Sources

Collections of Philo’s fragments

• Brittain, Charles, 2001, Philo of Larissa: The Last of the Academic Sceptics, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 345–370.

  [The evidence on Philo in Greek and Latin, with English translations.]

  (Scholar)
• Inwood, Brad and Lloyd P. Gerson (eds.), 1997, Hellenistic Philosophy: Introductory Readings, second edition, Indianapolis: Hackett. (Scholar)
• Long, A. A. and D. N. Sedley (eds.), 1987, The Hellenistic Philosophers, Volume 1: Translations of the Principal Sources with Philosophical Commentary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808050

  [Both Inwood & Gerson and Long & Sedley have useful Academic texts, but are limited on Philo himself.]

  (Scholar)
• Mette, Hans Joachim, 1986–7, “Philon von Larisa und Antiochus von Askalon”, Lustrum, 28–9: 9–63.

  [The evidence on Philo in Greek and Latin, with German translations.]

  (Scholar)

Primary sources

• Anonymous, Prolégomènes à la Philosophie de Platon, Leendert Gerrit Westerink (ed.), Jean Trouillard & Alain Philippe Segonds (trans.), Paris: Collection des Universités de France, 1990.

  [Greek text with French translation of the Introduction to Plato.]

• Augustine, Aurelius Augustinus: Contra Academicos, De beata vita, De ordine, Therese Fuhrer and Simone Adam (eds), Berlin: De Gruyter, 2017. doi:10.1515/9783110445244
• –––, Contra Academicos Libri Tres (Corpus Christianorum SL 29), W. M. Green (ed.), Turnholt: Brepols, 1970.
• –––, Augustine Against the Academicians and The Teacher, Peter King (trans.), Indianapolis: Hackett, 1995.
• Cicero, [Ac] On Academic Scepticism, Charles Brittain (trans.), Indianapolis: Hackett, 2006.
• –––, Tusculan Disputations (Loeb Classical Library 141/Cicero XVIII), John Edward King (trans.), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1927.

  [Loeb edition with English translation.]

• –––, On the Nature of the Gods, Academics (Loeb Classical Library 268/Cicero XIX), H. Rackham (trans.), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1933.

  [Loeb edition with English translation.]

• –––, On Ends (De finibus bonorum et malorum), (Loeb Classical Library 40/Cicero XVII), H. Rackham (trans.) Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1914.

  [Loeb edition with English translation.]

• –––, De Oratore [= On the Orator] Book III, in On the Orator: Book 3. On Fate. Stoic Paradoxes. Divisions of Oratory (Loeb Classical Library 349/Cicero IV), H. Rackham (trans), Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1942.

  [Loeb edition with English translation.]

• –––, On Moral Ends, Raphael Woolf (trans.), Julia Annas (ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511803659

  [A translation of De finibus.]

• Galen, Favorino di Arelate, A. Barigazzi (ed.), Florence: le Monnier, 1966.

  [Greek text with Italian translation of Galen’s On the Best Method of Teaching.]

• Gellius, Attic Nights, Volume III: Books 14–20 (Loeb Classical Library 212), J. C. Rolfe (trans.), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1927.

  [Loeb edition with English translation.]

• Numenius, Eusebii Pamphili Evangelicae Praeparationis Libri XV, 4 vols., E. H. Gifford, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1903.

  [Greek text with English translation of Eusebius; book 14.4–9 contains Numenius’ fragments.]

  (Scholar)
• ––– Numenius, E. Des Places (ed.), Paris: Belles Lettres, 1973.

  [Greek text with French translation.]

• Philodemus, Storia dei filosofi [.] Platone e l’Academia, Tiziano Dorandi (ed.), Naples: Bibliopolis, 1991.

  [Greek text with Italian translation of Philodemus’ Catalogue of Academic Philosophers.]

  (Scholar)
• Photius, Photius: Bibliothèque, R. Henry (ed.), Paris: Belles Lettres, 1959–67.

  [Greek text with French translation.]

• –––, Photius: The Bibliotheca, N. G. Wilson (trans.), London: Bristol Classical Press, 1994.

  [A selection in English.]

