Do participants bring their own priors to an experiment? If so, do they share the same priors as the researchers who design the experiment? In this article, we examine the extent to which self-generated priors conform to experimenters’ expectations by explicitly asking participants to indicate their own priors in estimating the probability of a variety of events. We find in Study 1 that despite being instructed to follow a uniform distribution, participants appear to have used their own priors, which deviated (...) from the given instructions. Using subjects’ own priors allows us to account better for their responses rather than merely to test the accuracy of their estimates. Implications for the study of judgment and decision making are discussed. (shrink)

Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 st1:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} In order to see whether there is a common European model that gives a place to religion in the public sphere two issues have to be taken into account: first, if there is a theory of secularization that accurately describes the current situation of European societies and second (...) if, there is a European model on Church – State relationship. The first part is dedicated to the different accounts on secularization that may be applied to European countries: the classical Weber theory that view secularization as an “iron law” of any society, the institutional secularization, secularization as the decline and adequacy of religious practice, the continuation of the classical theory in the 60’s and beyond, the criticism of this theory and the particular argument of the increase of fundamentalist religious movements. The attempts to formulate new theories on secularization based on other assumptions than the classical one are also presented. The increased presence of religion in private life does not mean a decrease of religion in the public space but rather a new definition of it. Despite the different intensity of belief in national terms, some trends like “believing without belonging” are common, meaning that secularization could have a single meaning in Europe, apart from other continents. The second part starts with presenting the three types of Church - State relationship at the national level. All these have in common the fact that the state is neutral towards religious subjects, a religious subsection is singled out within the public sphere and the state has the right to intervene in this area only as an arbiter. There is already a European law on religion and this statement is supported by examples from the Lisbon Treaty, The Charter of Fundamental Rights, different Directives and decisions of the European Court of Justice. Common rules on religion agreed at the European level helps better to understand why there is a common European model on religions, different from the national models. After taking into account the two aspects described above, a common European model on religion in the public sphere emerges as a necessary conclusion. (shrink)

Following the violent protests in the Republic of Moldova against the Communist Party – governing since 2001 – that took place in April 2009, after the release of the parliamentary elections results, the Romanian Government has adopted the measure of simplifying the fundamental and formal conditions for regaining Romanian citizenship through Government Emergency Ordinance (GEO) No. 36/2009 for modifying and completing Law on Citizenship No. 21/1991. This measure is focusing particularly on the citizens of the Republic of Moldova who wish (...) to be granted Romanian citizenship. By presenting the changes brought by GEO No. 36/2009, by comparing them to the other changes made to Law No. 21/1991 in 2007 and 2008, this article tries to answer the question of how the system of granting and regaining Romanian citizenship should be regulated, taking into account the Romanian accession to the European Union and the necessity to discard the consequences of the Ribbentrop – Molotov Pact, which was officially condemned by the Romanian Parliament in 1991. The de lege ferenda proposals made in this article have the purpose to make the system of acquiring Romanian citizenship more transparent and easier to explain to the entitled persons and to the European Union institutions monitoring the legal and illegal migration. (shrink)

The ethical climate is the perception of health professionals about the work environment, meaning the reflection on care practices and ethical-related decisions. There are extensive studies in the international literature about the ethical climate, but there are still theoretical gaps about it in health services. In this reflection article, the objective was to explore conceptual components about the ethical climate, proposing new elements of analysis of the construct. The starting point was the accumulated knowledge itself, the possibilities for expansion, and (...) the conceptual progress emerging from contributions from studies on nursing ethics. It was understandable that the ethical climate is considered in its procedural model and cyclically, being articulated with organizational elements, as established in the literature, and, expanding the concept, with the worker’s health and the ethical expressiveness at work. Regarding this last contribution, the suggestion is to think about the potential for work to allow, limit, or favor professionals to express their ethical and esthetic values in the most daily decisions and relationships, in care, management, and education. The conceptual framework of this study progressed by addressing the ethical climate as a process articulating several concepts and elements regarding the organizational aspect, ethics, and the workers’ well-being. (shrink)

Before the advent of fibrinolytic therapy as a gold standard method of care for cases of acute ischemic stroke in Romania, issues regarding legal medicine aspects involved in this area of medical expertise were already presented and, in the majority of cases, the doctors seem to be unprepared for these situations. The present research illustrates some of the cases in which these aspects were involved, that adressed a clinical center having 6 years of professional experience in the application of fibrinolytic (...) treatment for stroke. The following cases report either situations in which the afore mentioned therapy was not rightfully administrated or legal aspects regarding the obtainment of informed consent. Obtaining informed consent is a mandatory procedure, which takes time, to the detriment of application of fibrinolytic treatment. (shrink)

The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic is altering dynamics in academia, and people juggling remote work and domestic demands – including childcare – have felt impacts on their productivity. Female authors have faced a decrease in paper submission rates since the beginning of the pandemic period. The reasons for this decline in women’s productivity need to be further investigated. Here, we analyzed the influence of gender, parenthood and race on academic productivity during the pandemic period based on a survey answered by (...) 3,345 Brazilian academics from various knowledge areas and research institutions. Productivity was assessed by the ability to submit papers as planned and to meet deadlines during the initial period of social isolation in Brazil. The findings revealed that male academics – especially those without children – are the least affected group, whereas Black women and mothers are the most impacted groups. These impacts are likely a consequence of the well-known unequal division of domestic labor between men and women, which has been exacerbated during the pandemic. Additionally, our results highlight that racism strongly persists in academia, especially against Black women. The pandemic will have long-term effects on the career progression of the most affected groups. The results presented here are crucial for the development of actions and policies that aim to avoid further deepening the gender gap in academia. (shrink)

