The PhilPapers SurveysPreliminary Survey results (Back to contents)
A priori knowledge: yes or no?
| Accept or lean toward: yes | 294 / 414 (71.0%) |
| Accept or lean toward: no | 89 / 414 (21.5%) |
| Other | 31 / 414 (7.5%) |
Abstract objects: Platonism or nominalism?
| Accept or lean toward: nominalism | 167 / 414 (40.3%) |
| Accept or lean toward: Platonism | 151 / 414 (36.5%) |
| Other | 96 / 414 (23.2%) |
Aesthetic value: objective or subjective?
| Accept or lean toward: objective | 159 / 414 (38.4%) |
| Accept or lean toward: subjective | 153 / 414 (37.0%) |
| Other | 102 / 414 (24.6%) |
Analytic-synthetic distinction: yes or no?
| Accept or lean toward: yes | 255 / 414 (61.6%) |
| Accept or lean toward: no | 133 / 414 (32.1%) |
| Other | 26 / 414 (6.3%) |
Epistemic justification: internalism or externalism?
| Accept or lean toward: externalism | 207 / 414 (50.0%) |
| Accept or lean toward: internalism | 109 / 414 (26.3%) |
| Other | 98 / 414 (23.7%) |
External world: idealism, skepticism, or non-skeptical realism?
| Accept or lean toward: non-skeptical realism | 335 / 414 (80.9%) |
| Other | 36 / 414 (8.7%) |
| Accept or lean toward: skepticism | 28 / 414 (6.8%) |
| Accept or lean toward: idealism | 15 / 414 (3.6%) |
Free will: compatibilism, libertarianism, or no free will?
| Accept or lean toward: compatibilism | 256 / 414 (61.8%) |
| Accept or lean toward: no free will | 59 / 414 (14.3%) |
| Accept or lean toward: libertarianism | 51 / 414 (12.3%) |
| Other | 48 / 414 (11.6%) |
God: theism or atheism?
| Accept or lean toward: atheism | 325 / 414 (78.5%) |
| Other | 52 / 414 (12.6%) |
| Accept or lean toward: theism | 37 / 414 (8.9%) |
Knowledge claims: contextualism, relativism, or invariantism?
| Accept or lean toward: contextualism | 157 / 414 (37.9%) |
| Accept or lean toward: invariantism | 148 / 414 (35.7%) |
| Other | 92 / 414 (22.2%) |
| Accept or lean toward: relativism | 17 / 414 (4.1%) |
Knowledge: empiricism or rationalism?
| Accept or lean toward: empiricism | 165 / 414 (39.9%) |
| Other | 145 / 414 (35.0%) |
| Accept or lean toward: rationalism | 104 / 414 (25.1%) |
Laws of nature: Humean or non-Humean?
| Accept or lean toward: non-Humean | 227 / 414 (54.8%) |
| Accept or lean toward: Humean | 115 / 414 (27.8%) |
| Other | 72 / 414 (17.4%) |
Logic: classical or non-classical?
| Accept or lean toward: classical | 206 / 414 (49.8%) |
| Other | 132 / 414 (31.9%) |
| Accept or lean toward: non-classical | 76 / 414 (18.4%) |
Mental content: internalism or externalism?
| Accept or lean toward: externalism | 235 / 414 (56.8%) |
| Accept or lean toward: internalism | 91 / 414 (22.0%) |
| Other | 88 / 414 (21.3%) |
Meta-ethics: moral realism or moral anti-realism?
| Accept or lean toward: moral realism | 248 / 414 (59.9%) |
| Accept or lean toward: moral anti-realism | 101 / 414 (24.4%) |
| Other | 65 / 414 (15.7%) |
Metaphilosophy: naturalism or non-naturalism?
| Accept or lean toward: naturalism | 256 / 414 (61.8%) |
| Other | 88 / 414 (21.3%) |
| Accept or lean toward: non-naturalism | 70 / 414 (16.9%) |
Mind: physicalism or non-physicalism?
| Accept or lean toward: physicalism | 248 / 414 (59.9%) |
| Accept or lean toward: non-physicalism | 105 / 414 (25.4%) |
| Other | 61 / 414 (14.7%) |
Moral judgment: cognitivism or non-cognitivism?