• Plutarch, Plutarch Moralia XIII Part 2: Stoic Essays (Loeb Classical Library 470), Harold Cherniss (trans.), Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1976.

  [Loeb edition with English translation of Plutarch’s Stoic Contradictions and Common Conceptions]

• Sextus Empiricus, [PH] Sextus Empiricus: Outlines of Scepticism [Pyrrhōneioi hypotypōseis] (Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy), Julia Annas and Jonathan Barnes (trans.), New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994, second edition 2000.
• –––, [M] Sextus Empiricus: Against the Logicians, Richard Bett (trans.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511815232
• –––, Outlines of Pyrrhonism (Loeb Classical Library 273/Sextus Empiricus I), R. G. Bury (trans.), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1933.

  [Loeb edition of PH.]

• –––, Against the Logicians [Adversus Mathematicos 7–8] (Loeb Classical Library 291/Sextus Empiricus II), R. G. Bury (trans.), Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1935.

  [Loeb edition of M.]

• Stobaeus, Joannis Stobaei Anthologium, Wachsmuth, Curt and Otto Hense (ed.), Berlin: Weidmannsche, 1884–1909.

  [The excerpt about Philo’s ethics is translated in Brittain 2001 and Schofield 2002.]

Edited volumes and monographs

• Algra, Keimpe, Jonathan Barnes, Jaap Mansfeld, and Malcolm Schofield (eds.), 1999, The Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/chol9780521250283 (Scholar)
• Brittain, Charles, 2001a, Philo of Larissa: The Last of the Academic Sceptics, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Dorandi, Tiziano, 1991a, Storia dei filosofi [.] Platone e l’Academia, Naples: Bibliopolis. (Scholar)
• Griffin, Miriam and Jonathan Barnes (eds), 1989, Philosophia Togata: Essays on Philosophy and Roman Society, Oxford: Clarendon Press. (Scholar)
• Inwood, Brad and Jaap Mansfeld (eds.), 1997, Assent and Argument: Studies in Cicero’s Academic Books. Proceedings of the 7th Symposium Hellenisticum (Utrecht, August 21–25, 1995), Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004321014 (Scholar)
• Machuca, Diego E. and Baron Reed (eds.), 2018, Skepticism: From Antiquity to the Present, London: Bloomsbury. (Scholar)
• Popkin, Richard H. (ed.), 1996, Scepticism in the History of Philosophy, Dordrecht: Kluwer. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-2942-0 (Scholar)

Philo’s life and philosophical activity

• Barnes, Jonathan, 1989, “Antiochus of Ascalon”, in Griffin and Barnes 1989: 51–96. (Scholar) (Scholar) (Scholar)
• Brittain, Charles, 2001b, “Philo’s Life”, in Brittain 2001a: 38–72. (Scholar)
• Cappello, Orazio, 2019, The School of Doubt: Skepticism, History and Politics in Cicero’s “Academica”, Leiden: Brill. (Scholar)
• Dorandi, Tiziano, 1991b, “Introduzione”, in Dorandi 1991a: 23–99. (Scholar)
• Fleischer, Kilian, 2017a, “New Evidence on the Death of Philo of Larissa (PHerc. 1021, Cols. 33.42–34.7)”, The Cambridge Classical Journal, 63: 69–81. doi:10.1017/s175027051700001x (Scholar)
• –––, 2017b, “Starb Philo von Larisa im Alter von 63 Jahren?”, Archiv für Papyrusforschung und verwandte Gebiete, 63: 335–66. (Scholar)
• –––, 2017c, “The Pupils of Philo of Larissa and Philodemus’ Stay in Sicily (PHerc. 1021, col. XXXIV 6–19)”, Cronache ercolanesi, 47: 73–85. (Scholar)
• Fleischer, Kilian, 2018, “Philon of Larissa”, in The Encyclopedia of Ancient History, Roger S Bagnall, Kai Brodersen, Craige B Champion, Andrew Erskine, and Sabine R Huebner (eds.), Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2 pages. doi:10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah30445 (Scholar)
• Görler, Woldemar, 1994, “Älterer Pyrrhonismus—Jüngere Akademie, Antiochos aus Askalon”, in Die Philosophie der Antike 4: Die Hellenistische Philosophie, Helmut Flashar (ed.), Basel: Schwabe & Co., pp. 915–937. (Scholar)
• Glucker, John, 1978, Antiochus and the Late Academy, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, pp. 13–31, 64–90. (Scholar)
• Goulet, Richard, 2012, “Philon de Larissa”, in Dictionnaire des philosophes antiques, vol. v.1, Richard Goulet (ed.), Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, pp. 404–24. (Scholar)
• Mette, Hans Joachim, 1985, “Weitere Akademiker heute: von Lakydes bis zu Kleitomachos”, Lustrum, 27: 39–148. (Scholar)
• –––, 1986–7, “Philon von Larisa und Antiochus von Askalon”, Lustrum, 28–9: 9–63. (Scholar)
• Puglia, Enzo, 2000, “Le biografie di Filone e di Antioco nella Storia dell’Academia di Filodemo”, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 130: 17–28. (Scholar)
• Striker, Gisela, 2012, “Philon (3), of Larissa, last undisputed head of the Academy, 159/158–84/83 BCE”, in The Oxford Classical Dictionary, fourth edition, Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth (gen. eds), Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 1133–34. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.5005 (Scholar)