Education generally and philosophy of education in particular cannot turn a blind eye to the world of young people. Thus there are interesting questions about artists such as Marilyn Manson: is his popularity due to the performance or the music? Is his act an expression of frustration at the lack of an answer to the question of the meaning of life? And is the quest for the sensual the modern version of carpe diem? After noting the creative and destructive (...) tendencies of ‘seizing the day’, this paper highlights different characteristics of this idea. An interpretation is offered in terms of sensuousness, the enjoyment of art and confrontation with the other. Present-day so-called nihilistic tendencies can thus be understood somewhat differently, in terms of consolation for the loneliness of the human condition. (shrink)

Will the proliferation of devices that provide the continuous archival and retrieval of personal experiences (CARPE) improve control over, access to and the record of collective knowledge as Vannevar Bush once predicted with his futuristic memex? Or is it possible that their increasing ubiquity might pose fundamental risks to humanity, as Donald Norman contemplated in his investigation of an imaginary CARPE device he called the “Teddy”? Through an examination of the webcam experiment of Jenni Ringley and the EyeTap (...) experiments of Steve Mann, this article explores some of the social implications of CARPE. The authors’ central claim is that focussing on notions of individual consent and control in assessing the privacy implications of CARPE while reflective of the individualistic conception of privacy that predominates western thinking, is nevertheless inadequate in terms of recognizing the effect of individual uptake of these kinds of technologies on the level of privacy we are all collectively entitled to expect. The authors urge that future analysis ought to take a broader approach that considers contextual factors affecting user groups and the possible limitations on our collective ability to control the social meanings associated with the subsequent distribution and use of personal images and experiences after they are captured and archived. The authors ultimately recommend an approach that takes into account the collective impact that CARPE technologies will have on privacy and identity formation and highlight aspects of that approach. (shrink)

Radu Carp, Dacian Gratian Gal, Sorin Muresan, Radu Preda, Principles of Popular Thought. Christian Democratic Doctrine and Social Action, Eikon: Cluj, 2006.

You can survive after death in various kinds of artifacts. You can survive in diaries, photographs, sound recordings, and movies. But these artifacts record only superficial features of yourself. We are already close to the construction of programs that partially and approximately replicate entire human lives (by storing their memories and duplicating their personalities). A digital ghost is an artificially intelligent program that knows all about your life. It is an animated auto-biography. It replicates your patterns of belief and desire. (...) You can survive after death in a digital ghost. We discuss a series of digital ghosts over the next 50 years. As time goes by and technology advances, they are progressively more perfect replicas of the lives of their original authors. (shrink)

ABSTRACT The current analytical debate on time is full of attempts to adjudicate from a purely theoretical standpoint among competing temporal ontologies. Little attention has instead been devoted to the existential attitudes -- emotional or ethical -- that may lurk behind, or ensue from, the endorsement of one of them. Some interesting opinions have however been voiced regarding the two most prominent views in the arena, namely eternalism and presentism; it has been said that the former is nourished by a (...) fear of death, or more generally by a desire of preservation for whatever we find precious and valuable, and that the latter is fuelled by a propensity to reap whatever fruits the present brings, as enshrined in the carpe diem motto. This paper explores such a territory by focusing on the reality of past sentience, whether joyful or painful, and on the open future. The first part contrasts the reality of past sentience that comes with eternalism with the denial of this reality that follows from presentism, and argues that from an emotional, or perhaps even moral, standpoint the latter is preferable to the former. The second part clarifies why the eternalist must renounce the open future, whereas presentism is consistent with it, and considers how its rejection or acceptance, as the case may be, could be emotionally, or even morally, significant for our conception of ourselves as free agents. The conclusion offers a tentative proposal regarding which temporal ontology is superior from an existential perspective and some ruminations on the impact that all this may have on the theoretical side of the issue. (shrink)

A part of European cultural patrimony rests on the relationships our ancestors had with time. A few examples chosen at random will suffice to show how their attitude toward this point evolved over the ages. The famous Carpe Diem by Horace was an invitation to take advantage of the present moment. In Jewish tradition man‘s obligation to work was considered a curse. Similarly a saying attributed by Pliny to the painter Appelles emphasized the necessity of daily labor. In still (...) other ages time appeared as the great destroyer of all things, and Christianity promised its enemies tortures that were no less eternal than the joys it reserved for its disciples. (shrink)

We investigated family members’ lived experience of Parkinson’s disease aiming to investigate opportunities for well-being. A lifeworld-led approach to healthcare was adopted. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was used to explore in-depth interviews with people living with PD and their partners. The analysis generated four themes: It’s more than just an illness revealed the existential challenge of diagnosis; Like a bird with a broken wing emphasizing the need to adapt to increasing immobility through embodied agency; Being together with PD exploring the kinship (...) within couples and belonging experienced through support groups; and Carpe diem! illuminated the significance of time and fractured future orientation created by diagnosis. Findings were interpreted using an existential-phenomenological theory of well-being. We highlighted how partners shared the impact of PD in their own ontological challenges. Further research with different types of families and in different situations is required to identify services required to facilitate the process of learning to live with PD. Care and support for the family unit needs to provide emotional support to manage threats to identity and agency alongside problem-solving for bodily changes. Adopting a lifeworld-led healthcare approach would increase opportunities for well-being within the PD illness journey. (shrink)

In this essay, I seek to enhance eschatological perspectives on work through specific engagement with Qoheleth’s theology of time in Eccl. 2–3. I suggest that prior to a perceptual transformation in the first of the book’s so-called carpe diem passages, Qoheleth is dissatisfied with his labour because he construes it temporally-speaking within a chronology characterised by competition. Within such a construal, death poses the ultimate obstacle to the enjoyment of labour, because it strips away the promise of an immortal (...) inheritance produced by human hands. What transforms Qoheleth’s relationship to labour is a new understanding of time as kairos, defined as the opportune time in which God unexpectedly intervenes in human work ‘under the sun’ and does something paradigmatically new. Under this ‘kairological’ perspective, Qoheleth assumes a posture of receipt, declaring present labour as a gift from God, with internal as well as external goods for the worker. Qoheleth’s ‘accipe diem work ethic’ draws the eschatological ultimacy of life and peace into present labour, re-orienting eschatological understandings of work that fall prey to competitive-chronological notions of progress. (shrink)

