The PhilPapers SurveysPreliminary Survey results
A priori knowledge: yes or no?
| Accept or lean toward: yes | 662 / 931 (71.1%) |
| Accept or lean toward: no | 171 / 931 (18.3%) |
| The question is too unclear to answer | 43 / 931 (4.6%) |
| Agnostic/undecided | 15 / 931 (1.6%) |
| Accept an intermediate view | 11 / 931 (1.1%) |
| Accept another alternative | 8 / 931 (0.8%) |
| Insufficiently familiar with the issue | 6 / 931 (0.6%) |
| Skip | 5 / 931 (0.5%) |
| Accept both | 4 / 931 (0.4%) |
| There is no fact of the matter | 3 / 931 (0.3%) |
| Other | 2 / 931 (0.2%) |
| Reject both | 1 / 931 (0.1%) |
Abstract objects: Platonism or nominalism?
| Accept or lean toward: Platonism | 366 / 931 (39.3%) |
| Accept or lean toward: nominalism | 351 / 931 (37.7%) |
| Agnostic/undecided | 47 / 931 (5%) |
| Accept another alternative | 46 / 931 (4.9%) |
| Reject both | 34 / 931 (3.6%) |
| Insufficiently familiar with the issue | 26 / 931 (2.7%) |
| Accept an intermediate view | 21 / 931 (2.2%) |
| The question is too unclear to answer | 19 / 931 (2%) |
| Skip | 9 / 931 (0.9%) |
| There is no fact of the matter | 8 / 931 (0.8%) |
| Accept both | 2 / 931 (0.2%) |
| Other | 2 / 931 (0.2%) |
Aesthetic value: objective or subjective?
| Accept or lean toward: objective | 382 / 931 (41%) |
| Accept or lean toward: subjective | 321 / 931 (34.4%) |
| Accept an intermediate view | 61 / 931 (6.5%) |
| The question is too unclear to answer | 42 / 931 (4.5%) |
| Agnostic/undecided | 30 / 931 (3.2%) |
| Insufficiently familiar with the issue | 29 / 931 (3.1%) |
| Accept both | 24 / 931 (2.5%) |
| Accept another alternative | 24 / 931 (2.5%) |
| Reject both | 9 / 931 (0.9%) |
| Skip | 4 / 931 (0.4%) |
| Other | 3 / 931 (0.3%) |
| There is no fact of the matter | 2 / 931 (0.2%) |
Analytic-synthetic distinction: yes or no?
| Accept or lean toward: yes | 604 / 931 (64.8%) |
| Accept or lean toward: no | 252 / 931 (27%) |
| The question is too unclear to answer | 23 / 931 (2.4%) |
| Agnostic/undecided | 18 / 931 (1.9%) |
| Accept an intermediate view | 11 / 931 (1.1%) |
| Accept another alternative | 6 / 931 (0.6%) |
| Skip | 6 / 931 (0.6%) |
| Insufficiently familiar with the issue | 4 / 931 (0.4%) |
| Accept both | 3 / 931 (0.3%) |
| There is no fact of the matter | 2 / 931 (0.2%) |
| Reject both | 1 / 931 (0.1%) |
| Other | 1 / 931 (0.1%) |
Epistemic justification: internalism or externalism?
| Accept or lean toward: externalism | 398 / 931 (42.7%) |
| Accept or lean toward: internalism | 246 / 931 (26.4%) |
| Accept an intermediate view | 64 / 931 (6.8%) |
| Agnostic/undecided | 56 / 931 (6%) |
| Insufficiently familiar with the issue | 44 / 931 (4.7%) |
| Accept both | 43 / 931 (4.6%) |
| The question is too unclear to answer | 28 / 931 (3%) |
| Accept another alternative | 20 / 931 (2.1%) |
| Skip | 15 / 931 (1.6%) |
| There is no fact of the matter | 7 / 931 (0.7%) |
| Reject both | 6 / 931 (0.6%) |
| Other | 4 / 931 (0.4%) |
External world: idealism, skepticism, or non-skeptical realism?
