries as a bridge to link the authors, works and the readers together. The generation of the sequels was also related to the readers in several aspects as following: Firstly, the purpose to compile the sequels was related to the readers; Secondly, how to rewrite the stories and the figures was related to the readers' habits, wants and likes; Thirdly, how to adapt the plot structure was also related to the readers' penetration. (shrink)

Chinese text of the novel phenomenon of carrying a lot of poetry, fiction to poetry can be called "acceptable." Chinese poetry, the novel received There are three main ways: writing poetry, fiction author or character, references to other people's poetry into the novel, describing the same object of fiction and poetry with each other. Characteristics of these three methods and the role of different, but together they confirmed the Chinese novel and the inextricable link between poetry, the novel the creation, (...) spread and different style of intermediation has important practical significance. There were various poetry in fictions during Tang dynasty. The fictions in Tang dynasty "adopted" poetry by three modes: poems composed by the authors or the figures; poems borrowed from others; poems and fictions on the same subject, which proved the close relationships between the poem and fiction during Tang dynasty. It is important and significant for the creation and spread of fictions and poems, and accommodation among various literary styles. (shrink)

Reading skills in second language learning is an important skill. Behavior is not good reading and some reading skills, second language learning will be impossible to obtain an effective acquisition results. Language learners to read from the mental activity of this process, read the analysis of different length in reading articles presented different ways of thinking activities, interactive reading model proposed in the second language teaching and acquisition process, is to improve the language learners to read ability of effective way. (...) The four basic language skills have been touched and explored in many academic papers. As to the reading skill, the former studies axe normally involved in discussing reading practice for a language learner as a product in second language learning. In this way, the important aspect of reading practice-the process has been ignored. Through analyzing data from 'thinking-aloud' protocols combined with introspective / retrospective approach, the author examines the reading process of a Chinese learner and tries to suggest that interactive reading approach may help language learners to improve their reading capability. (shrink)

How to go beyond the "binary opposition" frame of mind, is the art of aesthetic innovation in the 21st century, China's basic problems. In the discussion on this fundamental issue, China is seeing a "when, after two yuan up" and "pre-dualistic" two beyond the model, the latter mainly from Heidegger beyond the mode of the "ultimate form" of the "Realm" theory of ideas. According to this classification, our scholars in the past to discuss the aesthetics of traditional Chinese art of (...) "Heaven" is still a basic idea in the "dual time up" to be integrated on the basis of the "post-dualistic" framework, has not yet reached the "dual confrontation "occurred the first open," the former dualism "and" Realm "on height. In fact, the traditional Chinese philosophy and aesthetics of the just may be "pre-dualistic" world, so Heidegger's "pre-dualistic" thinking and traditional Chinese aesthetics will pass with the basic idea of the Department, this will be opened through the exploration of traditional Chinese aesthetics of contemporary art of the deep transformation curtain. It is a basic problem for Chinese art aesthetics in the 21st century how to go beyond the mindset of "binary opposition". There are two kinds of models in China, "post-binary opposition" and "pre-binary opposition", and the latter of which comes from Heidegger's ides of "throughout domain" of the "ultimate constitute". Many scholars have pointed out that the ides of "throughout domain" of non-existing is associated with the traditional basic ides of Chinese art aesthetic, which will uncover the deep curtain for Chinese traditional aesthetics to convert contemporary art. (shrink)

From the "Shi" and related material can be seen in the formation process of Taoist gods, gods of good ideas from the writers or the Kingdom of the ideal personality change for the literary interests and desires of their own reality and to identify the other hand, , thus showing a scholar and spiritual ideas of the social formation of personality trajectories. The concept of celestial beings had been transferred to the literati's identifying their own practical interests from their ideal (...) of the kingdom during the process of the formation of Taoism according to A New Account of Tales of the World and other materials. It showed the social process of literati's thoughts and psychological personality. (shrink)