Schools located in underpriviledged areas have to deal with different factors, like the dropout rate among students and teachers; the culture of action, the culture of oral and a «carpe diem» culture; the low literacy rates; the type of children's knowledges — sometimes different from those promoted at school — and the learning difficulties of pupils... In light of these factors, few states have decided to adopt measures to support pupils and teachers in these communities. In this sense, several (...) studies examine the potential role of philosophy for children (P4C), but none examines, in this kind of environment, the integration of P4C in the context of a teaching field experience program. Insofar several novice teachers start their career in these environments, it could be helpful to enrich our comprenhension on this subject. This paper presents results from an exploratory study on this issue, which led to raise questions about the bachelor of education program, at least in our university. (shrink)

유한의 시간 속에서 불변의 진리를 논하다! 살아서는 경험할 수 없고 죽어서는 전할 수 없는 삶과 죽음의 근원적 연속성 ◎ 도서 소개 인문학의 세 번째 질문, “나는 어떻게 죽을 것인가?” 최재천, 김상근, 강영안, 황농문… 삶에 던져진 마지막 물음과 인문학에서 찾은 최후의 답! 인생에 관한 대단원의 물음, 나는 어떻게 죽을 것인가. 삶의 황폐화와 사회 가치의 퇴색, 현실 문제에 대한 근원적인 해결책의 부재로 현대인들은 인간과 삶, 죽음에 대한 근원적인 물음을 품기 시작했다. 그 물음 끝에 탄생한 『나는 어떻게 죽을 것인가』는 2015년 봄 플라톤 아카데미가 (...) 주최한 동명의 대중강연을 엮은 것으로, 누적 10만 명 이상 청중들의 열광적인 호응을 불러일으켰다. 1부에서 최재천, 황농문, 김애령, 김종성은 우리 삶의 영역 안에 이미 자리하고 있는 죽음의 본질을 드러내고 2부에서 김상근, 정재현, 강영안, 윤영호는 죽음을 의식하는 삶이 지닌 진정한 의미에 대해 이야기한다. 생태학자, 공학자, 철학자, 건축가, 신학자, 종교학자, 의학자 등 다양한 분야에서 섬세한 시각을 발휘하는 최고 학자 8인은 죽음을 냉철하면서도 따뜻한 시선으로 바라본다. 이를 통해 우리는 삶과 죽음이 그리 멀리 있지 않으며, 죽음에 대한 물음이 도달하는 자리가 결국 삶이라는 점을 깨닫게 된다. 죽음을 삶의 흐름이 가져오는 결과로 보든 고통스러운 삶으로부터의 해방으로 보든 죽음은 우리 삶의 영역 안에 자리하며, 궁극적으로 나를 나일 수 있게 하는 고유한 가치로 발현한다. ◎ 출판사 서평 우리는 어떻게 죽어야 할까? 아름다운 자연의 원리를 향한 8가지 용기 나는 누구인가, 어떻게 살 것인가, 어떻게 죽을 것인가. 현대인들이 잊고 살지만, 인생에서 가장 중요한 질문이다. 개인의 삶이 점점 황폐해지고 사회 가치가 희미해지는 요즘, 이러한 근원적인 물음은 우리 삶에 더욱 중요해졌다. ‘인간’을 탐구하고 ‘인생’을 공부하는 학문인 인문학 열풍이 거세진 것도 이와 같은 이유다. 그 물음 끝에 탄생한 『나는 어떻게 죽을 것인가』는 2015년 봄 플라톤 아카데미가 주최한 동명의 대중강연을 엮은 것으로, 누적 10만 명 이상 청중들의 열광적인 호응을 불러일으켰다. 마치 눈앞에서 듣는 것처럼 최재천, 김상근, 강영안, 황농문 등 이 시대를 대표하는 학자 8인이 전하는 삶의 지혜와 인문학적 통찰이 뜨거운 감동과 함께 생생하게 전해진다. 위대한 고전과 과학적 진실을 통해 삶과 죽음의 연속성을 이야기하며, 우리 일상에 맞닿은 사례들을 중심으로 죽음이 전하는 메시지를 깊이 있고 흥미롭게 해석했다. 독자들은 이 책을 통해 ‘나는 어떻게 죽을 것인가’라는 생의 마지막 물음에 잔잔한 해답을 얻을 수 있을 것이며, 삶과 죽음은 그 자체로 아름다운 자연의 원리임을 깨닫게 된다. 삶의 순간에 마주한 죽음 죽음의 숙고로 완성하는 삶 생태학자, 공학자, 철학자, 건축가, 신학자, 종교학자, 의학자 등 다양한 분야에서 섬세한 시각을 발휘하는 최고 학자 8인은 죽음을 냉철하면서도 따뜻한 시선으로 바라본다. 1부에서는 우리 삶의 영역 안에 이미 자리하고 있는 죽음의 본질이 드러난다. 원래 하나였던 자연과 인간이 공생하는 법을 알고 평안한 마음으로 살아가는 것이야 말로 아름다운 삶과 죽음을 맞이하는 자세임을 전한 최재천, 죽음을 온전히 의식하는 것이야말로 성숙한 삶을 위해 반드시 필요하다고 역설한 황농문, 받아들일 수밖에 없는 죽음을 인정하고 아름답게 사는 것이야말로 아름다운 죽음을 맞이하는 방법임을 이야기한 김애령, 삶을 오롯이 담고 있는 공간인 건축으로부터 죽음에 접근한 김종성을 통해 우리는 살아서는 절대 경험할 수 없는 죽음에 한 발짝 가까워진다. 2부에서는 죽음을 의식하는 삶의 진정한 의미에 대해 이야기한다. 