| Accept or lean toward: non-skeptical realism | 760 / 931 (81.6%) |
| Accept or lean toward: skepticism | 45 / 931 (4.8%) |
| Accept or lean toward: idealism | 40 / 931 (4.2%) |
| Accept another alternative | 24 / 931 (2.5%) |
| The question is too unclear to answer | 14 / 931 (1.5%) |
| Accept an intermediate view | 12 / 931 (1.2%) |
| Reject all | 11 / 931 (1.1%) |
| Skip | 6 / 931 (0.6%) |
| There is no fact of the matter | 5 / 931 (0.5%) |
| Other | 4 / 931 (0.4%) |
| Agnostic/undecided | 4 / 931 (0.4%) |
| Accept more than one | 3 / 931 (0.3%) |
| Reject one, undecided between others | 3 / 931 (0.3%) |
Free will: compatibilism, libertarianism, or no free will?
| Accept or lean toward: compatibilism | 550 / 931 (59%) |
| Accept or lean toward: libertarianism | 128 / 931 (13.7%) |
| Accept or lean toward: no free will | 114 / 931 (12.2%) |
| Agnostic/undecided | 38 / 931 (4%) |
| The question is too unclear to answer | 26 / 931 (2.7%) |
| Accept another alternative | 16 / 931 (1.7%) |
| Insufficiently familiar with the issue | 16 / 931 (1.7%) |
| Accept an intermediate view | 10 / 931 (1%) |
| Reject all | 9 / 931 (0.9%) |
| There is no fact of the matter | 8 / 931 (0.8%) |
| Reject one, undecided between others | 7 / 931 (0.7%) |
| Accept more than one | 3 / 931 (0.3%) |
| Skip | 3 / 931 (0.3%) |
| Other | 3 / 931 (0.3%) |
God: theism or atheism?
| Accept or lean toward: atheism | 678 / 931 (72.8%) |
| Accept or lean toward: theism | 136 / 931 (14.6%) |
| Agnostic/undecided | 51 / 931 (5.4%) |
| Reject both | 16 / 931 (1.7%) |
| The question is too unclear to answer | 16 / 931 (1.7%) |
| Skip | 9 / 931 (0.9%) |
| Accept another alternative | 8 / 931 (0.8%) |
| Accept an intermediate view | 7 / 931 (0.7%) |
| Other | 5 / 931 (0.5%) |
| There is no fact of the matter | 5 / 931 (0.5%) |
Knowledge claims: contextualism, relativism, or invariantism?
| Accept or lean toward: contextualism | 373 / 931 (40%) |
| Accept or lean toward: invariantism | 290 / 931 (31.1%) |
| Insufficiently familiar with the issue | 84 / 931 (9%) |
| Agnostic/undecided | 53 / 931 (5.6%) |
| Accept or lean toward: relativism | 27 / 931 (2.9%) |
| The question is too unclear to answer | 23 / 931 (2.4%) |
| Skip | 18 / 931 (1.9%) |
| Reject one, undecided between others | 18 / 931 (1.9%) |
| Accept another alternative | 12 / 931 (1.2%) |
| Accept an intermediate view | 9 / 931 (0.9%) |
| Accept more than one | 8 / 931 (0.8%) |
| There is no fact of the matter | 7 / 931 (0.7%) |
| Reject all | 6 / 931 (0.6%) |
| Other | 3 / 931 (0.3%) |
Knowledge: empiricism or rationalism?
| Accept or lean toward: empiricism | 326 / 931 (35%) |
| Accept or lean toward: rationalism | 259 / 931 (27.8%) |
| Accept an intermediate view | 106 / 931 (11.3%) |
| The question is too unclear to answer | 91 / 931 (9.7%) |
| Accept both | 59 / 931 (6.3%) |
| Reject both | 33 / 931 (3.5%) |
| Accept another alternative | 25 / 931 (2.6%) |
| Agnostic/undecided | 18 / 931 (1.9%) |
| Insufficiently familiar with the issue | 5 / 931 (0.5%) |
| Skip | 5 / 931 (0.5%) |
| There is no fact of the matter | 2 / 931 (0.2%) |
| Other | 2 / 931 (0.2%) |
Laws of nature: Humean or non-Humean?