Philo’s epistemological positions

• Allen, James, 1994, “Academic Probabilism and Stoic Epistemology”, The Classical Quarterly, 44(1): 85–113. doi:10.1017/s0009838800017249 (Scholar)
• –––, 1997, “Carneadean Argument in Cicero’s Academic Books”, in Inwood and Mansfeld 1997: 217–256. doi:10.1163/9789004321014_009 (Scholar)
• –––, 2004 [2020], “Carneades”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2020 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2020/entries/carneades/>. (Scholar)
• Barnes, Jonathan, 1989, “Antiochus of Ascalon”, in Griffin and Barnes 1989: 51–96. (Scholar) (Scholar)
• Bett, Richard, 1989, “Carneades’ Pithanon: A Reappraisal of its Role and Status”, Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy, 7: 59–94. (Scholar)
• –––, 1990, “Carneades’ Distinction Between Assent and Approval”, Monist, 73(1): 3–20. doi:10.5840/monist199073114 (Scholar)
• Brittain, Charles, 2001c, “Epistemology: Philonian/Metrodorian Scepticism”, in Brittain 2001a: 73–168. (Scholar)
• –––, 2005 [2008], “Arcesilaus”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2008 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.) URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2008/entries/arcesilaus/>. (Scholar)
• –––, 2006, “Introduction”, in Ac: viii–liii. (Scholar)
• Burnyeat, Myles F., 1997, “Antipater and Self-Refutation: Elusive Arguments in Cicero’s Academica”, in Inwood and Mansfeld 1997: 277–310. doi:10.1163/9789004321014_011 (Scholar)
• Burnyeat, Myles F. and Michael Frede (eds.), 1998, The Original Sceptics: A Controversy, Indianapolis: Hackett. (Scholar)
• Couissin, Pierre, 1929, “Le Stoicisme de la Nouvelle Académie”, Revue d’histoire de la philosophie, 3: 241–276. Translated as “The Stoicism of the New Academy”, J. Barnes and M. Burnyeat (trans.), in Myles Burnyeat (ed.), 1983, The Skeptical Tradition, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 31–63]. (Scholar)
• Frede, Michael, 1979, “Des Skeptikers Meinungen”, Neue Hefte für Philosophie, Aktualität der Antike, 15/16: 102–129. Translated as “The Skeptic’s Beliefs”, in his 1987, Essays in Ancient Philosophy, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp. 179–200; reprinted as “The Sceptic’s Beliefs” in Burnyeat and Frede 1997: 1–24. (Scholar)
• –––, 1987, “The Skeptic’s Two Kinds of Assent”, in Michael Frede, Essays in Ancient Philosophy, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp. 201–22; reprinted in Burnyeat and Frede 1997: 127–151. (Scholar)
• Glidden, David, 1996, “Philo of Larissa and Platonism”, in Popkin 1996: 219–234. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-2942-0_16">10.1007/978-94-017-2942-0_16 (Scholar)
• Glucker, John, 2004, “The Philonian/Metrodorians: Problems of Method in Ancient Philosophy”, Elenchos, 25: 99–153.