죽음은 벽이 아닌 평화(Shalom)의 세계로 나아가는 문이라는 희망의 이야기를 담아낸 김상근, 죽음을 숙명과 해방의 대립 구도로 보는 것을 떠나 ‘유한한 초월’, 즉 삶 안에서 죽음을 발견해 남은 삶인 자신의 현재를 사랑하라고 말하는 정재현, 철학의 가장 중요한 임무인 멜레테 타나투, 즉 죽음에 대한 수련을 위해 현상학, 해석학, 윤리학의 시선으로 죽음을 분석한 강영안, 죽음을 절망이 아닌 희망의 순간으로 바꾸기 위해서는 의미 있는 삶을 살아야 한다는 윤영호를 통해 우리는 인간에게 허락된 유한의 시간 속에서 죽음이라는 불변의 진리를 맞이하는 법을 배운다. 이를 통해 우리는 삶과 죽음이 그리 멀리 있지 않으며, 죽음에 대한 물음이 도달하는 자리가 결국 삶이라는 점을 깨닫게 된다. ◎ 본문 중에서 오랫동안 생명에 대해 공부하면서 깨달은 점 중 하나는 지구에 존재하는 모든 생명은 하나의 공통적인 속성을 가지고 있다는 것입니다. 아이러니컬하게도 그것은 죽음입니다. ‘생명’의 가장 보편적인 속성이 바로 ‘죽음’이라는 것입니다. (21쪽) 죽음에 직면하면 온갖 자부심과 자만심, 수치스러움과 실패에 대한 두려움, 외부의 기대들이 모두 떨어져나갑니다. 그리고 진실로 중요한 것들만이 남습니다. (…) 살아 있음이 얼마나 소중한지를 알고 있기 때문입니다. (73쪽) 시간은 많은 것을 피어나게 하고 성장하게 하고 탄생하게 하고 변화하게 합니다. 또 많은 것을 파괴하고 해체하고 늙게 하고 낡게 하고 저물게 하고 죽게 합니다. (…) 인간의 시간은 존재론적인 결함이기도 하고, 유한한 자가 가지고 있는 무한한 슬픔이기도 합니다. (81쪽) 아름다운 삶은 고통이나 슬픔을 경험하지 않는 삶이 아니라 그 고통이나 슬픔을 어떻게 받아들이고 해석하고 이해하느냐를 통해 만들어가는 것입니다. 아름다운 삶은 결코 확신이나 확실성으로 가득 찬 삶이 아닙니다. 오히려 삶이 가지고 있는 그늘, 고통, 눈물, 불확실성, 연약함을 끌어안고 나아가는 것, 그것이 진정 아름다운 삶이라고 이야기할 수 있습니다. (106~107쪽) 이런 요소들이 갖춰질 때 건축물로서의 아름다움이 완성되어 제대로 빛을 발하게 됩니다. 우리의 삶 또한 이와 다르지 않다고 생각합니다. 그런 면에서 죽음 또한 우리 삶의 일부라고 말하고 싶습니다. 아름다운 삶이 있어야 아름다운 죽음이 있고, 그때 비로소 하나의 인생이 완성되는 것일 테니까요. (144쪽) 우연의 연속에 불과한 사다리 같은 인생을 살아가야 하는 우리. 그리고 그 운명이 다하면 우리는 죽음이라는 미지의 세계로 뛰어들어야 합니다. 죽음을 맞이한 우리는 그 미지의 세계를 향해 몸을 날려야 합니다. 그것이 우리 인간의 운명입니다. (163~164쪽) 예수는 분노하거나 화를 내는 것이 아니라 오히려 그들에게 평화를 기원합니다. 그것도 두 번씩이나 “샬롬”이라 고 외칩니다. 예수에게 죽음은 벽도 문도 아니었습니다. 후회와 분노를 넘어서는 평화의 길이었습니다. (187쪽) 우리의 본능은 죽음에 저항하며 삶과 죽음의 관계를 가능한 한 멀리 떼어놓으려 합니다. (…) 그런데 여기서 가장 심각한 것은 무엇보다도 삶의 바깥으로 내몰린 죽음이 오히려 삶을 일그러뜨린다는 점입니다. 그 문제를 극복하려는 노력은 곧 우리의 몫입니다. 그래서 바깥으로 내몰렸던 죽음을 삶 속으로 끌고 들어오는 새로운 시도가 필요합니다. (191쪽) 욕망으로 죽음을 덮어버리면 삶이 일그러지고 맙니다. (…) 이렇게 볼 때 죽음에 대한 생각은 삶을 더 풍요롭고 가치 있게 엮어내려는 노력입니다. 그래서 건강한 삶을 위해서는 삶에서 죽음을 보아야 합니다. 그리고 어떻게 하면 밀어냈던 죽음을 삶과 함께 엮어낼 수 있을지에 대해 지혜를 모아야 합니다. (196쪽) 우리의 몸을 이루고 있는 모든 세포들은 생성과 소멸의 과정을 거칩니다. (…) 말하자면 몸은 죽음을 받아들이면서 죽음을 살아가고 있는 것이지요. 몸을 이루고 있는 모든 세포들이 끊임없이 죽음으로써 몸 전체가 살아가는 생명의 역설을 우리 몸은 이미 실천해오고 있습니다. (209쪽) 죽지 않을 것처럼, 아직 죽지 않은 것처럼 살지 말고 이미 죽은 사람으로 살라는 것입니다. “죽음을 기억하라(Memento mori)!”는 말씀이 바로 이를 가리킵니다. 그렇게 되면 지금 사는 삶은 덤으로 사는 것입니다. 덤의 시간들, 순간들, 그것이 바로 지금입니다. 그래서 한마디로 추립니다: “자신의 현재를 사랑하라! Carpe diem!” (219쪽) 하이데거는 그 끝이 있기 때문에 오히려 내가 나 자신이 될 수 있다고 말합니다. 끝이 있으므로 해서 너와 나 구별도 없이 군중 속에 무리지어 사는 그런 삶이 아니라 비로소 누구와도 혼돈되지 않는 나 자신, 존재의 가능성을 발견하게 된다는 것입니다. 왜냐하면 그 죽음은 누구의 죽음도 아닌 나의 죽음이기 때문입니다. (246쪽) 우리가 진심으로 우리의 삶 자체를 내게 주어진 값진 선물이라 생각하고 감사한 마음으로 살아간다면, 죽음은 결코 두려움의 대상이 될 수 없을 뿐 아니라 삶이 정말로 살 만한 것이 되지 않을까 생각합니다. (253쪽) 만약에 우리가 우주라는 하나의 몸에 존재하는 세포라고 가정한다면 어떻게 될까요. 우리는 각자의 이기를 위해 존재하는 것이 아니라 우주라는 몸을 위해 서로 조화를 이루며 봉사하는 존재가 될 것입니다. (…) 서로 믿고 조화를 이루며 봉사하는 삶, 바로 이것이 의미 있는 삶이라고 생각합니다. (275~276쪽) 우리는 죽지 않기 위해 사는 것도 아니고, 죽지 못해 사는 것도 아닙니다. 죽기 위해 열심히 살아가는 것입니다. 의미 있는 삶을 살다가 아름답게 죽음을 마무리하는 것까지가 인생의 완성입니다. 나무는 죽어 새로운 생명으로 태어납니다. 다시 대지로 돌아간 우리 역시 어디선가 다른 생명으로 이어집니다. 죽음은 자연으로의 회귀이며 또 다른 시작입니다. (279쪽). (shrink)