| Accept or lean toward: non-Humean | 532 / 931 (57.1%) |
| Accept or lean toward: Humean | 230 / 931 (24.7%) |
| Agnostic/undecided | 60 / 931 (6.4%) |
| Insufficiently familiar with the issue | 51 / 931 (5.4%) |
| The question is too unclear to answer | 17 / 931 (1.8%) |
| Accept another alternative | 11 / 931 (1.1%) |
| Skip | 11 / 931 (1.1%) |
| Reject both | 7 / 931 (0.7%) |
| Other | 5 / 931 (0.5%) |
| Accept an intermediate view | 4 / 931 (0.4%) |
| There is no fact of the matter | 2 / 931 (0.2%) |
| Accept both | 1 / 931 (0.1%) |
Logic: classical or non-classical?
| Accept or lean toward: classical | 480 / 931 (51.5%) |
| Accept or lean toward: non-classical | 143 / 931 (15.3%) |
| Insufficiently familiar with the issue | 112 / 931 (12%) |
| Agnostic/undecided | 52 / 931 (5.5%) |
| Accept both | 48 / 931 (5.1%) |
| The question is too unclear to answer | 32 / 931 (3.4%) |
| There is no fact of the matter | 30 / 931 (3.2%) |
| Skip | 13 / 931 (1.3%) |
| Accept another alternative | 8 / 931 (0.8%) |
| Accept an intermediate view | 8 / 931 (0.8%) |
| Other | 3 / 931 (0.3%) |
| Reject both | 2 / 931 (0.2%) |
Mental content: internalism or externalism?
| Accept or lean toward: externalism | 476 / 931 (51.1%) |
| Accept or lean toward: internalism | 186 / 931 (19.9%) |
| Insufficiently familiar with the issue | 53 / 931 (5.6%) |
| Agnostic/undecided | 52 / 931 (5.5%) |
| Accept an intermediate view | 41 / 931 (4.4%) |
| Accept both | 36 / 931 (3.8%) |
| The question is too unclear to answer | 28 / 931 (3%) |
| Accept another alternative | 21 / 931 (2.2%) |
| Skip | 15 / 931 (1.6%) |
| Reject both | 13 / 931 (1.3%) |
| Other | 6 / 931 (0.6%) |
| There is no fact of the matter | 4 / 931 (0.4%) |
Meta-ethics: moral realism or moral anti-realism?
| Accept or lean toward: moral realism | 525 / 931 (56.3%) |
| Accept or lean toward: moral anti-realism | 258 / 931 (27.7%) |
| The question is too unclear to answer | 27 / 931 (2.9%) |
| Accept another alternative | 25 / 931 (2.6%) |
| Agnostic/undecided | 24 / 931 (2.5%) |
| Insufficiently familiar with the issue | 23 / 931 (2.4%) |
| Accept an intermediate view | 23 / 931 (2.4%) |
| Skip | 10 / 931 (1%) |
| Reject both | 9 / 931 (0.9%) |
| There is no fact of the matter | 3 / 931 (0.3%) |
| Accept both | 2 / 931 (0.2%) |
| Other | 2 / 931 (0.2%) |
Metaphilosophy: naturalism or non-naturalism?
| Accept or lean toward: naturalism | 464 / 931 (49.8%) |
| Accept or lean toward: non-naturalism | 241 / 931 (25.8%) |
| The question is too unclear to answer | 90 / 931 (9.6%) |
| Insufficiently familiar with the issue | 63 / 931 (6.7%) |
| Agnostic/undecided | 25 / 931 (2.6%) |
| Accept an intermediate view | 12 / 931 (1.2%) |
| Skip | 11 / 931 (1.1%) |
| Reject both | 9 / 931 (0.9%) |
| Accept another alternative | 7 / 931 (0.7%) |
| Accept both | 4 / 931 (0.4%) |
| There is no fact of the matter | 3 / 931 (0.3%) |
| Other | 2 / 931 (0.2%) |
Mind: physicalism or non-physicalism?