| Accept or lean toward: cognitivism | 253 / 414 (61.1%) |
| Other | 83 / 414 (20.0%) |
| Accept or lean toward: non-cognitivism | 78 / 414 (18.8%) |
Moral motivation: internalism or externalism?
| Accept or lean toward: internalism | 159 / 414 (38.4%) |
| Other | 133 / 414 (32.1%) |
| Accept or lean toward: externalism | 122 / 414 (29.5%) |
Newcomb's problem: one box or two boxes?
| Other | 243 / 414 (58.7%) |
| Accept or lean toward: two boxes | 92 / 414 (22.2%) |
| Accept or lean toward: one box | 79 / 414 (19.1%) |
Normative ethics: deontology, consequentialism, or virtue ethics?
| Other | 136 / 414 (32.9%) |
| Accept or lean toward: consequentialism | 111 / 414 (26.8%) |
| Accept or lean toward: virtue ethics | 85 / 414 (20.5%) |
| Accept or lean toward: deontology | 82 / 414 (19.8%) |
Perceptual experience: disjunctivism, qualia theory, representationalism, or sense-datum theory?
| Accept or lean toward: representationalism | 172 / 414 (41.5%) |
| Other | 90 / 414 (21.7%) |
| Accept or lean toward: qualia theory | 73 / 414 (17.6%) |
| Accept or lean toward: disjunctivism | 63 / 414 (15.2%) |
| Accept or lean toward: sense-datum theory | 16 / 414 (3.9%) |
Personal identity: biological view, psychological view, or further-fact view?
| Accept or lean toward: psychological view | 182 / 414 (44.0%) |
| Other | 111 / 414 (26.8%) |
| Accept or lean toward: biological view | 83 / 414 (20.0%) |
| Accept or lean toward: further-fact view | 38 / 414 (9.2%) |
Politics: communitarianism, egalitarianism, or libertarianism?
| Other | 159 / 414 (38.4%) |
| Accept or lean toward: egalitarianism | 135 / 414 (32.6%) |
| Accept or lean toward: communitarianism | 68 / 414 (16.4%) |
| Accept or lean toward: libertarianism | 52 / 414 (12.6%) |
Proper names: Fregean or Millian?
| Accept or lean toward: Fregean | 151 / 414 (36.5%) |
| Accept or lean toward: Millian | 146 / 414 (35.3%) |
| Other | 117 / 414 (28.3%) |
Science: scientific realism or scientific anti-realism?
| Accept or lean toward: scientific realism | 325 / 414 (78.5%) |
| Other | 49 / 414 (11.8%) |
| Accept or lean toward: scientific anti-realism | 40 / 414 (9.7%) |
Teletransporter (new matter): survival or death?
| Accept or lean toward: survival | 163 / 414 (39.4%) |
| Accept or lean toward: death | 153 / 414 (37.0%) |
| Other | 98 / 414 (23.7%) |
Time: A-theory or B-theory?
| Other | 234 / 414 (56.5%) |
| Accept or lean toward: B-theory | 102 / 414 (24.6%) |
| Accept or lean toward: A-theory | 78 / 414 (18.8%) |
Trolley problem (five straight ahead, one on side track, turn requires switching, what ought one do?): switch or don't switch?
| Accept or lean toward: switch | 285 / 414 (68.8%) |
| Other | 96 / 414 (23.2%) |
| Accept or lean toward: don't switch | 33 / 414 (8.0%) |
Truth: correspondence, deflationary, or epistemic?
| Accept or lean toward: correspondence | 240 / 414 (58.0%) |
| Accept or lean toward: deflationary | 81 / 414 (19.6%) |
| Other | 56 / 414 (13.5%) |
| Accept or lean toward: epistemic | 37 / 414 (8.9%) |
Zombies: inconceivable, conceivable but not metaphysically possible, or metaphysically possible?
| Accept or lean toward: conceivable but not metaphysically possible | 181 / 414 (43.7%) |
| Accept or lean toward: inconceivable | 102 / 414 (24.6%) |
| Accept or lean toward: metaphysically possible | 84 / 414 (20.3%) |
| Other | 47 / 414 (11.4%) |
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