Online research in philosophy

Task unrelated thought (TUT) refers to thought directed away from the current situation, for example a daydream. Three experiments were conducted on healthy participants, with two broad (...) aims. First, to contrast distributed and encapsulated views of cognition by comparing the encoding of categorical and random lists of words (Experiments One and Two). Second, to examine the consequences of experiencing TUT during study on the subsequent retrieval of information (Experiments One, Two, and Three). Experiments One and Two demonstrated lower levels of TUT and higher levels of word-fragment completion whilst encoding categorical relative to random stimuli, supporting the role of a distributed resource in the maintenance of TUT. In addition the results of all three experiments suggested that experiencing TUT during study had a measurable effect on subsequent retrieval. TUT was associated with increased frequency of false alarms at retrieval (Experiment One). In the subsequent experiments TUT was associated with no advantage to retrieval based on recollection, by manipulating instructions at encoding (Experiment Two), and/or at retrieval (Experiment Three). The implications of the results of all three experiments are discussed in terms of recent accounts of memory retrieval and conscious awareness. (shrink)

Considering Pragma-Dialectics honors the monumental contributions of one of the foremost international figures in current argumentation scholarship:<span class='Hi'>span> Frans van Eemeren.<span class='Hi'>span> (...) class='Hi'>The volume presents the research efforts of his colleagues and addresses how their work relates to the pragma-dialectical theory of argumentation with which van Eemeren’s name is so intimately connected.<span class='Hi'>span> This tribute serves to highlight the varied approaches to the study of argumentation and is destined to inspire researchers to advance scholarship in the field far into the future.<span class='Hi'>span> Replete with contributions from highly-esteemed academics in argumentation study,<span class='Hi'>span> chapters in this volume address such topics as:<span class='Hi'>span> *Pragma-dialectic versus epistemic theories of arguing and arguments;<span class='Hi'>span> *Pragma-dialectics and self-advocacy in physician-patient interactions;<span class='Hi'>span> *The pragma-dialectical analysis of the ad hominem family;<span class='Hi'>span> *Rhetoric,<span class='Hi'>span> dialectic,<span class='Hi'>span> and the functions of argument;<span class='Hi'>span> and <span class='Hi'>span>*The semantics of reasonableness.<span class='Hi'>span> As an exceptional volume and a fitting tribute,<span class='Hi'>span> this work will be of interest to all argumentation scholars considering the astute insights and scholarly legacy of Frans van Eemeren. (shrink)

The article dwells on the origin of the dystopian genre in the Russian classical literature of the 19th century in M. Saltykov-Shchedrin and F. Dostoevsky’s creative (...) class='Hi'> work. It is shown that a new genre created in the authors’ polemics of &quot;The History of a Town&quot; and &quot;Legend of the Grand Inquisitor&quot; with the utopian novel &quot;What is to be done&quot; by N. Chernyshevsky was finally completed in E. Zamyatin’s &quot;We&quot;. (shrink)

<span class='Hi'>span><span class='Hi'>span><span class='Hi'>span><span class='Hi'>span><span class='Hi'>span><span class='Hi'>span><span class='Hi'>span> readers of Greek ethics tend to (...) class='Hi'> favour those accounts of the virtuous ideal according to which virtue involves the development of our non-rational—appetitive and emotional—<span class='Hi'>span> motivations as well as of our rational motivations.<span class='Hi'>span> So our contemporaries find much of interest and sympathy in Aristotle’s conception of virtue as a condition in which reason does not simply override our appetites and emotions,<span class='Hi'>span> but these non-rational motivations themselves <span class='Hi'>span>‘speak with the same voice as reason’<span class='Hi'>span>.2 By contrast,<span class='Hi'>span> the Stoic.<span class='Hi'>span>. (shrink)