| Accept or lean toward: physicalism | 526 / 931 (56.4%) |
| Accept or lean toward: non-physicalism | 252 / 931 (27%) |
| The question is too unclear to answer | 59 / 931 (6.3%) |
| Agnostic/undecided | 23 / 931 (2.4%) |
| Accept an intermediate view | 22 / 931 (2.3%) |
| Accept another alternative | 18 / 931 (1.9%) |
| Reject both | 12 / 931 (1.2%) |
| Insufficiently familiar with the issue | 8 / 931 (0.8%) |
| Skip | 4 / 931 (0.4%) |
| Accept both | 3 / 931 (0.3%) |
| There is no fact of the matter | 3 / 931 (0.3%) |
| Other | 1 / 931 (0.1%) |
Moral judgment: cognitivism or non-cognitivism?
| Accept or lean toward: cognitivism | 612 / 931 (65.7%) |
| Accept or lean toward: non-cognitivism | 158 / 931 (16.9%) |
| Insufficiently familiar with the issue | 44 / 931 (4.7%) |
| Accept an intermediate view | 37 / 931 (3.9%) |
| Agnostic/undecided | 20 / 931 (2.1%) |
| Accept another alternative | 18 / 931 (1.9%) |
| The question is too unclear to answer | 16 / 931 (1.7%) |
| Accept both | 11 / 931 (1.1%) |
| Skip | 10 / 931 (1%) |
| Reject both | 2 / 931 (0.2%) |
| Other | 2 / 931 (0.2%) |
| There is no fact of the matter | 1 / 931 (0.1%) |
Moral motivation: internalism or externalism?
| Accept or lean toward: internalism | 325 / 931 (34.9%) |
| Accept or lean toward: externalism | 277 / 931 (29.7%) |
| Insufficiently familiar with the issue | 138 / 931 (14.8%) |
| Agnostic/undecided | 56 / 931 (6%) |
| The question is too unclear to answer | 45 / 931 (4.8%) |
| Accept an intermediate view | 33 / 931 (3.5%) |
| Skip | 20 / 931 (2.1%) |
| Accept both | 17 / 931 (1.8%) |
| Reject both | 9 / 931 (0.9%) |
| Accept another alternative | 7 / 931 (0.7%) |
| Other | 3 / 931 (0.3%) |
| There is no fact of the matter | 1 / 931 (0.1%) |
Newcomb's problem: one box or two boxes?
| Accept or lean toward: two boxes | 292 / 931 (31.3%) |
| Insufficiently familiar with the issue | 219 / 931 (23.5%) |
| Accept or lean toward: one box | 198 / 931 (21.2%) |
| Agnostic/undecided | 124 / 931 (13.3%) |
| Skip | 44 / 931 (4.7%) |
| The question is too unclear to answer | 19 / 931 (2%) |
| There is no fact of the matter | 15 / 931 (1.6%) |
| Accept another alternative | 6 / 931 (0.6%) |
| Reject both | 5 / 931 (0.5%) |
| Other | 5 / 931 (0.5%) |
| Accept both | 3 / 931 (0.3%) |
| Accept an intermediate view | 1 / 931 (0.1%) |
Normative ethics: deontology, consequentialism, or virtue ethics?
| Accept or lean toward: deontology | 241 / 931 (25.8%) |
| Accept or lean toward: consequentialism | 220 / 931 (23.6%) |
| Accept or lean toward: virtue ethics | 169 / 931 (18.1%) |
| Accept more than one | 78 / 931 (8.3%) |
| Agnostic/undecided | 48 / 931 (5.1%) |
| Accept an intermediate view | 37 / 931 (3.9%) |
| Accept another alternative | 33 / 931 (3.5%) |
| Insufficiently familiar with the issue | 31 / 931 (3.3%) |
| Reject all | 25 / 931 (2.6%) |
| The question is too unclear to answer | 17 / 931 (1.8%) |
| There is no fact of the matter | 10 / 931 (1%) |
| Other | 8 / 931 (0.8%) |
| Reject one, undecided between others | 8 / 931 (0.8%) |
| Skip | 6 / 931 (0.6%) |
Perceptual experience: disjunctivism, qualia theory, representationalism, or sense-datum theory?