Post-war politics in Japan since the 1960s began to highlight the "hereditary" phenomenon, after the Cold War was getting worse. "Economic power" Japan in the pursuit of "political power" in the process, actually became a "hereditary power." While the reasons for the traditional culture, social and psychological impact, but it must be said that contemporary electoral system, political parties, political and economic interests is crucial to their cause. Some of the seemingly positive factors "hereditary politics", but in fact contrary to (...) the concept of equality, which distorts the democratic spirit, talent selection and impede the channel, induced cause of political corruption, is not conducive to effective decision-making, potentially eroding the foundation of democracy in Japan. Of regime competition to become the focus of the "hereditary problem", the alarm is still at the level of knock from legislative restrictions, there is still a long way to go, can not fundamentally eliminate the short term. Today only the introduction of the selection mechanism through internal and external sound competition between political parties, and gradually enrich the competency-based, policy-based-based electoral system and party system. The hereditary phenomenon in Japanese political circles coming out from the 1960s has become more and more serious after the Cold War. In the process of pursuing political power and economic power, Japan has actually turned into a hereditary nation. There are many reasons for this phenomenon , such as the modem electoral system, party politics and its economic interests as the decisive causes besides the influence of traditional culture and social and psychological reasons. The hereditary politics has some positive impact. However, it goes against the spirit of equality, distorts the idea of ​​democracy, blocks the talent-selection channel, incurs political corruption, stands against the effective decision-making, and erodes virtually the democracy base in Japan. The hereditary politics which is frequently brought to public attention in the transition of power is still at the stage of sounding the alarm and there is still a long way to go before legal restriction. It can not been fundamentally eliminated in a short time. What can be done at present is to establish gradually a competency-based electoral system and a policy- based party system by improving competition between political parties. (shrink)

Since reform and opening, China has experienced SME support policy system from scratch, from taking shape to gradually improve the process of change. Government, SMEs and relevant interest groups as the main institutional change, the fundamental interests of the consistency of its SME support policies to promote the system of the building and get the results today, and its short-term interests of the inconsistency of the policy system is the lack of surviving . SME support policies to further improve the (...) system must focus on rationalizing the relationship between the interests of the subject, to explore collaborative action to stimulate the body's incentives. There is an evolution process of the supporting policies system for the small-and-medium-sized enterprises in China to grow out of nothing and to improve gradually since the reform and opening up. On the one hand, many achievements in construction of the supporting polices system have been made because the government, SMES and other relative groups as the main bodies for the evolution have the same benefits; on the other hand, there are still with shortcomings of the system because they have different short-term benefits . In order to improve the supporting policies system for SMES, it is necessary to straighten out the benefits relationships among the government, SMES and other relative groups to establish the incentive structure. (shrink)

In recent years, many large developing countries in their macroeconomic performance in terms of a strong upward trend. The wave of development is often attributed to "scale" - by virtue of economies of scale, economies of scope and economies of agglomeration effects as a result of an increase in productivity. By the characteristics of financial development has been embedded into the theory of growth and scale, you can test developing country financial development and the relationship between economic growth, analysis of (...) their output, investment, trade and financial linkages between the effects of large developing countries to grasp the overall trend. When the financial crisis, economic stimulus should tend to trade and investment, rather than the financial sector, that is, in large developing countries, the whole financial development to economic stimulus is significantly lower than the trade and investment in two The most important entities in the economic field. Large developing economies demonstrate an upward trend in many aspects of their macroeconomic performance in recent decades. This developmental surge is attributed to 'size effects' whereby economies of scale and scope, and agglomeration impact, create productivity improvements. The transmission channels from finance to growth are discussed to show how size effects can affect this transmission channels in terms of specific features in four typical developing countries. The empirical estimation concentrates on econometric regressions for these specific large developing countries-Brazil, India, China and South Africa, involving analyzing dynamic shocks from investment, trade and financial growth, together with several variables of indicating size-effect: education investment, government spending, and military expenditures. (shrink)

