Abstract

Human and veterinary medicine have many commonalities. The split into distinct disciplines occurred at different times in different places. In Europe, the establishment of the first veterinary universities towards the end of the 18th century was triggered by ravaging rinderpest epidemics and the increasing importance of livestock for draft, food supply, and war fare. Given this background, would it make sense to combine human, animal, traditional and modern medicine in healthcare provision, especially in less developed countries? Such a “one-medicine” approach could enhance biomedical progress, improve the outreach of medical and veterinary services especially in remote areas, offer greater choices to patients, and make healthcare more culturally appropriate. On the other hand, it would require generalists rather than specialists and rare diseases may go unrecognized. The commonalities of human and veterinary medicine and the financial constraints many governments are presently facing are arguments in favor of a “one-medicine” approach, while status thinking, education systems, administrative structures, and legislations hinder its implementation. There are no instant recommendations for the application of one medicine but governments and development professionals need to generate fine-tuned, location-specific healthcare solutions. Advocacy, changes in education and training, the creation of institutional linkages, and the removal of legal barriers could help overcome obstacles