| Accept or lean toward: representationalism | 293 / 931 (31.4%) |
| Insufficiently familiar with the issue | 151 / 931 (16.2%) |
| Accept or lean toward: qualia theory | 114 / 931 (12.2%) |
| Accept or lean toward: disjunctivism | 102 / 931 (10.9%) |
| Agnostic/undecided | 78 / 931 (8.3%) |
| Accept another alternative | 36 / 931 (3.8%) |
| Reject all | 31 / 931 (3.3%) |
| Accept or lean toward: sense-datum theory | 29 / 931 (3.1%) |
| The question is too unclear to answer | 24 / 931 (2.5%) |
| Skip | 21 / 931 (2.2%) |
| Reject one or two, undecided between others | 21 / 931 (2.2%) |
| Accept more than one | 17 / 931 (1.8%) |
| Accept an intermediate view | 7 / 931 (0.7%) |
| Other | 5 / 931 (0.5%) |
| There is no fact of the matter | 2 / 931 (0.2%) |
Personal identity: biological view, psychological view, or further-fact view?
| Accept or lean toward: psychological view | 313 / 931 (33.6%) |
| Accept or lean toward: biological view | 157 / 931 (16.8%) |
| Accept or lean toward: further-fact view | 114 / 931 (12.2%) |
| Agnostic/undecided | 79 / 931 (8.4%) |
| Insufficiently familiar with the issue | 58 / 931 (6.2%) |
| There is no fact of the matter | 39 / 931 (4.1%) |
| Accept more than one | 37 / 931 (3.9%) |
| Accept another alternative | 36 / 931 (3.8%) |
| The question is too unclear to answer | 26 / 931 (2.7%) |
| Accept an intermediate view | 25 / 931 (2.6%) |
| Reject all | 24 / 931 (2.5%) |
| Reject one, undecided between others | 10 / 931 (1%) |
| Skip | 8 / 931 (0.8%) |
| Other | 5 / 931 (0.5%) |
Politics: communitarianism, egalitarianism, or libertarianism?
| Accept or lean toward: egalitarianism | 324 / 931 (34.8%) |
| Accept or lean toward: communitarianism | 133 / 931 (14.2%) |
| Insufficiently familiar with the issue | 100 / 931 (10.7%) |
| Accept or lean toward: libertarianism | 92 / 931 (9.8%) |
| Agnostic/undecided | 51 / 931 (5.4%) |
| The question is too unclear to answer | 42 / 931 (4.5%) |
| Accept more than one | 37 / 931 (3.9%) |
| Accept another alternative | 37 / 931 (3.9%) |
| Accept an intermediate view | 35 / 931 (3.7%) |
| Reject all | 32 / 931 (3.4%) |
| Skip | 19 / 931 (2%) |
| Reject one, undecided between others | 17 / 931 (1.8%) |
| Other | 7 / 931 (0.7%) |
| There is no fact of the matter | 5 / 931 (0.5%) |
Proper names: Fregean or Millian?
| Accept or lean toward: Millian | 321 / 931 (34.4%) |
| Accept or lean toward: Fregean | 267 / 931 (28.6%) |
| Insufficiently familiar with the issue | 128 / 931 (13.7%) |
| Agnostic/undecided | 59 / 931 (6.3%) |
| Accept an intermediate view | 39 / 931 (4.1%) |
| Accept another alternative | 32 / 931 (3.4%) |
| The question is too unclear to answer | 24 / 931 (2.5%) |
| Reject both | 22 / 931 (2.3%) |
| Skip | 14 / 931 (1.5%) |
| Accept both | 10 / 931 (1%) |
| There is no fact of the matter | 9 / 931 (0.9%) |
| Other | 6 / 931 (0.6%) |
Science: scientific realism or scientific anti-realism?
| Accept or lean toward: scientific realism | 699 / 931 (75%) |
| Accept or lean toward: scientific anti-realism | 108 / 931 (11.6%) |
| Accept an intermediate view | 30 / 931 (3.2%) |
| The question is too unclear to answer | 23 / 931 (2.4%) |
| Insufficiently familiar with the issue | 19 / 931 (2%) |
| Reject both | 15 / 931 (1.6%) |
| Accept another alternative | 15 / 931 (1.6%) |
| Agnostic/undecided | 14 / 931 (1.5%) |
| Other | 3 / 931 (0.3%) |
| Skip | 3 / 931 (0.3%) |
| Accept both | 2 / 931 (0.2%) |
Teletransporter (new matter): survival or death?