"Strange • King Sima" emergent Wang Yu Ji Yi with counterfeit Takeo clothes to trick clothes Yi, Yi served to charm the hero, the gallant culture directly from the Sui and Tang dynasties. Han Dynasty as "barbarians serving pride" for the performance of the centralized position of prestige, medieval Buddhist Translation contest for gambling technology is the story motif another source. Ming extraordinary Takeo Central Plains to the north of the aliens fear of war, may have an impact on PU. (...) Although the public interested in the background and Po "Northern people" really refers to dilute, the main character's actions reveal the embarrassment of their situation, suggesting a general frustration and decrees from the court's stupid uncertain, reflecting the demise of the Ming Pu deep thinking. Wang Jiyu had been described as a hero in Strange Tales of a Lonely Studio. Wang Sima that he conquered the barbarians by his courage, his trickeries and his charisma which came from the cavalier culture during Sin-Tang period. The stories that the heroic spirit brought the barbarians to subjection in Han Fu as a synbo1 of the central authority empire originated from the story that a competition in martial skills for gambling in the Buddhist Scriptures. The generals from the Central Plains frightened the Northerners in Ming dynasty which might also influence Pu Songling. Even Pu Songling tried to weaken the background of Wang Jiyu, it also reflected his deep reflection on the decline of Ming dynasty. (shrink)

First World Congress of History of the environment is the first time in the field of global large gatherings, it is to some extent a reflection of the latest developments in environmental history and the current map, from which we see our own shortcomings. Given the new developments and trends, China's environmental historians should look at the world, and strive to co-evolution of civilization and the natural process of understanding the global environmental history of China specificity; should establish a large (...) national identity, focusing on the global environmental crisis and the plight of mankind, actively explore new areas, looking for new subjects, in-depth experience and explore their environment, history, cultural resources and ecological interpretation of its global value; in a positive learning environment History and Theory of Western methods at the same time, local historians should be fully inherit the tradition and intellectual resources, to make their own academic proposition, research paradigms and theoretical originality, and strive to enhance the international status of China's environmental history. The First World Congress of Environmental History reveals the latest researches and the global situation in this field from which we understand our weakness in some degree. We, as China's researchers on environment history should take some steps to improve our researches in the new situation as following : Firstly, we should try to grasp the particularity of Chinese environment history from the universal process of the culture and nature's co-evolution; Secondly, we should discover the values ​​of our country's historical experiences and culture resources in environment to the world; Lastly, we should propose our theories and research models by focusing on our native subjects to promote the position of our researches in the world while we learn from the Westemer's theories and methods. (shrink)

With the development of China's urban environment becomes increasingly complex, the city government in dealing with things that more and more powerless, while the other main cities have "resources" and "bargaining power" is increasing. The city is the nature of the management of change between the main cities in a balanced game and interest in the coordination process. To build a modern urban governance, urban management, to achieve social, must be based on the principal balance of the interests of the (...) game between the demands of the key factors affecting long-term institutional innovation and mechanism construction. Interests of the maximum effect is its incentive function, subject to coordination between the different interests of the game, we must first cultivate confirm the main interests of the city mechanism, followed by the main interests of the city to establish regulatory mechanisms. And regulate the government power to achieve a balanced game with all the key governance diversification. With the increasing complexity of urban development environment, the government is increasingly powerless in dealing with urban affairs while the "resources" and "bargaining power" of other urban actors are increasing. The essence of urban management is game balance between the main urban actors and process of interest coordination. To build a modern urban governance structure, to realize the socialization of urban management, it is necessary to carry out institution innovation in key impact factor and construction of long-lasting mechanism based on the demands of game balance between the main actors. The biggest effect of interest is its drive function. Firstly, to coordinate the different interests among main actors, we must build benefit confirmation mechanism of main urban actors. Secondly, we must establish regulatory mechanism of main urban actors' interests. But we must know that restriction on government authority is the key factor of realizing game balance between different actors and governing pluralism. (shrink)