  [A review of Brittain’s Philo of Larissa.]

  (Scholar)
• Lévy, Carlos, 1992, Cicero Academicus: Recherches sur les Académiques et sur la Philosophie Cicéronienne, Rome: École Française de Rome. (Scholar)
• –––, 2010, “The Sceptical Academy: Decline and Afterlife”, in The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Scepticism, Richard Bett (ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 81–104. doi:10.1017/ccol9780521874762.005 (Scholar)
• Machuca, Diego, 2011, “Ancient Skepticism: The Skeptical Academy”, Philosophy Compass, 6(4): 259–266. doi:10.1111/j.1747-9991.2011.00390.x (Scholar)
• Reinhardt, Tobias, 2018, “Pithana and probabilia”, in Thomas Bénatouïl and Katerina Ierodiakonou (eds.), Dialectic after Plato and Aristotle, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 218–253. (Scholar)
• Schofield, Malcolm, 1999, “Academic Epistemology”, in Algra et al. 1999: 323–352. doi:10.1017/chol9780521250283.011 (Scholar)
• Sedley, David, 1981, “The End of the Academy”, Phronesis, 26(1): 67–75. doi:10.1163/156852881x00141 (Scholar)
• Striker, Gisela, 1980 [1996], “Sceptical Strategies”, in Doubt and Dogmatism, Malcolm Schofield, Mylese Burnyeat, and Jonathan Barnes (eds.), Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 54–83. Reprinted in Gisela Striker, 1996, Essays on Hellenistic Epistemology and Ethics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 92–115. (Scholar)
• –––, 1997, “Academics Fighting Academics”, in Inwood and Mansfeld 1997: 257–276. doi:10.1163/9789004321014_010 (Scholar)
• Tarrant, Harold, 1981, “Agreement and the Self-Evident in Philo of Larissa”, Dionysus, 5: 66–97. (Scholar)
• –––, 1985, Scepticism or Platonism. The Philosophy of the Fourth Academy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–66. (Scholar)
• –––, 2018, “Philo of Larissa”, in Machuca and Reed 2018: 81–92. (Scholar)
• Thorsrud, Harald, 2009, Ancient Scepticism, Stocksfield: Acumen, pp. 84–87. (Scholar)
• Vezzoli, Simone, 2011, “L’ esistenza di un criterio di verità nella filosofia di Filone di Larissa”, Acme: Annali della Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia dell’Università degli Studi di Milano, 64: 247–263.

Philo’s relation to other philosophers

• Annas, Julia, 1990, “Stoic Epistemology”, in Epistemology, Stephen Everson (ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 184–203 (Scholar)
• Barnes, Jonathan, 1989, “Antiochus of Ascalon”, in Griffin and Barnes 1989: 51–96. (Scholar)
• Bonazzi, Mauro, 2003, Academici e Platonici. Il dibattito antico sullo scetticismo di Platone, Milan: LED. (Scholar)
• Brittain, Charles, 2001d, “The Unity of the Academy: Philo’s Roman Books”, in Brittain 2001a: 169–254. (Scholar)
• –––, 2007, “Middle Platonists on Academic scepticism”, in Richard Sorabji and R. W. Sharples (eds.), Greek and Roman Philosophy, 100 BC–200 AD (BICS Supplement 94), London: Institute of Classical Studies, vol. 2, pp. 297–315. (Scholar)
• –––, 2016, “Cicero’s Sceptical Methods: The Example of the De Finibus”, in Cicero’s “De Finibus”: Philosophical Approaches, Julia Annas and Gábor Betegh (eds.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 12–40. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139871396.002 (Scholar)
• Decleva Caizzi, Fernanda, 1992, “Aenesidemus and the Academy”, The Classical Quarterly, 42(1): 176–189. doi:10.1017/s0009838800042671 (Scholar)
• Frede, Dorothea, 1996, “How Sceptical Were the Academic Sceptics?”, in Popkin 1996: 1–25. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-2942-0_1 (Scholar)
• Frede, Michael, 1999, “Stoic Epistemology”, in Algra et al. 1999: 295–322. doi:10.1017/chol9780521250283.010 (Scholar)
• Hankinson, R. J., 1995, The Sceptics (Arguments of the Philosophers), London: Routledge. (Scholar)
• Ioppolo, Anna Maria, 1993, “The Academic Position of Favorinus of Arelate”, Phronesis, 38(2): 183–213. doi:10.1163/156852893321052389 (Scholar)
• Lévy, Carlos, 2005, “Les Petits Académiciens: Lacyde, Charmadas, Métrodore de Stratonice”, in Mauro Bonazzi and Vincenza Celluprica (eds.), L’eredita platonica, Naples: Bibliopolis, pp. 55–77. (Scholar)
• Mansfeld, J., 1995, “Aenesidemus and the Academics”, in Lewis Ayres (ed.), The Passionate Intellect: Essays on the Transformation of Classical Traditions presented to Professor I.G. Kidd, London: Routledge, pp. 235–248. (Scholar)
• Opsomer, Jan, 1998, In search of the truth: Academic tendencies in Middle Platonism, Brussels: Paleis der Academiën. (Scholar)
• Sedley, David, 1996, “Three Platonist Interpretations of theTheaetetus”, in Christopher Gill and Mary Margaret McCabe (eds.), Form and Argument in Late Plato, Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 79–103. (Scholar)
• Tarrant, Harold, 1985, Scepticism or Platonism. The Philosophy of the Fourth Academy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Wynne, J. P. F., 2018, “Cicero”, in Machuca and Reed 2018: 93–101. (Scholar)
• –––, 2021, “Cicero’s Tusculan Disputations: A Sceptical Reading”, Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 58: 205–238. (Scholar)