Eski Arap şiiri, Atlâl göç edilen yurt veya sevgiliden geride kalan kalıntılar olarak adlandırılan sanatsal bir olgu ile belirginleşmiş olup Arap edebiyatı alanlarındaki yazarlar ve eleştirmenlerin ilgisini çekecek kadar çarpıcı bir şekilde yayılmıştır. Bu olgu, Batı Afrika şairleri tarafından yazılan Arap şiirlerde de bariz olmuştur. Zira Afrikalı şair, geçmişte yaşadığı değerli hatıra ve anıları hatırlatarak ağlayıp sevgilisinin atlâlleri ve onun evlerinin kalıntılarının üzerinde durmuştur. Bu itibarla çalışmam, bu bölgenin şiirinde yer alan emsal kaside mukaddimeleri, örnekler sunarak bu şiirdeki özelliklerini, tezahürlerini (...) ve anlamlarını öğrenmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Aynı şekilde bölge şairlerinin ilkel tanıtımlarına yansıyan duygusal deneyimlerinde özetledikleri psikolojik ve sosyal nedenlerin açıklamaya hedeflemektedir. Bu araştırmanın önemi, Batı Afrika edebiyatçılarını tanımaya yardımcı olan çalışmalardan biri olması, Arap dili ve ilimlerine, özellikle şiir sanatına ne ölçüde ilgili olduklarını göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte, klasik Arapça şiir yazma becerilerini ve kabiliyetlerini de ortaya koymaktadır. Araştırmanın sınırlarına gelince, mekânsal olarak Batı Afrika bölgesiyle (Mali, Gine, Senegal, Nijerya, Gambiya) ve zamansal olarak ise on dokuzuncu yüzyılın şairleriyle sınırlıdır. Araştırmada Batı Afrika Arap şiirindeki atlâl konusuyla ilgili kasideleri toplamak, önemini ve özelliklerini açıklayıp tahlil etmek için betimsel analitik yöntemini kullanıldı. Yapılan bu araştırma sonucunda bir takım bilimsel sonuçlara ve bulgulara ulaşılmıştır. Bunların en önemlileri ve öne çıkanları şu şekilde sıralayabiliriz: Afrika Arap şiirinden seçmiş olduğumuz şiir örneklerinin değerlendirilmesi sonucunda, Batı Afrika Arap şiirleri, klasik edebiyatında bilinen “قفوا ”, “عوجوا”, “ لمن الظعن” ve “ لمن الطلول” gibi geleneksel atlâl şiir kalıplarını içerdiği de tespit edilmiştir. Batı Afrika şairlerinin klasik Arap kasidesinin girizgâhı ve usule bağlı kalmalarının yanı sıra, bazıları onun yerine konunun özüne girmeden önce besmele ile, Allah'ı övme ve peygamberimize salavat getirme gibi dini nitelikli kalıpları kullanmak suretiyle kasidelerinin girizgâhını oluşturduklarını saplanmıştır. Batı Afrika şairleri, sevgilinin terk ettiği diyardaki kalıntılar üzerinde durmak yerine; kültürlerine uygun türbe ve deniz gibi yerleri üzerinde durmayı tercih etmişlerdir. Ayrıca Câhiliye dönemindeki şiirinde geçen Suad, Hind, Mayya, Leyla vb. gibi isimleri de bırakarak yerlerine; Zeynep, Meryem ve Havva gibi kendi sosyal çevrelerinde öne çıkan bayan isimlerini kullanmayı uygun görmüşlerdir. Böylece şiirlerinde bu anlamda yenilikler yaşandığı söylemek mümkündür. el-Âmidî gibi Edebiyat eleştirmenlerin bahsettiği mukaddime talaliyye’nin farklı anlamları, sevgilinin terk ettiği diyardaki kalıntılar üzerinde durmak, hakkında soru sormak, sevgilinin adı, oturduğu diyarı ve onu çevreleyen yerler, şairin durduğu vakti, terkedilen yeri hayvanalar, yağmur ve rüzgâr tarafından tahrip edilmesi, şair terkedilen eve hitap edip onunla konuşmak ve ona soru sorup sorguya çekmek, ona selam vermek ve dua etmek ve benzer anlamlar Batı Afrika şairlerinin Atlâl şiirlerinde de bulunmaktadır. Bahsi geçen bu mukaddimeler beyit sayısı bakımından farklılık gösterebileceği, ancak bu beyitler genellikle az sayıda olduğu bu çalışmadan anlaşılmaktadır. Şairler, amaçlarına ulaşmak için bu mukaddimeler vazgeçilmez bir giriş olarak görmektedirler. Ayrıca, atlâl şiiri söyleyen bölge şairleri durumu yaşadıklarını ya da sevdikleri tarafından terk edilmeleri şart değil, ancak atlâl şiiri birçok şair arasında kabul görmüş bir sanat geleneğidir. Bu çalışma aracılığıyla Batı Afrika Arap şiirindeki mukaddime talaliye, şairlerin yaratıcılık ihtiyacına bir yanıt ve onların şiirsel yeteneklerini geliştirmek için bir gerekçe temsil ettiği da açıkça görülmektedir. Son olarak mukaddime talaliye şairlerin şiirsel malzemeleri için gerekli bir sanatsal üslubu olduğunu da söylenebilir. (shrink)