Allen • Carlson believes that the Western aesthetic appreciation of nature, there are two traditional modes - "object model" and "landscape mode." The former will be objects from the natural environment, isolated out of appreciation, a certain distance and angle from which to enjoy the static nature, are undesirable. He is based on "nature is nature," and "natural environmental" principles, to promote dynamic, comprehensive and investment style as a whole there is to enjoy the natural environment. "Environmental model" for the (...) natural aesthetic epistemology Karlsson laid an important theoretical basis, a general theoretical significance. However, this three-mode is not as understood as Carlsson against each other, but can coexist, cooperate with each other. In terms of Allen Carlson's position, there are two traditions of aesthetic appreciation of nature in the West-Object Model and Landscape Model. The former means to appreciate natural object without its environments singly; while the later indicates enjoying nature from certain distance and view as well. Both of the two are incorrect. By virtue of the principle that nature is natural and nature is environmental, he promotes Environmental Model which implies appreciate nature dynamically, multi-sensuously and engagingly as whole environments. The concept of Environmental Model lays important foundation for Carlson's aesthetics of nature and has universal significance for any aesthetics of nature. However, the three models are not merely in contradiction, they can be co-existence and co-operation each other. (shrink)

Malmö in Copenhagen, Denmark and Sweden at the first session of the World Environmental History Conference and pre-doctoral student workshop brings together the current number of outstanding scholars in this field, so that global environmental history of the latest research results have been very good communication and discussion and effectively enhance the vision of young scholars and research capabilities. The conference demonstrated from the research point of view, the object of study of environmental history has been further expanded. Which the (...) history of the marine environment and social life of the material is worth noting that metabolic studies two important areas. They receive attention and the development process description, the "environment" and the relationship between man and the environment to deepen understanding of the history of research will broaden the horizon of the environment. At the same time, environmental history in the theory and method levels have a new development. This is reflected in the environmental history of "narrative" and the historical characteristics of the stress field within or outside of the positive theory and application of analytical methods, but also in the new use of old historical data, and presentation on the pursuit of diversity. We believe that to understand and learn from the General Assembly based on the results, environmental historians in future studies may try a new research topic, comprehensive study of the different perspectives and achievements of social transformation will do more work. Many outstanding scholars and young PhD students attended the First World Congress of Environmental History and a pre-conference workshop of PhD students in Copenhagen, Denmark and Maim?, Sweden in August, 2009, which not only promoted the latest research of environmental history around the world, but also provided a good training opportunity for young students and scholars. Some new research fields in environment history have been developing rapidly such as marine environmental history and the material metabolism of social life which prove deeper understanding the relationships between the human beings and the environment. The Congress has also showed some new trends in theories and methods, such as emphasis of "narrative" as the core feature for environmental history, introduction and application of various theories and methods of history and other subjects, and adopting new interpretation of old materials and pursuing diverse presentation of environmental histories. The environmental historians may try to improve their work in the following aspects according to the review of the Congress: trying new themes and various research approaches, and contributing to the reform of contemporary society. (shrink)

In colonial America, the political participation of the community's small number of wealthy Christian white male adult privileges. Citizens the right to vote by all kinds of restrictions, including property qualifications, qualifications religion, race restrictions, gender restrictions, age limit, place of residence and residence restrictions, and even conduct restrictions. In the later course of historical development, social movements in the war and under the impact of unreasonable restrictions on the right to vote was gradually abolished, the right to vote privileges (...) enjoyed by a few people into the universal enjoyment of all adult Americans have a right. The United States abolished the property qualifications to vote, to establish the right to vote in adult male walking in front of the world, yet it is the last true universal suffrage of the developed capitalist countries. However, in the contemporary United States, the right to vote to expand at the same time, the enthusiasm of citizens and extent of political participation has continued to decrease. This is a U.S. citizen the right to vote to expand the process of the emergence of a thought-provoking paradox. In colonial America, suffrage was privilege enjoyed by a minority of white male propertied Christians. There existed various qualifications of the privilege, like property, religion, race, sex, age, residence, and even moral behavior. Under the impact of wars and social movements in the course of American history, unreasonable qualifications had been eliminated and the suffrage as a privilege has become a universal right enjoyed by every adult American. The United States took the lead in abolishing the property qualifications and in the establishment of manhood suffrage. However , it is the last developed country to realize universal suffrage. In contemporary America, the extension of the suffrage does not always deepen the extent of political participation. The percentage of the citizens participating in the presidential elections has been incessantly decreased. (shrink)