| Accept or lean toward: survival | 337 / 931 (36.1%) |
| Accept or lean toward: death | 290 / 931 (31.1%) |
| Insufficiently familiar with the issue | 86 / 931 (9.2%) |
| Agnostic/undecided | 80 / 931 (8.5%) |
| There is no fact of the matter | 56 / 931 (6%) |
| The question is too unclear to answer | 34 / 931 (3.6%) |
| Skip | 19 / 931 (2%) |
| Other | 8 / 931 (0.8%) |
| Accept another alternative | 7 / 931 (0.7%) |
| Reject both | 6 / 931 (0.6%) |
| Accept an intermediate view | 5 / 931 (0.5%) |
| Accept both | 3 / 931 (0.3%) |
Time: A-theory or B-theory?
| Insufficiently familiar with the issue | 287 / 931 (30.8%) |
| Accept or lean toward: B-theory | 245 / 931 (26.3%) |
| Accept or lean toward: A-theory | 144 / 931 (15.4%) |
| Agnostic/undecided | 98 / 931 (10.5%) |
| Skip | 53 / 931 (5.6%) |
| Accept both | 29 / 931 (3.1%) |
| The question is too unclear to answer | 19 / 931 (2%) |
| There is no fact of the matter | 17 / 931 (1.8%) |
| Accept another alternative | 13 / 931 (1.3%) |
| Reject both | 11 / 931 (1.1%) |
| Other | 8 / 931 (0.8%) |
| Accept an intermediate view | 7 / 931 (0.7%) |
Trolley problem (five straight ahead, one on side track, turn requires switching, what ought one do?): switch or don't switch?
| Accept or lean toward: switch | 635 / 931 (68.2%) |
| Accept or lean toward: don't switch | 71 / 931 (7.6%) |
| Agnostic/undecided | 60 / 931 (6.4%) |
| Insufficiently familiar with the issue | 42 / 931 (4.5%) |
| There is no fact of the matter | 34 / 931 (3.6%) |
| The question is too unclear to answer | 27 / 931 (2.9%) |
| Reject both | 18 / 931 (1.9%) |
| Skip | 15 / 931 (1.6%) |
| Accept another alternative | 11 / 931 (1.1%) |
| Other | 10 / 931 (1%) |
| Accept both | 4 / 931 (0.4%) |
| Accept an intermediate view | 4 / 931 (0.4%) |
Truth: correspondence, deflationary, or epistemic?
| Accept or lean toward: correspondence | 473 / 931 (50.8%) |
| Accept or lean toward: deflationary | 231 / 931 (24.8%) |
| Accept or lean toward: epistemic | 64 / 931 (6.8%) |
| Agnostic/undecided | 32 / 931 (3.4%) |
| Insufficiently familiar with the issue | 28 / 931 (3%) |
| Reject all | 23 / 931 (2.4%) |
| Accept another alternative | 20 / 931 (2.1%) |
| Accept more than one | 16 / 931 (1.7%) |
| The question is too unclear to answer | 13 / 931 (1.3%) |
| Reject one, undecided between others | 12 / 931 (1.2%) |
| Skip | 8 / 931 (0.8%) |
| Accept an intermediate view | 5 / 931 (0.5%) |
| Other | 4 / 931 (0.4%) |
| There is no fact of the matter | 2 / 931 (0.2%) |
Zombies: inconceivable, conceivable but not metaphysically possible, or metaphysically possible?
| Accept or lean toward: conceivable but not metaphysically possible | 331 / 931 (35.5%) |
| Accept or lean toward: metaphysically possible | 217 / 931 (23.3%) |
| Accept or lean toward: inconceivable | 149 / 931 (16%) |
| Insufficiently familiar with the issue | 84 / 931 (9%) |
| Agnostic/undecided | 61 / 931 (6.5%) |
| The question is too unclear to answer | 40 / 931 (4.2%) |
| There is no fact of the matter | 12 / 931 (1.2%) |
| Skip | 10 / 931 (1%) |
| Reject all | 10 / 931 (1%) |
| Other | 9 / 931 (0.9%) |
| Accept another alternative | 5 / 931 (0.5%) |
| Reject one, undecided between others | 3 / 931 (0.3%) |
|
Back to contents |