Deizm başından beri kendini ana akım dinî kabullere karşı heterodoks dinî bir kimlik olarak konumlandırmış, felsefe ve teolojinin temel düşünce üretim alanları olan Tanrı tasavvurları, Allah-âlem ilişkisi, din-bilim ilişkisi, kötülük meselesinden kaynaklı ahlakî tartışmalarda geleneksel kabullere aykırı görüşler ileri sürmüştür. Bu yönüyle deizm, dinin kendi içinden bir eleştirisidir. İngiltere’de deizmin babası olarak isimlendirilen E. Herbert of Cherbury’nin deizmin beş ilkesi bu eleştirinin en başat örneğidir. Ona göre; 1. Yüce bir Tanrı vardır, 2. Bu yüce Varlığa ibadet edilmelidir, 3. Erdem ibadetin (...) yarattığı bir değer olduğu için din ve ahlak arasında doğrudan bir ilişki vardır, 4. İnsanlar zayıf yaratıldıkları için tövbe ihtiyacındadırlar; bu da Tanrı’yla iletişime açıklık demektir, 5. Ölümden sonraki hayatta ceza ve mükâfat vardır. Deizmin iddiaları zaman içinde değişikliğe uğramıştır. Bu değişimi, farklı deizm iddialarını tasnif eden ve eleştiren Samuel Clarke’ta görmek mümkündür. Bununla birlikte, deistler şu konularda ortak fikre sahiptirler: imanın kurtarıcılığına karşı bilginin kurtarıcılığı esastır; kurumsal dinî yapılar reddedilmelidir; akıl ve insan doğası yüceltilmelidir; ahlak akılla temellendirilebilir; (vahyin imkânını kabul eden deistlere göre) vahyin doğrusu ile aklın doğrusu uyum içinde olmalıdır. Türkiye’de deistler dini reddetmekten daha çok onun akılla uyumunu talep etmekte, hurafelerden arındırılmasını ve radikal söylemlerden temizlenmesini istemektedirler. Kurumsal dinî otorilerin yerine, insanın aklına ve doğasına yaslanan doğruları önermektedirler. Bu doktrin temeline ek olarak Türkiye’de deizm ilginç veriler ve sonuçlar üretmektedir. Türkiye’de muhafazakâr bir yönetim iş başındayken deizmin artış kaydetmesi çok çarpıcıdır. Kamusal alanda dinin daha fazla görünür olmasına rağmen, deizmin ve sekülerleşmenin artması, din-siyaset ilişkisinin çok sıkı kurulduğu ülkelerde dine yabancılaşma gibi bir sonucun ortaya çıktığı tezini bir kez daha doğrulamış görünmektedir. Bu çalışma deizmin farklı iddialarını dikkate alarak ve Türkiye’de lise öğrencileri arasında yapılan araştırmalara dayanarak şu sonuçları okuyucuyla paylaşmaktadır: Mezhep farklılığının tetiklediği şiddet, radikal söylemler, buyurgan din dili, mitolojik anlatımlar genç zihinleri geleneksel olarak tevarüs ettikleri birikimi yeniden değerlendirmeye itmektedir. Kendilerini dinin dışında konumlandırmak istemeyen bu zihinler, yeni bir dini kimliği tercih etmektedirler. Bu kimlik bugün artık heterodoks bir kimlik olarak kendini göstermektedir. Bu aynı zamanda sekülerleşmiş bir ortodoksinin ortaya çıktığının da açık göstergesidir. (shrink)

Eğer estetik, sanat ve güzelliğe dair felsefi bir soruşturmaysa (veya güzelliğin –örneğin “estetik değer” gibi– güncel bir karşılığıysa), Platon’un diyaloglarının çarpıcı özelliği, her iki konuya da eşit zaman ayırması ama yine de onlara karşıtlarmış gibi muamele etmesidir. Güzellik en iyiye yakınken, çoğunlukla şiirle temsil edilen sanat, Platon’un bahsettiği herhangi bir fenomenden daha büyük bir tehlikeye yakındır. Peki, her iki pozisyonu da içeren “Platon’un estetiği” diye bir şey olabilir mi?