Philo’s ethics

• Alesse, F., 2013, “L’etica prescrittiva nel tardo ellenismo e il caso di Filone di Larissa”, Méthexis 26: 187–204.
• Algra, Keimpe A., 1997, “Chrysippus, Carneades, Cicero: The Ethical Divisiones in Cicero’s Lucullus”, in Inwood and Mansfeld 1997: 107–139. doi:10.1163/9789004321014_006 (Scholar)
• Annas, Julia, 1993, The Morality of Happiness, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 95–6. doi:10.1093/0195096525.001.0001

  [A discussion of Stobaeus’ excerpt about Philo’s ethics from ch. 2.4, “The Structure of Moral Reasoning: Rules and Insight”.]

  (Scholar)
• Brittain, Charles, 2001e, “Ethics”, in Brittain 2001a: 255–95. (Scholar)
• Griffin, Miriam, 1989, “Philosophy, Politics, and Politicians at Rome”, in Griffin and Barnes 1989: 1–37. (Scholar)
• Koch, Bernhard, 2006, Philosophie als Medizin für die Seele: Untersuchungen zu Ciceros “Tusculanae Disputationes”, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, pp. 29–60. (Scholar)
• Schofield, Malcolm, 2002, “Academic Therapy: Philo of Larissa and Cicero’s Project in the Tusculans”, in Gillian Clark and Tessa Rajak (eds.), Philosophy and Power in the Graeco-Roman World: Essays in Honour of Miriam Griffin, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 91–109. (Scholar)

Philo’s rhetoric

• Brittain, Charles, 2001f, “Rhetoric”, in Brittain 2001a: 296–342. (Scholar)
• Lévy, Carlos, 2010, “La rhétorique et son contexte: quelques remarques sur l’enseignement rhétorique de Philon de Larissa”, in Luc Brisson and Pierre Chiron (eds), Rhetorica philosophans: Melanges offerts a Michel Patillon, Paris: Vrin, pp. 95–106. (Scholar)
• Reinhardt, Tobias, 2000, “Rhetoric in the Fourth Academy”, The Classical Quarterly, 50(2): 531–547. doi:10.1093/cq/50.2.531 (Scholar)
• –––, 2003, Cicero’s “Topica”, Oxford: Oxford University Press, especially pp. 3–17. (Scholar)
• Wisse Jakob, 2002, “The Intellectual Background of Cicero’s Rhetorical Works”, in James M. May (ed.), Brill’s Companion to Cicero: Oratory and Rhetoric, Leiden: Brill, pp. 331–74. doi:10.1163/9789047400936_012 (Scholar)