In the 1950s, embryology in socialist China underwent a series of changes that adjusted the disciplinary apparatus to suit socialism and the national goal of self-reliance. As the Communist state called on scientists to learn from the Soviets, embryologists’ comprehensive view on heredity, which did not contradict Trofim Lysenko (1898–1976)’s doctrines, provided a space for them to advance their discipline. Leading scientists, often trained abroad in the tradition of experimental embryology, rode on the tides of Maoist ideology and repositioned their (...) research. Some of their creative realignment of previous research questions, materials, and traditions to Marxist philosophy and agricultural objectives generated productive programs. In particular, Tong Dizhou (1902–1979) translated Engels’s dialectics of nature into a research question about cytoplasmic inheritance. His continuing investigation on it led to the first goldfish “clone” through a nuclear transplantation experiment; Zhu Xi and his associates transferred a goldfish model in embryology into studies on improving carp aquaculture, leading to a rare success in the Great Leap Forward of 1958. These directions for embryology continued well into the 1960s. At a time when global embryology was diversifying and began to be molecularized, eventually forming “developmental biology,” socialist embryology took shape in China with a different set of epistemic and practical commitments. The history of its development challenges and enriches our understanding of the concrete process of change in one discipline under Mao, showing ways in which scientists creatively adapted state-sanctioned ideologies and visions to do productive work outside the framework of molecular biology during the Cold War. (shrink)

Andrew Marvell’s “To His Coy Mistress” is one of the best known and most commented on poems in the English language. According to the critical consensus, the poem is a seduction gambit in the “Carpe Diem” tradition. Interpretive debate therefore revolves around the significance of the allusions and imagery of the poem, rather than its central meaning. Moving against the current, this article challenges the critical consensus that Marvell’s “To His Coy Mistress” is a poem that has seduction as (...) its main significance or implied intention. Reading the poem with attention to its ironic moments and theological references reveals that its allusions and imagery are systematically ambivalent. In the context of Marvell’s other poetry, especially “Dialogue of the Soul and the Body,” it becomes possible to show that “Coy Mistress” shares many features with these metaphysical meditations on mortality and spirituality. By making reference to psychoanalytic theory, the article then demonstrates the plausibility of a reading in which the poem aims to avoid, rather than engorge, sexual desire. The poem is a monument to repression, and a reminder of mortality, not a love lyric. (shrink)

Mischievous, beguiling, seductive, lascivious, unruly, carping, vengeful and manipulative – from the Disney princess to the murderous Medea, the articles in _Re-visiting Female Evil_ grapple with our understanding of what it is to be and do evil femininities.

Freuds Arbeit über Vergänglichkeit wird in den Kontext der Auseinandersetzung mit Endlichkeit und Sterblichkeit gestellt, wie sie in Literatur und bildender Kunst bis in die Gegenwart hinein geführt wird. Dabei zeigt sich, dass die Spannung zwischen carpe diem und memento mori in Freuds Text als Spannung zwischen manischer Verleugnung und depressiver Reaktion – also in der Sprache der Psychoanalyse – wieder auftaucht. Es wird gefragt, inwiefern der leicht manische Einschlag, den Freuds Verteidigung des Genusses des Schönen angesichts der Vergänglichkeit (...) annimmt, auch dem Umstand geschuldet sein könnte, dass er sich dem Thema Verlust, insbesondere der sicher geglaubten kulturellen Errungenschaften, nicht aus einer Perspektive der Theorie der Objektbeziehungen nähert. Mit Bezug auf Roger Money-Kyrle lässt sich zeigen, dass auf diese Weise ein Weg eröffnet wird, dem Ringen um Genuss und Freude angesichts der Vergänglichkeit, die zum einen in der verstreichenden Zeit und zum anderen in der menschlichen Destruktivität begründet liegt, konzeptionell eine andere Wendung zu geben. Ferner wird die Vergänglichkeit zusammen mit dem psychoanalytischen Konzept der Nachträglichkeit diskutiert. Hier rückt die spezifische Zeitlichkeit in den Fokus und es eröffnet sich eine neue Perspektive, die für eine kurze Reflexion der Popularität von Vanitas-Topoi in der Gegenwartskunst genutzt wird. (shrink)

Freuds Arbeit über Vergänglichkeit wird in den Kontext der Auseinandersetzung mit Endlichkeit und Sterblichkeit gestellt, wie sie in Literatur und bildender Kunst bis in die Gegenwart hinein geführt wird. Dabei zeigt sich, dass die Spannung zwischen carpe diem und memento mori in Freuds Text als Spannung zwischen manischer Verleugnung und depressiver Reaktion – also in der Sprache der Psychoanalyse – wieder auftaucht. Es wird gefragt, inwiefern der leicht manische Einschlag, den Freuds Verteidigung des Genusses des Schönen angesichts der Vergänglichkeit (...) annimmt, auch dem Umstand geschuldet sein könnte, dass er sich dem Thema Verlust, insbesondere der sicher geglaubten kulturellen Errungenschaften, nicht aus einer Perspektive der Theorie der Objektbeziehungen nähert. Mit Bezug auf Roger Money-Kyrle lässt sich zeigen, dass auf diese Weise ein Weg eröffnet wird, dem Ringen um Genuss und Freude angesichts der Vergänglichkeit, die zum einen in der verstreichenden Zeit und zum anderen in der menschlichen Destruktivität begründet liegt, konzeptionell eine andere Wendung zu geben. Ferner wird die Vergänglichkeit zusammen mit dem psychoanalytischen Konzept der Nachträglichkeit diskutiert. Hier rückt die spezifische Zeitlichkeit in den Fokus und es eröffnet sich eine neue Perspektive, die für eine kurze Reflexion der Popularität von Vanitas-Topoi in der Gegenwartskunst genutzt wird. (shrink)

In the 1950s, embryology in socialist China underwent a series of changes that adjusted the disciplinary apparatus to suit socialism and the national goal of self-reliance. As the Communist state called on scientists to learn from the Soviets, embryologists’ comprehensive view on heredity, which did not contradict Trofim Lysenko ’s doctrines, provided a space for them to advance their discipline. Leading scientists, often trained abroad in the tradition of experimental embryology, rode on the tides of Maoist ideology and repositioned their (...) research. Some of their creative realignment of previous research questions, materials, and traditions to Marxist philosophy and agricultural objectives generated productive programs. In particular, Tong Dizhou translated Engels’s dialectics of nature into a research question about cytoplasmic inheritance. His continuing investigation on it led to the first goldfish “clone” through a nuclear transplantation experiment; Zhu Xi and his associates transferred a goldfish model in embryology into studies on improving carp aquaculture, leading to a rare success in the Great Leap Forward of 1958. These directions for embryology continued well into the 1960s. At a time when global embryology was diversifying and began to be molecularized, eventually forming “developmental biology,” socialist embryology took shape in China with a different set of epistemic and practical commitments. The history of its development challenges and enriches our understanding of the concrete process of change in one discipline under Mao, showing ways in which scientists creatively adapted state-sanctioned ideologies and visions to do productive work outside the framework of molecular biology during the Cold War. (shrink)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction: From Continental Europe to Latin America The First Generation The Second Half of the Twentieth Century Conclusion References Further Reading.

Din Psikolojisinin önemli çalışma alanlarından birisi de ibadet psikolojisi bağlamında ibadetlerin bireylerin ruhsal yaşantısındaki yansımalarını incelemektir. Bu alan araştırmasında umre ibadetini gerçekleştirmekte olan bireylerde Yaşam Anlamı ve Umutsuzluk düzeyi arasındaki ilişkiler incelenmiştir. Suudi Arabistan’da umre ziyaretinde bulunan 214 Türk katılımcı üzerinde geçekleştirilen araştırmada anket tekniği ile toplanan veriler analiz edilmiştir. Veri toplama aracı olarak “Kişisel Bilgi Formu”, “Yaşam Anlamı Ölçeği” ve “Beck Umutsuzluk Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler SPSS 23.0 istatistik programında analiz edilmiştir. Verilerin çözümlenmesinde çalışmanın amacına uygun olarak Tek (...) Örneklem t-Testi, Pearson Momentler Çarpımı Korelasyon Analizi, Bağımsız Örneklem t-Testi, Tek Yönlü ANOVA ve Tukey HSD testleri kullanılmıştır. Araştırma grubunun Yaşam Anlamı düzeyinin anlamlı olarak ortalamanın üstünde; Umutsuzluk düzeyinin ortalamanın altında olduğu bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır. Yaşam Anlamı ile Umutsuzluk ve alt boyutlarından Gelecekle İlgili Duygu; Motivasyon Kaybı ve Gelecekle İlgili Beklenti arasında negatif yönde; Aranan Anlam ile Umutsuzluk ve Motivasyon Kaybı arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur. (shrink)

En este trabajo diseño un posible marco de análisis fenomenológico para describir la experiencia de percibir la performance de que se cuenta un chiste. Partiendo del análisis de Michael Barber en su Religion and Humor as Emancipating Provinces of Meaning, Cham, Suiza, Springer / CARP, 2017 me ocupo de lo que sucede en el ámbito finito de sentido del humor. El chiste presenta una estructura de relato. El análisis del discurso y la semántica lingüística han avanzado en este tema de (...) manera relevante y me apropiaré de algunas de sus consideraciones sobre la estructura del chiste para mi indagación. En la segunda sección me dirigiré a tematizar la experiencia perceptiva de la situación mencionada. Puesto que adhiero a la posición filosófica que sostiene que la risa se produce por la percepción de una incongruencia entre dos historias que se parecen contar en el relato que es el chiste, relacionaré la experiencia de percibir (auditiva y visualmente) ese relato dislocado en la performance con los análisis de las síntesis pasivas temporales de Husserl. Finalmente, si logro explicitar que las síntesis pasivas operan en la experiencia del chiste, entonces mostraré que dicha experiencia es del orden de lo teatral. (shrink)

The confirmation process and the virtues of duplicity -- How to be aggressive and passive ... and great -- Recusal and the vices of impartiality -- The use and misuse of the politics of personality -- Fortuna : the role of chance in choosing cases -- When and why to avoid a case -- Carpe diem : when to embrace a case -- Tactical tools : using procedure to one's advantage -- Oral arguments : what to say and how (...) -- When to lose a case and win a cause -- In defense of unprincipled decision making -- How to manipulate the rule of law -- When precedents are to be honored (if only formally) -- When to take command and make demands -- The boldest moves : when and how to make them -- On writing : when style should trump substance -- When it is wise to write a separate opinion -- Law clerks : when and how to use them -- How to play to the media -- Cameras in the courtroom : seizing the future -- On television : the medium is not the message -- On publishing books : when and of what kind -- The threat of impeachment and how best to avoid it -- When it is best to retire -- Directing history : a justice's working papers and what to do with them -- How to best secure an enduring legacy. (shrink)

Poet, painter, self-described funny guy, idiot, failure, pickpocket, and anti-artist par excellence, Francis Picabia was a defining figure in the Dada movement; indeed, André Breton called Picabia one of the only "true" Dadas. Yet very little of Picabia's poetry and prose has been translated into English, and his literary experiments have never been the subject of close critical study. _ I Am a Beautiful Monster_ is the first definitive edition in English of Picabia's writings, gathering a sizable array of Picabia's (...) poetry and prose and, most importantly, providing a critical context for it with an extensive introduction and detailed notes by the translator. Picabia's poetry and prose is belligerent, abstract, polemical, radical, and sometimes simply baffling. For too long, Picabia's writings have been presented as raw events, rule-breaking manifestations of inspirational _carpe diem_. This book reveals them to be something entirely different: maddening in their resistance to meaning, full of outrageous posturing, and hiding a frail, confused, and fitful personality behind egoistic bravura. I Am a Beautiful Monster provides the texts of of Picabia's significant publications, all presented complete, many of them accompanied by their original illustrations. (shrink)